When the 2nd war in Chechnya ended. War in Chechnya: history, beginning and results

The war with Chechnya remains by far the biggest conflict in Russian history. This campaign has brought many sad consequences for both sides: great amount dead and wounded, destroyed houses, crippled destinies.

This confrontation showed the inability of the Russian command to act effectively in local conflicts.

History of the Chechen war

In the early 90s, the USSR was slowly but surely moving towards its collapse. At this time, with the advent of glasnost, protest moods began to gain strength throughout the territory of the Soviet Union. In order to keep the country united, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is trying to federalize the state.

at the end of this year, the Chechen-Ingush Republic adopted its declaration of independence

A year later, when it was clear that it was impossible to save a united country, Dzhokhar Dudayev was elected president of Chechnya, who on November 1 announced the sovereignty of Ichkeria.

Aircraft with special forces were sent there to restore order. But the special forces were surrounded. As a result of negotiations, the special forces soldiers managed to leave the territory of the republic. From that moment on, relations between Grozny and Moscow began to deteriorate more and more.

The situation escalated in 1993, when bloody clashes broke out between Dudayev's supporters and the head of the Provisional Council, Avturkhanov. As a result, Avturkhanov's allies stormed Grozny, the tanks easily reached the center of Grozny, but the assault failed. They were controlled by Russian tankers.

by this year, all federal troops had been withdrawn from Chechnya

To stop the bloodshed, Yeltsin issued an ultimatum: if the bloodshed in Chechnya does not stop, Russia will be forced to intervene militarily.

First Chechen War 1994 - 1996

On November 30, 1994, B. Yeltsin signed a decree designed to restore law and order in Chechnya and restore constitutional legality.

According to this document, the disarmament and destruction of Chechen military formations was supposed. On December 11, Yeltsin spoke to the Russians, arguing that the goal of the Russian troops was to protect the Chechens from extremism. On the same day the army entered Ichkeria. Thus began the Chechen war.

The beginning of the war in Chechnya

The army moved from three directions:

• northwestern grouping;
• western grouping;
• eastern group.

First, the advance of troops from the north western direction passed easily without resistance. The first clash since the beginning of the war happened only 10 km from Grozny on December 12.

Government troops were fired from mortars by a detachment of Vakha Arsanov. The losses of the Russians amounted to: 18 people, of which 6 were killed, 10 pieces of equipment were lost. The Chechen detachment was destroyed by return fire.

Russian troops took up a position on the line Dolinsky - the village of Pervomaiskaya, from here they exchanged fire throughout December.

As a result, many civilians died.

From the east, the military convoy was stopped at the border by local residents. For the troops from the western direction, things immediately became difficult. They were fired upon near the village of Varsuki. After that, unarmed people were fired more than once so that the troops could advance.

On the background bad results a number of senior officers of the Russian army were removed. The operation was assigned to lead General Mityukhin. On December 17, Yeltsin demanded that Dudayev surrender and disarm his troops, and ordered him to come to Mozdok to surrender.

And on the 18th, the bombing of Grozny began, which continued almost until the very assault on the city.

Assault on Grozny

4 groups of troops participated in hostilities:

• "West", commander General Petruk;
• "Northeast", commander General Rokhlin;
• "North", Commander Pulikovsky;
• "East", commander General Staskov.

The plan to storm the capital of Chechnya was adopted on December 26. He assumed the assault on the city from 4 directions. The ultimate goal of this operation was to capture the presidential palace by surrounding it with government troops from all sides. On the government side, there were:

• 15 thousand people;
• 200 tanks;
• 500 infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers.

The armed forces of the CRI had at their disposal, according to various sources:

• 12-15 thousand people;
• 42 tanks;
• 64 armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles.

The eastern group of troops, led by General Staskov, was supposed to enter the capital from the Khankala airport, and capturing a large territory of the city, divert significant resistance forces.

Having fallen into an ambush on the approaches to the city, the Russian formations were forced to return back, failing the task at the same time.

As well as in the eastern grouping, things were not going well in other areas. Worthy managed to resist only the troops under the command of General Rokhlin. Having fought to the city hospital and the cannery, the troops were surrounded, but did not retreat, but took up competent defense, which saved many lives.

Things were especially tragic in the northern direction. In the battles for the railway station, having fallen into an ambush, the 131st brigade from Maykop and the 8th motorized rifle regiment were defeated. There were the biggest losses that day.

The Western group was sent to storm the presidential palace. Initially, the advance went without resistance, but near the city market, the troops were ambushed and forced to go on the defensive.

by March of this year, they managed to take Grozny

As a result, the first assault on the formidable was a failure, as well as the second after it. After changing tactics from an assault to the "Stalingrad" method, Grozny was taken by March 1995, defeating a detachment of militant Shamil Basayev.

Battles of the First Chechen War

After the capture of Grozny, government armed forces were sent to establish control over the entire territory of Chechnya. The entrance was not only weapons, but also negotiations with civilians. Argun, Shali, Gudermes were taken almost without a fight.

Fierce fighting also continued, with especially strong resistance in the highlands. It took the Russian troops a week to capture the village of Chiri-Yurt in May 1995. By June 12, Nozhai-Yurt and Shatoi were taken.

As a result, they managed to “bargain” a peace agreement from Russia, which was repeatedly violated by both sides. On December 10-12, the battle for Gudermes took place, which was then cleared of bandits for another two weeks.

On April 21, 1996, something happened that the Russian command had been seeking for a long time. Having caught a satellite signal from the phone of Dzhokhar Dudayev, an air strike was launched, as a result of which the president of the unrecognized Ichkeria was killed.

Results of the First Chechen War

The results of the first Chechen war were:

• peace agreement between Russia and Ichkeria signed on August 31, 1996;
• Russia has withdrawn its troops from the territory of Chechnya;
• the status of the republic was to remain uncertain.

The losses of the Russian army amounted to:

• more than 4 thousand killed;
• 1.2 thousand missing;
• about 20 thousand wounded.

Heroes of the First Chechen War

The titles of the Hero of Russia were received by 175 people who participated in this campaign. Viktor Ponomarev was the first to receive this title for his exploits during the assault on Grozny. General Rokhlin, who was awarded this title, refused to accept the award.

Second Chechen War 1999-2009

The Chechen campaign was continued in 1999. The main prerequisites are:

• the absence of a fight against separatists who committed terrorist attacks, carried out devastations and committed other crimes in the neighboring regions of the Russian Federation;
• The Russian government tried to influence the leadership of Ichkeria, however, President Aslan Maskhadov only verbally condemned the current lawlessness.

In this regard, the Russian government decided to conduct a counter-terrorist operation.

Start of hostilities

On August 7, 1999, the detachments of Khattab and Shamil Basayev invaded the territory of the mountainous regions of Dagestan. The group consisted mainly of foreign mercenaries. They planned to win over to their side local residents but their plan failed.

For more than a month, the federal forces fought against the terrorists before they left for the territory of Chechnya. For this reason, with Yeltsin's decree, massive bombardments of Grozny began on September 23.

In this campaign, the sharply increased skill of the military was clearly noticeable.

On December 26, the assault on Grozny began, which lasted until February 6, 2000. On the liberation of the city from the terrorists said acting. President V. Putin. From that moment on, the war turned into a struggle with the partisans, which ended in 2009.

Results of the Second Chechen War

As a result of the second Chechen campaign:

• peace was established in the country;
• people of pro-Kremlin ideology came to power;
• the region began to recover;
• Chechnya has become one of the most peaceful regions in Russia.

During the 10 years of the war, the real losses of the Russian army amounted to 7.3 thousand people, the terrorists lost more than 16 thousand people.

Many veterans of this war remember it in a sharply negative context. After all, the organization, especially the first campaign of 1994-1996. left not best memories. This is eloquently evidenced by various documentary videos filmed in those years. One of the best films about the first Chechen war:

The end of the civil war stabilized the situation in the country as a whole, bringing peace to families on both sides.

The period of 1996-1999 in Chechnya is characterized by a gradual and deep criminalization of society, which led to a certain destabilization of the southern borders of Russia. Kidnapping, explosions and drug trafficking flourished, and it was not always possible to fight them, especially if the Chechen bandits acted “on the road”. At the same time, the Russian leadership has repeatedly turned to A. Maskhadov with a proposal to provide assistance in the fight against organized crime, but was consistently denied. A new extremist trend in Chechnya - Wahhabism - was rapidly spreading in conditions of unemployment and social tension, although it was recognized by the authorities of the self-proclaimed republic as illegal. The situation in the region was heating up.

The culmination of this process was the invasion of Chechen fighters under the command of Sh. Basayev and Khattab into the territory of Russia, into Dagestan in August 1999. At the same time, the bandits counted on the support of local Wahhabis, thanks to whom it was supposed to then tear Dagestan away from Russia and thereby create the North Caucasian Emirate.

The beginning of the second Chechen war

However, the field commanders miscalculated, and the Russian army was no longer the same as 3 years ago. The militants almost immediately found themselves drawn into protracted battles along the Chechen-Dagestan border - in a mountainous and wooded area. And if earlier separatists were often “saved” by mountains, now they had no advantage. The hopes of the militants for the broad support of the people of Dagestan were not justified either - on the contrary, the intruders were offered the most severe resistance. As a result of hostilities in Dagestan during August, Chechen bandit formations were completely driven back to the territory of Ichkeria, and a relative calm was established for several weeks.

However, already in the first half of September 1999, explosions of residential buildings in Moscow, Volgodonsk and Buynaksk thundered - and traces of terrorist attacks led to Chechnya. These events put an end to the possibility of a peaceful dialogue between Russia and Ichkeria.

Maskhadov's government officially condemned the actions of the militants, but in fact did absolutely nothing to prevent such actions. With this in mind, on September 23, President Russian Federation B. Yeltsin signed a decree "On measures to increase the effectiveness of counter-terrorist operations in the North Caucasus region of the Russian Federation", according to which it was necessary to create a Joint Group of Forces and begin to destroy gangs and terrorist bases in the republic. On the same day, Russian aviation bombed Grozny, and a week later the troops entered the territory of the republic.

During the fighting in the rebellious republic in the fall of 1999, the skill of the Russian army became noticeably increased. The troops, combining various tactics (for example, luring militants into minefields) and maneuvers, managed to partially destroy and push the Chechen gangs to Grozny already in November-December. Nevertheless, the Russian leadership was not going to storm the city, which was announced by the commander of the eastern group of Russian troops G. Troshev.

The Chechen side, meanwhile, relied on the internationalization of the conflict, attracting the Mujahideen, instructors and capital from near and far abroad, and primarily from the Arab countries. The main, but not the only reason for their interest was, of course, oil. Peace in the North Caucasus would allow the Russian side to get a good profit from the exploitation of the Caspian deposits, which would be unprofitable for the Arab countries. Another reason can be called the fashion for the radicalization of Islam, which then began to overwhelm the countries of the Middle East.

The Russian leadership, on the contrary, has made a bet on the mass attraction of civilians and former Chechen fighters to their side. Thus, the Mufti of Ichkeria, Akhmad Kadyrov, who declared jihad on Russia during the First Chechen War, became the most prominent figure who went over to the side of the federals. Now, having condemned Wahhabism, he became an enemy of A. Maskhadov and headed the pro-Russian administration of Chechnya after the end of the Second Chechen War.

Assault on Grozny

By the winter of 1999-2000. Russian troops managed to block Grozny from the south. The initial decision to abandon the assault on the republican capital changed, and on December 26, an operation began to eliminate gangs in the city.

In the early days, the situation developed favorably for the federal troops. On the second day of the operation, the federals, with the assistance of pro-Russian detachments of the Chechen police, took control of the Staropromyslovsky district of the capital. However, on December 29, fierce battles broke out on the streets of Grozny, federal units were surrounded, but were able to escape at the cost of serious losses. These battles forced the pace of the offensive to slow down somewhat, but they had no effect on the general situation.

In the following days, the Russian army continued to stubbornly advance, clearing more and more new urban areas from militants. In the second half of January, fierce battles flared up around a strategically important area - Minutka Square. The Russian troops succeeded in pushing out the militants and seizing this line. On February 6, 2000, the acting President of the Russian Federation, V. Putin, announced that the operation to liberate Grozny had been victoriously completed.

The course of the second Chechen war in 2000-2009.

Many Chechen fighters managed to escape from Grozny, and as a result, the war entered the partisan stage. However, its intensity steadily decreased, and by 2002, the media began to talk about the "fading" of the Chechen conflict. Nevertheless, in 2002-2005, the militants carried out a series of cruel and daring terrorist attacks (hostage-taking in a recreation center on Dubrovka (Moscow), at a school in Beslan, an unsuccessful raid into Kabardino-Balkaria), thereby demonstrating that the conflict is far from over .

It should be noted that the period 2001-2005. was remembered for the frequent liquidations of the leaders of the Chechen separatists and foreign fighters, as a result of which tension in the region has significantly decreased. As a result, on April 15, 2009, the CTO regime (counter-terrorist operation) was canceled on the territory of the Chechen Republic.

The results of the war

Since then, the situation in Chechnya has practically stabilized, and the intensity of hostilities has decreased to almost zero. New administration The republic managed to restore order in the region and make Chechnya a completely safe place. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the special operations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the army in the North Caucasus continue - not only in Chechnya, but also in other regions. Therefore, the Second Chechen War can be called the completed chapter of history.

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	Chechnya, then the entire North Caucasus
	Invasion of militants in Dagestan, explosions of residential buildings
	Victory of the federal troops: 1 - Restoration of the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation 2 - The actual liquidation of the CRI 3 - The militants switched to insurgent activity
Opponents
Russian Federation	Islamic State Dagestan
	Caucasian Emirate
	foreign fighters
	Al Qaeda
Commanders
Boris Yeltsin	Aslan Maskhadov †
Vladimir Putin	Abdul-Khalim Saidulaev †
	Doku Umarov (wanted)
Viktor Kazantsev	Ruslan Gelaev †
Gennady Troshev	Shamil Basaev †
Vladimir Shamanov	Vakha Arsanov †
Alexander Baranov	Arbi Baraev †
Valentin Korabelnikov	Movsar Baraev †
Anatoly Kvashnin	Abdul-Malik Mezhidov †
Vladimir Moltenskoy	Suleiman Elmurzaev †
Akhmad Kadyrov †	Khunkar-Pasha Israpilov †
Ramzan Kadyrov	Salman Raduev †
Dzhabrail Yamadayev †	Rappani Khalilov †
Sulim Yamadayev †	Aslambek Abdulkhadzhiev †
Said-Magomed Kakiev	Aslanbek Ismailov †
	Vakha Dzhenaraliev†
	Ahmed Evloev
	Khattab †
	Abu al-Walid †
	Abu Hafs al-Urdani †
Side forces
80,000 troops	22,000 fighters
Over 6,000 dead	Over 20,000 killed

(officially called counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus (WHO) - the common name for hostilities in Chechnya and the border regions of the North Caucasus. It began on September 30, 1999 (the date of entry of the Russian Armed Forces into Chechnya). The active phase of hostilities lasted from 1999 to 2000, then, as the Russian Armed Forces established control over the territory of Chechnya, it escalated into a smoldering conflict, which actually continues to this day. From 00:00 on April 16, 2009, the CTO regime was canceled.

background

After the signing of the Khasavyurt Accords and the withdrawal of Russian troops in 1996, there was no peace and tranquility in Chechnya and its adjacent regions.

Chechen criminal structures with impunity did business on mass kidnappings. Hostage-taking for the purpose of ransom took place regularly - as official Russian representatives, and foreign citizens who worked in Chechnya - journalists, humanitarian workers, religious missionaries, and even people who came to the funeral of relatives. In particular, in the Nadterechny district in November 1997, two Ukrainian citizens were captured who had come to attend their mother's funeral; in 1998, Turkish builders and businessmen were regularly kidnapped and taken to Chechnya in the neighboring republics of the North Caucasus; abducted French citizen, representative of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees Vincent Koshtel. He was released in Chechnya 11 months later, on October 3, 1998, four employees of the British company Granger Telecom were kidnapped in Grozny, in December they were brutally murdered and beheaded). The bandits profited from the theft of oil from oil pipelines and oil wells, the production and smuggling of drugs, the production and distribution of counterfeit banknotes, terrorist attacks and attacks on neighboring Russian regions. On the territory of Chechnya, camps were set up for the training of militants - young people from the Muslim regions of Russia. Mine-blasting instructors and Islamic preachers were sent here from abroad. Numerous Arab volunteers began to play a significant role in the life of Chechnya. Their main goal was to destabilize the situation in the Russian regions neighboring Chechnya and spread the ideas of separatism to the North Caucasian republics (primarily Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria).

In early March 1999, Gennady Shpigun, the plenipotentiary representative of the Russian Interior Ministry in Chechnya, was abducted by terrorists at the Grozny airport. For the Russian leadership, this was evidence that CRI President Maskhadov was not in a position to fight terrorism on his own. The federal center took measures to intensify the fight against Chechen gangs: self-defense units were armed and police units were reinforced along the entire perimeter of Chechnya, the best operatives of units to combat ethnic organized crime were sent to the North Caucasus, several rocket launchers"Point-U", designed for delivering pinpoint strikes. An economic blockade of Chechnya was introduced, which led to the fact that the cash flow from Russia began to dry up sharply. Due to the tightening of the regime at the border, it has become increasingly difficult to smuggle drugs into Russia and take hostages. Gasoline produced at clandestine factories has become impossible to take out of Chechnya. The fight against Chechen criminal groups that actively financed the militants in Chechnya was also intensified. In May-July 1999, the Chechen-Dagestan border turned into a militarized zone. As a result, the incomes of Chechen warlords were sharply reduced and they had problems with the purchase of weapons and payment of mercenaries. In April 1999, Vyacheslav Ovchinnikov, who successfully led a number of operations during the First Chechen War, was appointed commander-in-chief of the internal troops. In May 1999, Russian helicopters struck missile strike on the positions of Khattab militants on the Terek River in response to an attempt by gangs to seize an outpost of internal troops on the Chechen-Dagestan border. After that, Interior Minister Vladimir Rushailo announced the preparation of large-scale preventive strikes.

Meanwhile, Chechen gangs under the command of Shamil Basayev and Khattab were preparing for an armed invasion of Dagestan. From April to August 1999, conducting reconnaissance in combat, they made more than 30 sorties in Stavropol and Dagestan alone, as a result of which several dozen military personnel, law enforcement officers and civilians were killed and injured. Realizing that the strongest groupings of federal troops were concentrated in the Kizlyar and Khasavyurt directions, the militants decided to strike at the mountainous part of Dagestan. When choosing this direction, the bandit formations proceeded from the fact that there are no troops there, and it will not be possible to transfer forces to this hard-to-reach area in the shortest possible time. In addition, the militants counted on a possible blow to the rear of the federal forces from the Kadar zone of Dagestan, which since August 1998 has been controlled by local Wahhabis.

As the researchers note, the destabilization of the situation in the North Caucasus was beneficial to many. First of all, Islamic fundamentalists seeking to spread their influence throughout the world, as well as Arab oil sheikhs and financial oligarchs of the Persian Gulf countries, who are not interested in starting the exploitation of oil and gas fields in the Caspian.

On August 7, 1999, a massive invasion of militants into Dagestan was carried out from the territory of Chechnya under the overall command of Shamil Basayev and the Arab field commander Khattab. The core of the militant group was made up of foreign mercenaries and fighters of the Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade associated with al-Qaeda. The plan of the militants to transfer the population of Dagestan to their side failed, the Dagestanis put up desperate resistance to the invading bandits. The Russian authorities offered the Ichkerian leadership to conduct a joint operation with the federal forces against the Islamists in Dagestan. It was also proposed to "resolve the issue of liquidating the bases, places of storage and recreation of illegal armed groups, from which the Chechen leadership in every possible way disowns." Aslan Maskhadov verbally condemned the attacks on Dagestan and their organizers and inspirers, but did not take real measures to counter them.

For more than a month there were battles between the federal forces and the invading militants, which ended with the fact that the militants were forced to retreat from the territory of Dagestan back to Chechnya. On the same days - September 4-16 - in several Russian cities (Moscow, Volgodonsk and Buynaksk) a series of terrorist acts were carried out - explosions of residential buildings.

Considering Maskhadov's inability to control the situation in Chechnya, the Russian leadership decided to conduct a military operation to destroy the militants in Chechnya. On September 18, the borders of Chechnya were blocked Russian troops.

On September 23, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree "On Measures to Increase the Efficiency of Counter-Terrorist Operations in the North Caucasus Region of the Russian Federation." The decree provided for the creation of the United Group of Forces in the North Caucasus to conduct a counter-terrorist operation.

On September 23, Russian troops began a massive bombardment of Grozny and its environs, on September 30 they entered the territory of Chechnya.

Character

Breaking down the resistance of the militants army units and internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (the command of the Russian troops successfully uses military tricks, such as, for example, luring militants into minefields, raids behind enemy lines, and many others), the Kremlin relied on the “Chechenization” of the conflict and luring part of the elite and former members Chechen armed formations. So, in 2000, a former supporter of the separatists, the chief mufti of Chechnya, Akhmat Kadyrov, became the head of the pro-Kremlin administration of Chechnya in 2000. The militants, on the contrary, relied on the internationalization of the conflict, involving armed detachments of non-Chechen origin in their struggle. By the beginning of 2005, after the destruction of Maskhadov, Khattab, Baraev, Abu al-Walid and many other field commanders, the intensity of the sabotage and terrorist activities of the militants had significantly decreased. During 2005-2008, not a single major terrorist attack was committed in Russia, and the only large-scale operation of militants (Raid on Kabardino-Balkaria on October 13, 2005) ended in complete failure. However, since 2010, several major terrorist attacks have been noted, the terrorist act in Vladikavkaz (2010), the terrorist act at Domodedovo airport).

KGB General Filipp Bobkov in 2005 gave the following description of the actions of the Chechen resistance: “These operations are not much different from the military operations of the Israelis before the creation of their state on the territory of Palestine, and then the Palestinian extremists on the territory of Israel or now the Albanian armed formations in Kosovo.”

Chronology

1999

Aggravation of the situation on the border with Chechnya

Attack on Dagestan

• August 1 - Armed detachments from the villages of Echeda, Gakko, Gigatl and Agvali in the Tsumadinsky district of Dagestan, as well as Chechens supporting them, announced that Sharia rule was being introduced in the area.
• August 2 - In the area of ​​the village of Echeda in the high-mountainous Tsumadinsky district of Dagestan, a clash broke out between policemen and Wahhabis. Deputy Interior Minister of Dagestan Magomed Omarov flew to the scene. As a result of the incident, 1 riot policeman and several Wahhabis were killed. According to the local police department, the incident was provoked by Chechnya.
• August 3 - As a result of skirmishes in the Tsumadinsky district of Dagestan with Islamic extremists who broke through from Chechnya, two more employees of the Dagestan police and one serviceman of the Russian internal troops were killed. Thus, the losses of the Dagestan police reached four people killed, in addition, two policemen were injured and three more were missing. Meanwhile, one of the leaders of the Congress of the Peoples of Ichkeria and Dagestan, Shamil Basayev, announced the creation of an Islamic Shura, which has its own armed units in Dagestan, which established control over several settlements in the Tsumadinsky district. The Dagestan leadership is asking the federal authorities for weapons for self-defense units that are planned to be created on the border of Chechnya and Dagestan. This decision was made by the State Council of the People's Assembly and the Government of the Republic. The attacks of militants were qualified by the official authorities of Dagestan as: “an open armed aggression of extremist forces against the Republic of Dagestan, an open encroachment on territorial integrity and the foundations of its constitutional order life and safety of residents.
• August 4 - Up to 500 militants thrown back from the regional center of Aghvali dug in at previously prepared positions in one of the mountain villages, but they do not put forward any demands and do not enter into negotiations. Presumably, they have three employees of the Tsumadinsky regional department of internal affairs, who disappeared on August 3. The power ministers and ministries of Chechnya have been transferred to a round-the-clock mode of operation. This was done in accordance with the decree of Chechen President Aslan Maskhadov. True, the Chechen authorities deny the connection of these measures with the hostilities in Dagestan. At 12.10 Moscow time, on one of the roads in the Botlikh district of Dagestan, five armed men opened fire on police officers who tried to stop a Niva car for inspection. In the shootout, two bandits were killed and a car was damaged. There were no casualties among the security forces. Two Russian attack aircraft delivered a powerful missile and bomb attack on the village of Kenkhi, where a large detachment of militants was prepared to be sent to Dagestan. The regrouping of internal troops began task force in the North Caucasus to block the border with Chechnya. In Tsumadinsky and Botlikhsky districts of Dagestan, it is planned to deploy additional units of internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
• August 5 - In the morning, the redeployment of units of the 102nd brigade of internal troops began in the Tsumadinsky district in accordance with the plan for blocking the administrative Dagestan-Chechen border. This decision was made by Vyacheslav Ovchinnikov, commander of the internal troops, during a trip to the places of recent hostilities. Meanwhile, sources in the Russian special services said that a rebellion was being prepared in Dagestan. According to the plan, a group of 600 militants was transferred to Dagestan through the village of Kenkhi. According to the same plan, the city of Makhachkala will be divided into areas of responsibility of field commanders, as well as hostage-taking in the most crowded places, after which the official authorities of Dagestan will be asked to resign. However, the official authorities of Makhachkala refute this information.
• August 7 - September 14 - from the territory of the CRI, detachments of field commanders Shamil Basayev and Khattab invaded the territory of Dagestan. Fierce fighting continued for more than a month. The official government of the CRI, unable to control the actions of various armed groups on the territory of Chechnya, dissociated itself from the actions of Shamil Basayev, but did not take practical actions against him.
• August 12 - Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation I. Zubov said that the President of the CRI Maskhadov "has been sent a letter with a proposal to conduct a joint operation with the federal troops against the Islamists in Dagestan."
• August 13 - Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin said that "strike will be inflicted on the bases and concentrations of militants, regardless of their location, including on the territory of Chechnya."
• August 16 - CRI President Aslan Maskhadov introduced martial law in Chechnya for a period of 30 days, announced a partial mobilization of reservists and participants in the First Chechen War.

Air bombardments of Chechnya

• August 25 - Russian aviation strikes militant bases in the Vedeno Gorge of Chechnya. In response to an official protest from the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, the command of the federal forces declares that it "reserves the right to strike at militant bases on the territory of any North Caucasian region, including Chechnya."
• September 6 - 18 - Russian aviation inflicts numerous missile and bomb strikes on military camps and fortifications of militants in Chechnya.
• September 11 - Maskhadov announced a general mobilization in Chechnya.
• September 14 - Putin announced that "the Khasavyurt agreements should be subjected to an impartial analysis", as well as "temporarily impose a strict quarantine" along the entire perimeter of Chechnya.
• September 18 - Russian troops block the border of Chechnya from Dagestan, Stavropol Territory, North Ossetia and Ingushetia.
• September 23 - Russian aviation began bombing the capital of Chechnya and its environs. As a result, several electrical substations, a number of oil and gas plants, the Grozny mobile communications center, a television and radio broadcasting center, and an An-2 aircraft were destroyed. The press service of the Russian Air Force stated that "aircraft will continue to strike targets that gangs can use to their advantage."
• September 27 - Chairman of the Government of Russia V. Putin categorically rejected the possibility of a meeting between the Presidents of Russia and CRI. "There will be no meetings to let the militants lick their wounds," he said.

Start of ground operation

2000

2001

• January 23 - Vladimir Putin decided to reduce and partially withdraw troops from Chechnya.
• June 23-24 - in the village of Alkhan-kala, a special combined detachment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB conducted a special operation to eliminate a detachment of militants of field commander Arbi Baraev. 16 militants were killed, including Barayev himself.
• June 25-26 - militant attack on Khankala
• July 11 - Khattab's assistant Abu Umar was killed in the course of a special operation by the FSB and the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in the village of Mayrtup, Shali district of Chechnya.
• August 25 - Field commander Movsan Suleimenov, Arbi Barayev's nephew, was killed in the course of a special operation by FSB officers in the city of Argun.
• September 17 - a Mi-8 helicopter with a commission of the General Staff on board was shot down in Grozny (2 generals and 8 officers were killed).
• September 17-18 - an attack by militants on Gudermes: the attack was repulsed, as a result of the use of the Tochka-U missile system, a group of more than 100 people was destroyed.
• November 3 - during a special operation, the influential field commander Shamil Iriskhanov, who was part of Basayev's inner circle, was killed.
• December 15 - Federal forces killed 20 militants in Argun during a special operation.

2002

• January 27 - Mi-8 helicopter was shot down in the Shelkovsky district of Chechnya. Among the dead were Lieutenant-General Mikhail Rudchenko, Deputy Interior Minister of the Russian Federation, and Major-General Nikolai Goridov, Commander of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Chechnya.
• March 20 - as a result of a special operation by the FSB, the terrorist Khattab was killed by poisoning.
• April 18 - in his Address to the Federal Assembly, President Vladimir Putin announced the end of the military stage of the conflict in Chechnya.
• May 9 - A terrorist attack occurred in Kaspiysk during the celebration of Victory Day. 43 people died, more than 100 were injured.
• August 19 - Chechen separatists from the Igla MANPADS shot down a Russian Mi-26 military transport helicopter near the Khankala military base. Of the 147 people on board, 127 were killed.
• August 25 - the well-known field commander Aslambek Abdulkhadzhiev was killed in Shali.
• September 23 - Raid on Ingushetia (2002)
• October 10 - in Grozny, an explosion occurred in the building of the Zavodskoy District Department of Internal Affairs. An explosive device was planted in the office of the head of the department. 25 policemen were killed, about 20 were injured.
• October 23 - 26 - hostage-taking in the theater center on Dubrovka in Moscow, 129 hostages were killed. All 44 terrorists were killed, including Movsar Baraev.
• December 27 - the explosion of the Government House in Grozny. More than 70 people were killed in the attack. Shamil Basayev claimed responsibility for the attack.

2003

• May 12 - in the village of Znamenskoye, Nadterechny district of Chechnya, three suicide bombers carried out a terrorist attack in the area of ​​​​the administration buildings of the Nadterechny district and the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. The car "KamAZ", stuffed with explosives, demolished the barrier in front of the building and exploded. 60 people were killed, more than 250 were injured.
• May 14 - in the village of Ilskhan-Yurt, Gudermes region, a suicide bomber blew herself up in the crowd at the celebration of the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad, where Akhmat Kadyrov was present. 18 people were killed, 145 people were injured.
• June 5 - A suicide bomber blew herself up next to a passenger bus carrying air base employees on their way to a military base in Mozdok. 16 people died on the spot. Four more died from their wounds later.
• July 5 - terrorist attack in Moscow at the rock festival "Wings". 16 people died, 57 were injured.
• August 1 - Undermining a military hospital in Mozdok. An army truck "KamAZ" loaded with explosives rammed the gate and exploded near the building. There was one suicide bomber in the cockpit. The death toll was 52 people.
• September 3 - a terrorist attack in the Kislovodsk-Minvody train on the Podkumok-White Coal section, the railway tracks were blown up using a landmine: 5 people were killed and 20 were injured.
• November 23 - three kilometers east of Serzhen-Yurt, GRU special forces destroyed a gang of mercenaries from Germany, Turkey and Algeria, numbering about 20 people.
• December 5 - suicide attack on the Kislovodsk-Minvody train in Essentuki: 41 people died, 212 were injured.
• December 9 - suicide attack near the National Hotel (Moscow).
• December 15, 2003 - February 28, 2004 - Raid on Dagestan by a detachment under the command of Ruslan Gelaev.

2004

• February 6 - a terrorist attack in the Moscow metro, on the stretch between the stations "Avtozavodskaya" and "Paveletskaya". 39 people died, 122 were injured.
• February 28 - well-known field commander Ruslan Gelaev was mortally wounded during a skirmish with border guards
• April 16 - during the shelling of the mountain ranges of Chechnya, the leader of foreign mercenaries in Chechnya, Abu al-Walid al-Ghamidi, was killed
• May 9 - in Grozny at the Dynamo stadium, where the parade in honor of Victory Day was held, at 10:32 a.m. powerful explosion. At that moment, Chechen President Akhmat Kadyrov, Chairman of the State Council of the Chechen Republic Kh. Isaev, Commander of the Joint Group of Forces in the North Caucasus General V. Baranov, Chechen Interior Minister Alu Alkhanov and military commandant of the republic G. Fomenko were on it. Directly during the explosion, 2 people died, 4 more died in hospitals: Akhmat Kadyrov, Kh. Isaev, Reuters journalist A. Khasanov, a child (whose name was not reported) and two Kadyrov's guards. In total, 63 people, including 5 children, were injured in the explosion in Grozny.
• June 21 - 22 - Raid on Ingushetia
• July 12 - 13 - a large detachment of militants captured the village of Avtury, Shali district
• August 21 - 400 militants attacked Grozny. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Chechnya, 44 people were killed and 36 seriously injured.
• August 24 - Explosions of two Russian passenger airliners killed 89 people.
• August 31 - a terrorist attack near the metro station "Rizhskaya" in Moscow. 10 people were killed, more than 50 people were injured.
• September 1 - 3 - a terrorist act in Beslan, as a result of which 334 people died, 186 of whom were children.
• October 7 - an African-American demolition instructor Khalil Rudvan was killed in a battle north of Niki-Khita, Kurchaloevsky district.

2005

• February 18 - as a result of a special operation in the Oktyabrsky district of Grozny, the forces of the PPS-2 detachment destroyed the "Emir of Grozny" Yunadi Turchaev, the "right hand" of one of the leaders of the terrorists, Doku Umarov.
• March 8 - During a special operation by the FSB in the village of Tolstoy-Yurt, CRI President Aslan Maskhadov was liquidated.
• May 15 - Vakha Arsanov, former vice-president of the CRI, was killed in Grozny. Arsanov and his accomplices, being in a private house, fired at a police patrol and were destroyed by the arriving reinforcements.
• May 15 - Rasul Tambulatov (Volchek) "Emir" of the Shelkovsky District of the Chechen Republic was killed as a result of a special operation by the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Dubov forest of the Shelkovsky District.
• June 4 - Cleansing in the village of Borozdinovskaya
• October 13 - Militants attack the city of Nalchik (Kabardino-Balkaria), as a result of which, according to Russian authorities, 12 civilians and 35 employees were killed power structures. Destroyed, according to various sources, from 40 to 124 militants.

2006

• January 31 - Russian President Vladimir Putin said at a press conference that now we can talk about the end of the counter-terrorist operation in Chechnya.
• February 9-11 - in the village of Tukuy-Mekteb in the Stavropol Territory, 12 so-called militants were killed during a special operation. "Nogai battalion Armed Forces CRI", the federal forces lost 7 people killed. During the operation, the federal side actively uses helicopters and tanks.
• March 28 - in Chechnya, the former head of the department voluntarily surrendered to the authorities state security CRI Sultan Gelishanov.
• June 16 - the "President of the CRI" Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev was destroyed in Argun
• July 4 - A military convoy was attacked in Chechnya near the village of Avtury in the Shali region. Representatives of the federal forces report 6 killed servicemen, bandits - more than 20.
• July 9 - The website of Chechen militants "Caucasus Center" announced the creation of the Ural and Volga fronts as part of the CRI Armed Forces.
• July 10 - in Ingushetia, one of the terrorist leaders Shamil Basayev was killed as a result of a special operation (according to other sources - he died due to careless handling of explosives)
• July 12 - on the border of Chechnya and Dagestan, the police of both republics destroy a relatively large, but poorly armed gang, consisting of 15 militants. 13 bandits were killed, 2 more were detained.
• August 23 - Chechen fighters attacked a military convoy on the Grozny-Shatoy highway, not far from the entrance to the Argun Gorge. The column consisted of a Ural vehicle and two escort armored personnel carriers. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Chechen Republic, four servicemen of the federal forces were wounded as a result.
• November 7 - in the area of ​​​​the village of Dai, Shatoi region, a gang of S.-E. Dadaev, seven riot police from Mordovia were killed.
• November 26 - The leader of foreign mercenaries in Chechnya, Abu Hafs al-Urdani, was killed in Khasavyurt. Together with him, 4 more militants were killed.

2007

• April 4 - in the vicinity of the village of Agish-batoy, Vedeno district of Chechnya, one of the most influential militant leaders, the commander of the Eastern Front of the CHRIS, Suleiman Ilmurzaev (call sign "Khairulla"), who was involved in the assassination of Chechen President Akhmat Kadyrov, was killed.
• June 13 - in the Vedeno district on the Upper Kurchali - Belgata highway, militants shot at a column of police cars.
• July 23 - a battle near the village of Tazen-Kale, Vedensky district, between Sulim Yamadayev's Vostok battalion and a detachment of Chechen fighters led by Doku Umarov. It is reported about the death of 6 militants.
• September 18 - as a result of a counter-terrorist operation in the village of Novy Sulak, the "Amir Rabbani" - Rappani Khalilov, was destroyed.
• October 7 - Doku Umarov announced the abolition of the CRI and its transformation into the "Vilayat Nokhchicho of the Caucasus Emirate"

2008

• January - during special operations in Makhachkala and the Tabasaran region of Dagestan, at least 9 militants were killed, and 6 of them were part of the group of field commander I. Mallochiev. There were no casualties on the part of the security forces in these clashes. At the same time, during the clashes in Grozny, the Chechen police destroyed 5 militants, among them was the field commander U. Techiev - the "emir" of the capital of Chechnya.
• March 19 - an armed attack by militants was carried out on the village of Alkhazurovo. As a result, seven people, five law enforcement officers and two civilians, were killed.
• May 5 - a military vehicle was blown up by a landmine in the village of Tashkola, a suburb of Grozny. 5 policemen were killed, 2 were wounded.
• June 13 - night sortie of militants in the village of Benoy-Vedeno
• September 2008 - the major leaders of the Dagestan illegal armed formations, Ilgar Mallochiev and A. Gudaev, were killed, up to 10 militants in total.
• December 18 - a battle in the city of Argun, 2 policemen were killed and 6 wounded. 1 person was killed by militants in Argun.
• December 23-25 ​​- a special operation by the FSB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the village of Upper Alkun in Ingushetia. The field commander Vakha Dzhenaraliev, who had been fighting against the federal troops in Chechnya and Ingushetia since 1999, and his deputy Khamkhoev were killed, a total of 12 militants were killed. 4 bases of illegal armed formations have been liquidated.
• June 19 - Said Buryatsky announced his accession to the underground.

2009

• April 15 is the last day of the counterterrorist operation regime.

Aggravation of the situation in the North Caucasus in 2009

Despite the official cancellation of the counterterrorist operation on April 16, 2009, the situation in the region has not become calmer, rather the opposite. The militants leading the guerrilla war have become more active, and cases of terrorist acts have become more frequent. Since the autumn of 2009, a number of major special operations have been carried out to eliminate gangs and militant leaders. In response, a series of terrorist attacks were carried out, including, for the first time in a long time, in Moscow.

Combat clashes, terrorist attacks and police operations are actively taking place not only on the territory of Chechnya, but also on the territory of Ingushetia, Dagestan, and Kabardino-Balkaria. In some territories, the CTO regime was repeatedly temporarily introduced.

Starting from May 15, 2009, Russian power structures stepped up operations against militant groups in the mountainous regions of Ingushetia, Chechnya and Dagestan, which caused a reciprocal intensification of terrorist activity on the part of the militants. At the end of July 2010, there are all signs of an escalation of the conflict and its spread to nearby regions.

Command

Heads of the Regional Operational Headquarters for the Counter-Terrorist Operation in the North Caucasus (2001-2006)

The Regional Operational Headquarters (ROH) was established by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 22, 2001 No. 61 "On measures to combat terrorism in the territory of the North Caucasus region of the Russian Federation."

• German Ugryumov (January - May 2001)
• Anatoly Yezhkov (June 2001 - July 2003)
• Yuri Maltsev (July 2003 - September 2004)
• Arkady Edelev (September 2004 - August 2006)

In 2006, on the basis of the ROSH, the Operational Headquarters of the Chechen Republic was created to conduct a counter-terrorist operation.

Commanders of the Joint Grouping of Troops (Forces) for Conducting Counter-Terrorist Operations on the Territory of the North Caucasus Region of the Russian Federation (since 1999)

The united group was formed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 23, 1999 No. 1255s "On measures to increase the effectiveness of counter-terrorist operations in the North Caucasus region of the Russian Federation."

• Victor Kazantsev (September 1999 - February 2000)
• Gennady Troshev (acting February - March 2000, commander April - June 2000)
• Alexander Baranov (acting March 2000)
• Alexander Baranov (acting July - September 2000, commander September 2000 - October 2001, September 2003 - May 2004)
• Vladimir Moltenskoy (acting May - August 2001, commander October 2001 - September 2002)
• Sergey Makarov (acting July - August 2002, commander October 2002 - September 2003)
• Mikhail Pankov (acting May 2004)
• Vyacheslav Dadonov (acting June 2004 - July 2005)
• Evgeny Lazebin (July 2005 - June 2006)
• Evgeny Baryaev (June - December 2006)
• Yakov Nedobitko (December 2006 - January 2008)
• Mykola Sivak (January 2008 - August 2011)
• Sergey Melikov (since September 2011)

Conflict in literature, cinema, music

Books

• Alexander Karasev. Traitor. Ufa: Vagant, 2011, 256 p. ISBN 978-5-9635-0344-7.
• Alexander Karasev. Chechen stories. M.: Literary Russia, 2008, 320 p. ISBN 978-5-7809-0114-3.
• Zherebtsova Polina Viktorovna Diary Zherebtsova Polina. Detective Press, 2011, 576 pp. ISBN 978-5-89935-101-3
• Vyacheslav Mironov. "I was in that war."

Movies and series

• War is a feature film.
• Alexandra is a feature film.
• Forced March is a feature film.
• Caucasian Roulette is a feature film.
• Man's work (8 serial film).
• Storm Gates (4-episode film).
• Special Forces (TV series).
• I have the honor (TV series).
• Lethal force-3 "Ultimate strength" (1st - 4th series)
• Distrust is a documentary.
• Live (film, 2006) - feature film
• Breakthrough (film, 2006) - feature film

Songs and music

Songs dedicated to the Second Chechen War:

• "Lube"- "After the war" (2000), "Soldier" (2000), Let's go for ... (2002)
• Yuri Shevchuk- Star (2006), Smoke (2009)
• Timur Gordeev- Tell me, Major, We're going home.
• Timur Mutsuraev- "Hava Baraeva" (view from the side of the militants)
• Igor Rasteryaev- "Song about Yura Prishchepny" (2011)
• Nikolai Anisimov- Rooks have arrived (2010)

The article tells briefly about the second Chechen war - the military operation of Russia on the territory of Chechnya, which began in September 1999. Large-scale fighting went until 2000, after which the operation moved into a relatively calm phase, consisting in the elimination of individual bases and terrorist detachments. The operation was officially canceled in 2009.

1. The course of the second Chechen war
2. The results of the second Chechen war

Causes of the second Chechen war

• After the withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya in 1996, the situation in the region remained unsettled. A. Maskhadov, the head of the republic, did not control the actions of the militants, and often turned a blind eye to their activities. The slave trade flourished in the republic. In the Chechen and neighboring republics, Russian and Foreign citizens for which the militants demanded a ransom. Those hostages who for some reason could not pay the ransom were subject to the death penalty.
• The militants were actively engaged in thefts from the pipeline passing through the territory of Chechnya. The sale of oil, as well as the underground production of gasoline, has become a significant source of income for the militants. The territory of the republic has become a transshipment base for the drug trade.
• The difficult economic situation, the lack of jobs forced the male population of Chechnya to go over to the side of the militants in search of work. A network of bases for the training of militants was created in Chechnya. The training was led by Arab mercenaries. Chechnya occupied a huge place in the plans of Islamic fundamentalists. She was assigned the main role in destabilizing the situation in the region. The republic was supposed to become a springboard for an attack on Russia and a breeding ground for separatism in neighboring republics.
• The Russian authorities were concerned about the increasing number of kidnappings, the supply of illegal drugs and gasoline from Chechnya. Of great importance was the Chechen oil pipeline, which was intended for large-scale transportation of oil from the Caspian region.
• In the spring of 1999, a number of tough measures were taken to improve the situation and stop the activities of the militants. Chechen self-defense detachments have significantly increased. The best specialists in counter-terrorist activities arrived from Russia. The Chechen-Dagestan border has become a de facto militarized zone. Conditions and requirements for crossing the border have been significantly increased. On the territory of Russia, the struggle by Chechen groups that finance terrorists has intensified.
• This dealt a serious blow to the income of the militants from the sale of drugs and oil. They had problems with paying Arab mercenaries and buying weapons.

The course of the second Chechen war

• Back in the spring of 1999, in connection with the aggravation of the situation, Russia launched a helicopter missile attack on the positions of militants on the river. Terek. According to reports, they were preparing a large-scale offensive.
• In the summer of 1999, a number of preparatory attacks by militants were made in Dagestan. As a result, the most vulnerable places in the positions of the Russian defense were identified. In August, the main forces of militants invaded the territory of Dagestan under the leadership of Sh. Basaev and Khattab. Basic strike force were Arab mercenaries. The inhabitants resisted stubbornly. The terrorists could not withstand the vastly superior Russian army. After several battles, they were forced to retreat back. K ser. September, the borders of the republic were surrounded by the Russian army. At the end of the month, Grozny and its environs are bombed, after which the Russian army enters the territory of Chechnya.
• Russia's further actions are to fight the remnants of gangs on the territory of the republic, with an emphasis on attracting the local population. A broad amnesty is announced for participants in the terrorist movement. The head of the republic becomes a former enemy - A. Kadyrov, who creates combat-ready self-defense units.
• In order to improve the economic situation, large financial flows were sent to Chechnya. This was to stop the recruitment of the poor by terrorists. Russia's actions have led to some success. In 2009, the termination of the counter-terrorist operation was announced.

The results of the second Chechen war

• As a result of the war, relative calm was finally achieved in the Chechen Republic. It was almost completely finished with the drug trade and the slave trade. The plans of the Islamists to turn the North Caucasus into one of the world centers of the terrorist movement were frustrated.

1. First Chechen war ( Chechen conflict 1994-1996, the First Chechen campaign, Restoration of the constitutional order in the Chechen Republic) - hostilities between the Russian troops (AF and the Ministry of Internal Affairs) and the unrecognized Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in Chechnya, and some settlements in the neighboring regions of the Russian North Caucasus, in order to take control territory of Chechnya, on which the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria was proclaimed in 1991.

2. Officially, the conflict was defined as "measures to maintain constitutional order", military operations were called the "first Chechen war", less often the "Russian-Chechen" or "Russian-Caucasian war". The conflict and the events that preceded it were characterized large quantity casualties among the population, military and law enforcement agencies, there were facts of ethnic cleansing of the non-Chechen population in Chechnya.

3. Despite certain military successes of the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the results of this conflict were the withdrawal of Russian units, massive destruction and casualties, the de facto independence of Chechnya before the Second Chechen War, and a wave of terror that swept across Russia.

4. With the beginning of perestroika in various republics of the Soviet Union, including Checheno-Ingushetia, various nationalist movements became more active. One such organization was the All-National Congress of the Chechen People (OKChN), which was set up in 1990 and aimed at secession of Chechnya from the USSR and the creation of an independent Chechen state. It was headed by the former General of the Soviet Air Force Dzhokhar Dudayev.

5. On June 8, 1991, at the II session of the OKCHN, Dudayev proclaimed the independence of the Chechen Republic Nokhchi-cho; Thus, a dual power developed in the republic.

6. During the "August coup" in Moscow, the leadership of the CHIASSR supported the State Emergency Committee. In response to this, on September 6, 1991, Dudayev announced the dissolution of the republican state structures, accusing Russia of "colonial" policy. On the same day, Dudayev's guards stormed the building Supreme Council, television center and Radio House. More than 40 deputies were beaten, and the chairman of the Grozny City Council, Vitaly Kutsenko, was thrown out of a window, as a result of which he died. On this occasion, the head of the Chechen Republic Zavgaev D. G. spoke in 1996 at a meeting of the State Duma "

Yes, on the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Republic (today it is divided), the war began in the fall of 1991, it was the war against the multinational people, when the criminal criminal regime, with some support from those who today also show an unhealthy interest in the situation here, filled this people with blood. The first victim of what is happening was the people of this republic, and the Chechens in the first place. The war began when Vitaly Kutsenko, chairman of the Grozny city council, was killed in broad daylight during a meeting of the republic's Supreme Council. When Besliev, vice rector, was shot dead in the street state university. When Kankalik, the rector of the same state university, was killed. When every day in the fall of 1991, up to 30 people were found killed on the streets of Grozny. When, from the autumn of 1991 until 1994, Grozny's morgues were packed to the ceiling, announcements were made on local television asking them to pick them up, find out who was there, and so on.

8. Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov then sent them a telegram: "I was pleased to learn about the resignation of the Republic's Armed Forces." After the collapse of the USSR, Dzhokhar Dudayev announced the final withdrawal of Chechnya from the Russian Federation. On October 27, 1991, presidential and parliamentary elections were held in the republic under the control of separatists. Dzhokhar Dudayev became the President of the Republic. These elections were recognized by the Russian Federation as illegal

9. On November 7, 1991, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the Decree "On the introduction of a state of emergency in the Chechen-Ingush Republic (1991)". After these actions of the Russian leadership, the situation in the republic deteriorated sharply - supporters of the separatists surrounded the buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB, military camps, blocked railway and air hubs. In the end, the introduction of the state of emergency was frustrated, the Decree "On the introduction of a state of emergency in the Chechen-Ingush Republic (1991)" was canceled on November 11, three days after its signing, after a heated discussion at a meeting of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR and from the republic the withdrawal of Russian military units and units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs began, which was finally completed by the summer of 1992. The separatists began to seize and loot military depots.

10. Dudayev's forces got a lot of weapons: Two launchers of an operational-tactical missile system in a non-combat ready state. 111 L-39 and 149 L-29 training aircraft, aircraft converted into light attack aircraft; three MiG-17 fighters and two MiG-15 fighters; six An-2 planes and two Mi-8 helicopters, 117 R-23 and R-24 aircraft missiles, 126 R-60s; about 7 thousand GSh-23 air shells. 42 T-62 and T-72 tanks; 34 BMP-1 and BMP-2; 30 BTR-70 and BRDM; 44 MT-LB, 942 vehicles. 18 MLRS Grad and more than 1000 shells for them. 139 artillery systems, including 30 122-mm D-30 howitzers and 24 thousand shells for them; as well as self-propelled guns 2S1 and 2S3; anti-tank guns MT-12. Five air defense systems, 25 memory devices of various types, 88 MANPADS; 105 pcs. ZUR S-75. 590 units of anti-tank weapons, including two Konkurs ATGMs, 24 Fagot ATGMs, 51 Metis ATGMs, 113 RPG-7 systems. About 50 thousand small arms, more than 150 thousand grenades. 27 wagons of ammunition; 1620 tons of fuel and lubricants; about 10 thousand sets of clothing items, 72 tons of food; 90 tons of medical equipment.

12. In June 1992, the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Pavel Grachev, ordered that half of all weapons and ammunition available in the republic be transferred to the Dudaevites. According to him, this was a forced step, since a significant part of the “transferred” weapons had already been captured, and there was no way to take out the rest due to the lack of soldiers and echelons.

13. The victory of the separatists in Grozny led to the collapse of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. Malgobeksky, Nazranovsky and most of the Sunzhensky district of the former CHIASSR formed the Republic of Ingushetia as part of the Russian Federation. Legally, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR ceased to exist on December 10, 1992.

14. The exact border between Chechnya and Ingushetia has not been demarcated and has not been defined to date (2012). During the Ossetian-Ingush conflict in November 1992, Russian troops entered the Prigorodny district of North Ossetia. Relations between Russia and Chechnya deteriorated sharply. The Russian high command proposed at the same time to solve the "Chechen problem" by force, but then the entry of troops into the territory of Chechnya was prevented by the efforts of Yegor Gaidar.

16. As a result, Chechnya became de facto independent, but not legally recognized by any country, including Russia, as a state. Republic had state symbols- flag, coat of arms and anthem, authorities - the president, parliament, government, secular courts. It was supposed to create a small Armed Forces, as well as the introduction of their own state currency - nahara. In the constitution adopted on March 12, 1992, CRI was characterized as an "independent secular state", its government refused to sign a federal treaty with the Russian Federation.

17. In fact, state system CRI turned out to be extremely ineffective and in the period 1991-1994 it was rapidly criminalized. In 1992-1993, over 600 premeditated murders took place on the territory of Chechnya. During the period of 1993, at the Grozny branch of the North Caucasian Railway, 559 trains were subjected to an armed attack with complete or partial looting of about 4 thousand wagons and containers in the amount of 11.5 billion rubles. For 8 months in 1994, 120 armed attacks were carried out, as a result of which 1,156 wagons and 527 containers were looted. Losses amounted to more than 11 billion rubles. In 1992-1994, 26 railway workers were killed in armed attacks. The current situation forced the Russian government to take a decision to stop traffic on the territory of Chechnya from October 1994

18. A special trade was the manufacture of false advice notes, on which more than 4 trillion rubles were received. Hostage-taking and the slave trade flourished in the republic - according to Rosinformtsentr, since 1992, 1,790 people have been kidnapped and illegally held in Chechnya.

19. Even after that, when Dudayev stopped paying taxes to the general budget and forbade employees of the Russian special services from entering the republic, the federal center continued to transfer money to Chechnya cash from the budget. In 1993, 11.5 billion rubles were allocated for Chechnya. Russian oil Until 1994, it continued to arrive in Chechnya, while it was not paid for and was resold abroad.

21. In the spring of 1993, the contradictions between President Dudayev and the parliament sharply aggravated in the CRI. On April 17, 1993, Dudayev announced the dissolution of the Parliament, the Constitutional Court and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. On June 4, armed Dudayevites under the command of Shamil Basayev seized the building of the Grozny City Council, in which meetings of the parliament and the constitutional court were held; thus, a coup d'état took place in CRI. The constitution, adopted last year, was amended, Dudayev's regime of personal power was established in the republic, which lasted until August 1994, when legislative powers were returned to parliament

22. After the coup d'état on June 4, 1993, in the northern regions of Chechnya, not controlled by the separatist government in Grozny, an armed anti-Dudaev opposition was formed, which began an armed struggle against the Dudayev regime. The first opposition organization was the National Salvation Committee (KNS), which held several armed actions, but was soon defeated and disintegrated. It was replaced by the Provisional Council of the Chechen Republic (VSChR), which proclaimed itself the only legitimate authority on the territory of Chechnya. The VChR was recognized as such by the Russian authorities, who provided it with all kinds of support (including weapons and volunteers).

23. Since the summer of 1994, hostilities have unfolded in Chechnya between troops loyal to Dudayev and the forces of the opposition Provisional Council. Troops loyal to Dudayev carried out offensive operations in the Nadterechny and Urus-Martan regions controlled by opposition troops. They were accompanied by significant losses on both sides, tanks, artillery and mortars were used.

24. The forces of the parties were approximately equal, and neither of them was able to prevail in the struggle.

25. Only in Urus-Martan in October 1994, the Dudayevites lost 27 people killed, according to the opposition. The operation was planned by Aslan Maskhadov, Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the CRI. The commander of the opposition detachment in Urus-Martan, Bislan Gantamirov, lost from 5 to 34 people killed, according to various sources. In Argun in September 1994, a detachment of the opposition field commander Ruslan Labazanov lost 27 people killed. The opposition, in turn, on September 12 and October 15, 1994, carried out offensive actions in Grozny, but every time they retreated without achieving decisive success, although they did not suffer heavy losses.

26. On November 26, oppositionists unsuccessfully stormed Grozny for the third time. At the same time, a number of Russian servicemen who “fought on the side of the opposition” under a contract with the Federal Counterintelligence Service were captured by Dudayev’s supporters.

27. Entering troops (December 1994)

At that time, the use of the expression "the entry of Russian troops into Chechnya", according to the deputy and journalist Alexander Nevzorov, was, to a greater extent, caused by journalistic terminological confusion - Chechnya was part of Russia.

Even before the announcement of any decision by the Russian authorities, on December 1, Russian aircraft attacked the Kalinovskaya and Khankala airfields and disabled all the aircraft at the disposal of the separatists. On December 11, President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin signed Decree No. 2169 "On Measures to Ensure Law, Law and Order and Public Security on the Territory of the Chechen Republic." Later, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation recognized most decrees and resolutions of the government, which substantiated the actions of the federal government in Chechnya, consistent with the Constitution.

On the same day, units of the United Group of Forces (OGV), consisting of parts of the Ministry of Defense and the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, entered the territory of Chechnya. The troops were divided into three groups and entered from three different sides - from the west from North Ossetia through Ingushetia), from the north-west from the Mozdok region of North Ossetia, directly bordering on Chechnya and from the east from the territory of Dagestan).

The eastern group was blocked in the Khasavyurt district of Dagestan by local residents - Akkin Chechens. The Western group was also blocked by local residents and came under fire near the village of Barsuki, however, using force, they nevertheless broke through into Chechnya. The Mozdok grouping advanced most successfully, already on December 12 approaching the village of Dolinsky, located 10 km from Grozny.

Near Dolinskoye, Russian troops came under fire from the Chechen Grad rocket artillery installation and then entered the battle for this settlement.

The new offensive of the units of the OGV began on December 19. The Vladikavkaz (western) group blockaded Grozny from the western direction, bypassing the Sunzha Range. On December 20, the Mozdok (northwestern) group occupied Dolinsky and blocked Grozny from the northwest. The Kizlyar (eastern) group blocked Grozny from the east, and the paratroopers of the 104th airborne regiment blocked the city from the side of the Argun Gorge. Wherein, southern part Grozny was unblocked.

Thus, at the initial stage of hostilities, in the first weeks of the war, Russian troops were able to occupy the northern regions of Chechnya practically without resistance.

In mid-December, federal troops began shelling the suburbs of Grozny, and on December 19 the first bombing of the city center was carried out. Many civilians (including ethnic Russians) were killed and wounded during artillery shelling and bombing.

Despite the fact that Grozny was still not blocked from the south side, on December 31, 1994, the assault on the city began. About 250 units of armored vehicles, extremely vulnerable in street battles, entered the city. The Russian troops were poorly trained, there was no interaction and coordination between the various units, and many soldiers had no combat experience. The troops had aerial photographs of the city, outdated city plans in limited quantities. The means of communication were not equipped with closed communication equipment, which allowed the enemy to intercept communications. The troops were ordered to occupy only industrial buildings, squares and inadmissibility of intrusion into the houses of the civilian population.

The western grouping of troops was stopped, the eastern one also retreated and did not take any action until January 2, 1995. In the northern direction, the 1st and 2nd battalions of the 131st separate Maikop motorized rifle brigade (more than 300 people), a motorized rifle battalion and a tank company of the 81st Petrakuvsky motorized rifle regiment (10 tanks), under the command of General Pulikovsky, reached the railway station and the Presidential Palace. The federal forces were surrounded - according to official data, the losses of the battalions of the Maykop brigade amounted to 85 people killed and 72 missing, 20 tanks were destroyed, the brigade commander Colonel Savin died, more than 100 servicemen were captured.

The eastern group under the command of General Rokhlin was also surrounded and bogged down in battles with separatist units, but nevertheless, Rokhlin did not give the order to retreat.

On January 7, 1995, the Northeast and North groups were united under the command of General Rokhlin, and Ivan Babichev became the commander of the West group.

The Russian troops changed tactics - now, instead of the massive use of armored vehicles, they used maneuverable air assault groups supported by artillery and aircraft. Fierce street fighting ensued in Grozny.

Two groups moved to the Presidential Palace and by January 9 occupied the building of the Oil Institute and the Grozny airport. By January 19, these groups met in the center of Grozny and captured the Presidential Palace, but detachments of Chechen separatists retreated across the Sunzha River and took up defensive positions on Minutka Square. Despite the successful offensive, Russian troops controlled only about a third of the city at that time.

By the beginning of February, the strength of the OGV had been increased to 70,000 people. General Anatoly Kulikov became the new commander of the OGV.

Only on February 3, 1995, the South grouping was formed and the implementation of the plan to blockade Grozny from the south began. By February 9 Russian divisions reached the border of the federal highway "Rostov - Baku".

On February 13, in the village of Sleptsovskaya (Ingushetia), negotiations were held between the commander of the United Forces, Anatoly Kulikov, and the chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the CRI, Aslan Maskhadov, on the conclusion of a temporary truce - the parties exchanged lists of prisoners of war, and both sides were given the opportunity to take out the dead and wounded from the streets of the city. The truce, however, was violated by both sides.

In the 20th of February, street fighting continued in the city (especially in its southern part), but the Chechen detachments, deprived of support, gradually retreated from the city.

Finally, on March 6, 1995, a detachment of militants from the Chechen field commander Shamil Basayev retreated from Chernorechye, the last district of Grozny controlled by the separatists, and the city finally came under the control of Russian troops.

A pro-Russian administration of Chechnya was formed in Grozny, headed by Salambek Khadzhiev and Umar Avturkhanov.

As a result of the assault on Grozny, the city was actually destroyed and turned into ruins.

29. Establishing control over the flat regions of Chechnya (March - April 1995)

After the assault on Grozny main task Russian troops began to establish control over the flat areas of the rebellious republic.

The Russian side began to conduct active negotiations with the population, persuading local residents to expel the militants from their settlements. At the same time, Russian units occupied the dominant heights above the villages and cities. Thanks to this, on March 15-23, Argun was taken, on March 30 and 31, the cities of Shali and Gudermes were taken without a fight, respectively. However, the militant groups were not destroyed and freely left the settlements.

Despite this, local battles were going on in the western regions of Chechnya. March 10 began fighting for the village of Bamut. On April 7-8, the combined detachment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, consisting of the Sofrinsky brigade of internal troops and supported by detachments of SOBR and OMON, entered the village of Samashki (Achkhoy-Martanovsky district of Chechnya). It was alleged that the village was defended by more than 300 people (the so-called "Abkhazian battalion" of Shamil Basayev). After the Russian servicemen entered the village, some residents who had weapons began to resist, and skirmishes began on the streets of the village.

According to a number of international organizations (in particular, the UN Commission on Human Rights - UNCHR), many civilians died during the battle for Samashki. This information, disseminated by the separatist agency "Chechen-Press", however, turned out to be quite contradictory - thus, according to representatives of the human rights center "Memorial", these data "do not inspire confidence." According to Memorial, the minimum number of civilians who died during the cleansing of the village was 112-114 people.

One way or another, this operation caused a great resonance in Russian society and increased anti-Russian sentiment in Chechnya.

On April 15-16, the decisive assault on Bamut began - Russian troops managed to enter the village and gain a foothold on the outskirts. Then, however, the Russian troops were forced to leave the village, since now the militants occupied the dominant heights above the village, using the old missile silos of the Strategic Missile Forces, designed to conduct nuclear war and invulnerable to Russian aviation. A series of battles for this village continued until June 1995, then the fighting was suspended after terrorist act in Budyonnovsk and resumed in February 1996.

By April 1995, almost the entire flat territory of Chechnya was occupied by Russian troops, and the separatists focused on sabotage and partisan operations.

30. Establishing control over the mountainous regions of Chechnya (May - June 1995)

From April 28 to May 11, 1995, the Russian side announced the suspension of hostilities on its part.

The offensive resumed only on May 12. The blows of the Russian troops fell on the villages of Chiri-Yurt, which covered the entrance to the Argun Gorge and Serzhen-Yurt, located at the entrance to the Vedeno Gorge. Despite a significant superiority in manpower and equipment, Russian troops were bogged down in the enemy's defense - it took General Shamanov a week of shelling and bombing to take Chiri-Yurt.

Under these conditions, the Russian command decided to change the direction of the strike - instead of Shatoi to Vedeno. The militant units were pinned down in the Argun Gorge and on June 3 Vedeno was taken by Russian troops, and on June 12 the regional centers of Shatoi and Nozhai-Yurt were taken.

Also, as in the plains, the separatist forces were not defeated and they were able to leave the abandoned settlements. Therefore, even during the "truce", the militants were able to transfer a significant part of their forces to the northern regions - on May 14, the city of Grozny was shelled by them more than 14 times

On June 14, 1995, a group of Chechen fighters numbering 195 people, led by field commander Shamil Basayev, drove trucks into the territory of the Stavropol Territory and stopped in the city of Budyonnovsk.

The building of the GOVD became the first object of attack, then the terrorists occupied the city hospital and drove the captured civilians into it. In total, about 2,000 hostages were in the hands of the terrorists. Basayev put forward demands on the Russian authorities - a cessation of hostilities and the withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya, negotiations with Dudayev through the mediation of UN representatives in exchange for the release of the hostages.

Under these conditions, the authorities decided to storm the hospital building. Because of the leak of information, the terrorists had time to prepare to repel the assault, which lasted four hours; as a result, the special forces recaptured all the corps (except the main one), releasing 95 hostages. Spetsnaz losses amounted to three people killed. On the same day, an unsuccessful second assault attempt was made.

After the failure of military actions to free the hostages, negotiations began between the then Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Viktor Chernomyrdin and field commander Shamil Basayev. The terrorists were provided with buses, on which they, along with 120 hostages, arrived in the Chechen village of Zandak, where the hostages were released.

The total losses of the Russian side, according to official data, amounted to 143 people (of which 46 were employees of law enforcement agencies) and 415 wounded, the losses of terrorists - 19 killed and 20 wounded

32. The situation in the republic in June - December 1995

After the terrorist attack in Budyonnovsk, from June 19 to 22, the first round of negotiations between the Russian and Chechen sides took place in Grozny, at which it was possible to achieve a moratorium on hostilities for an indefinite period.

From June 27 to June 30, the second stage of negotiations took place there, at which an agreement was reached on the exchange of prisoners "all for all", the disarmament of the CRI detachments, the withdrawal of Russian troops and the holding of free elections.

Despite all the agreements concluded, the ceasefire regime was violated by both sides. Chechen detachments returned to their villages, but not as members of illegal armed groups, but as "self-defense units." There were local battles throughout Chechnya. For some time, the emerging tensions could be resolved through negotiations. So, on August 18-19, Russian troops blocked Achkhoy-Martan; the situation was resolved at the talks in Grozny.

On August 21, a detachment of militants of the field commander Alaudi Khamzatov captured Argun, but after a heavy shelling undertaken by Russian troops, they left the city, into which Russian armored vehicles were then introduced.

In September, Achkhoy-Martan and Sernovodsk were blocked by Russian troops, since militants were in these settlements. The Chechen side refused to leave their positions, because, according to them, these were "self-defense units" that had the right to be in accordance with the agreements reached earlier.

On October 6, 1995, an assassination attempt was made on the commander of the United Group of Forces (OGV), General Romanov, as a result of which he ended up in a coma. In turn, "retaliation strikes" were inflicted on Chechen villages.

On October 8, an unsuccessful attempt was made to eliminate Dudayev - an air strike was launched on the village of Roshni-Chu.

The Russian leadership decided before the elections to change the leaders of the pro-Russian administration of the republic Salambek Khadzhiev and Umar Avturkhanov to former leader Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Dokku Zavgaev.

On December 10-12, the city of Gudermes, occupied by Russian troops without resistance, was captured by detachments of Salman Raduev, Khunkar-Pasha Israpilov and Sultan Geliskhanov. On December 14-20, there were battles for this city, it took Russian troops about a week of “cleansing operations” to finally take Gudermes under their control.

On December 14-17, elections were held in Chechnya, which were held with a large number of violations, but nevertheless recognized as valid. Supporters of the separatists announced in advance the boycott and non-recognition of the elections. Dokku Zavgaev won the elections, having received over 90% of the votes; at the same time, all military personnel of the UGV participated in the elections.

On January 9, 1996, a detachment of 256 militants under the command of field commanders Salman Raduev, Turpal-Ali Atgeriev and Khunkar-Pasha Israpilov raided the city of Kizlyar. Initially, the goal of the militants was a Russian helicopter base and an armory. The terrorists destroyed two Mi-8 transport helicopters and took several hostages from among the soldiers guarding the base. The Russian military and law enforcement agencies began to pull up to the city, so the terrorists seized the hospital and the maternity hospital, driving about 3,000 more civilians there. This time Russian authorities they did not give the order to storm the hospital, so as not to increase anti-Russian sentiment in Dagestan. During the negotiations, it was possible to agree on providing the militants with buses to the border with Chechnya in exchange for the release of the hostages, who were supposed to be dropped off at the very border. On January 10, a convoy with militants and hostages moved to the border. When it became clear that the terrorists would leave for Chechnya, the bus convoy was stopped by warning shots. Taking advantage of the confusion of the Russian leadership, the militants captured the village of Pervomaiskoye, disarming the police checkpoint located there. Negotiations were held from January 11 to 14, and an unsuccessful assault on the village took place on January 15-18. In parallel with the assault on Pervomaisky, on January 16, in the Turkish port of Trabzon, a group of terrorists seized the Avrazia passenger ship with threats to shoot the Russian hostages if the assault was not stopped. After two days of negotiations, the terrorists surrendered to the Turkish authorities.

The loss of the Russian side, according to official figures, amounted to 78 people dead and several hundred wounded.

On March 6, 1996, several detachments of militants attacked Grozny, which was controlled by Russian troops, from various directions. The militants captured the Staropromyslovsky district of the city, blocked and fired at Russian checkpoints and checkpoints. Despite the fact that Grozny remained under the control of the Russian armed forces, the separatists, when withdrawing, took with them stocks of food, medicine and ammunition. The losses of the Russian side, according to official figures, amounted to 70 people killed and 259 wounded.

On April 16, 1996, a column of the 245th motorized rifle regiment of the Russian Armed Forces, moving to Shatoi, was ambushed in the Argun Gorge near the village of Yaryshmardy. The operation was led by field commander Khattab. The militants knocked out the head and trailing column of the vehicle, thus the column was blocked and suffered significant losses - almost all armored vehicles and half of the personnel were lost.

From the very beginning of the Chechen campaign, Russian special services have repeatedly tried to eliminate the President of the CRI, Dzhokhar Dudayev. Attempts to send assassins ended in failure. It was possible to find out that Dudayev often talks on the satellite phone of the Inmarsat system.

On April 21, 1996, the Russian AWACS A-50 aircraft, on which equipment was installed for the bearing of a satellite phone signal, received an order to take off. At the same time, Dudayev's motorcade left for the area of ​​the village of Gekhi-Chu. Unfolding his phone, Dudayev contacted Konstantin Borov. At that moment, the signal from the phone was intercepted, and two Su-25 attack aircraft took off. When the aircraft reached the target, two missiles were fired at the cortege, one of which hit the target directly.

By a closed decree of Boris Yeltsin, several military pilots were awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation

37. Negotiations with separatists (May - July 1996)

Despite some successes of the Russian Armed Forces (successful liquidation of Dudayev, the final capture of the settlements of Goiskoye, Stary Achkhoy, Bamut, Shali), the war began to take on a protracted character. In the context of the upcoming presidential elections, the Russian leadership decided to again to negotiate with the separatists.

On May 27-28, a meeting of the Russian and Ichkerian (headed by Zelimkhan Yandarbiev) delegations took place in Moscow, at which it was possible to agree on a truce from June 1, 1996 and an exchange of prisoners. Immediately after the end of the negotiations in Moscow, Boris Yeltsin flew to Grozny, where he congratulated the Russian military on their victory over the "rebellious Dudayev regime" and announced the abolition of military duty.

On June 10, in Nazran (Republic of Ingushetia), during the next round of negotiations, an agreement was reached on the withdrawal of Russian troops from the territory of Chechnya (with the exception of two brigades), the disarmament of separatist detachments, and the holding of free democratic elections. The question of the status of the republic was temporarily postponed.

The agreements concluded in Moscow and Nazran were violated by both sides, in particular, the Russian side was in no hurry to withdraw its troops, and the Chechen field commander Ruslan Khaykhoroev took responsibility for the explosion of a regular bus in Nalchik.

On July 3, 1996, the current President of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, was re-elected to the presidency. The new Secretary of the Security Council Alexander Lebed announced the resumption of hostilities against the militants.

On July 9, after the Russian ultimatum, hostilities resumed - aircraft attacked militant bases in the mountainous Shatoisky, Vedensky and Nozhai-Yurtovsky regions.

On August 6, 1996, detachments of Chechen separatists numbering from 850 to 2,000 people again attacked Grozny. The separatists did not set out to capture the city; they were blocked administrative buildings in the city center, as well as fired at roadblocks and checkpoints. The Russian garrison under the command of General Pulikovsky, despite a significant superiority in manpower and equipment, could not hold the city.

Simultaneously with the storming of Grozny, the separatists also captured the cities of Gudermes (taken by them without a fight) and Argun (Russian troops held only the building of the commandant's office).

According to Oleg Lukin, it was the defeat of Russian troops in Grozny that led to the signing of the Khasavyurt ceasefire agreements.

On August 31, 1996, representatives of Russia (Chairman of the Security Council Alexander Lebed) and Ichkeria (Aslan Maskhadov) signed ceasefire agreements in the city of Khasavyurt (Dagestan). Russian troops were completely withdrawn from Chechnya, and the decision on the status of the republic was postponed until December 31, 2001.

40. The result of the war was the signing of the Khasavyurt agreements and the withdrawal of Russian troops. Chechnya has again become de facto independent, but de jure unrecognized by any country in the world (including Russia).

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42. Destroyed houses and villages were not restored, the economy was exclusively criminal, however, it was criminal not only in Chechnya, so, according to former deputy Konstantin Borovoy, kickbacks in construction business under the contracts of the Ministry of Defense, during the First Chechen War, they reached 80% of the contract amount. . Due to ethnic cleansing and hostilities, almost the entire non-Chechen population left Chechnya (or was killed). An interwar crisis began in the republic and the growth of Wahhabism, which later led to the invasion of Dagestan, and then to the beginning of the Second Chechen War.

43. According to data released by the headquarters of the United Forces, the losses of Russian troops amounted to 4,103 people killed, 1,231 missing / deserted / captured, 19,794 wounded

44. According to the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers, the losses amounted to at least 14,000 people killed (documented deaths according to the mothers of dead soldiers).

45. However, it should be taken into account that the data of the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers include only the losses of conscript soldiers, without taking into account the losses of contract servicemen, special unit soldiers, etc. The losses of militants, according to the Russian side, amounted to 17,391 people. According to the chief of staff of the Chechen units (later the President of the CRI) A. Maskhadov, losses Chechen side amounted to about 3,000 people killed. According to the HRC "Memorial", the losses of militants did not exceed 2,700 people killed. The number of civilian casualties is not known for certain - according to the human rights organization Memorial, they amount to up to 50 thousand people killed. Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation A. Lebed estimated the losses of the civilian population of Chechnya at 80,000 dead.

46. ​​On December 15, 1994, the “Mission of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the North Caucasus” began to operate in the conflict zone, which included deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation and a representative of “Memorial” (later called the “Mission public organizations under the direction of S. A. Kovalev”). The Kovalev Mission did not have official powers, but acted with the support of several human rights public organizations, the work of the Mission was coordinated by the Memorial Human Rights Center.

47. On December 31, 1994, on the eve of the storming of Grozny by Russian troops, Sergei Kovalev, as part of a group of State Duma deputies and journalists, negotiated with Chechen fighters and parliamentarians in the presidential palace in Grozny. When the assault began and Russian tanks and armored personnel carriers began to burn on the square in front of the palace, civilians took refuge in the basement of the presidential palace, soon wounded and captured Russian soldiers began to appear there. Correspondent Danila Galperovich recalled that Kovalev, being at the headquarters of Dzhokhar Dudayev among the militants, “almost all the time was in the basement room equipped with army radio stations,” offering Russian tankers “a way out of the city without firing if they indicate the route.” According to journalist Galina Kovalskaya, who was there, after they were shown burning Russian tanks in the city center,

48. According to the Institute of Human Rights headed by Kovalev, this episode, as well as the entire human rights and anti-war position of Kovalev, became the reason for a negative reaction from the military leadership, representatives state power, as well as numerous supporters of the "state" approach to human rights. In January 1995, the State Duma adopted a draft resolution in which his work in Chechnya was recognized as unsatisfactory: as Kommersant wrote, "because of his "one-sided position" aimed at justifying illegal armed groups." March 1995 The State Duma dismissed Kovalev from the post of Commissioner for Human Rights in Russia, according to Kommersant, "for his statements against the war in Chechnya"

49. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has launched an extensive relief program since the beginning of the conflict, providing more than 250,000 internally displaced people with food parcels, blankets, soap, warm clothes and plastic covers in the first months. In February 1995, out of the 120,000 inhabitants remaining in Grozny, 70,000 thousand were completely dependent on ICRC assistance. In Grozny, the water supply and sewerage system was completely destroyed, and the ICRC hastily set about organizing the supply of drinking water to the city. In the summer of 1995, about 750,000 liters of chlorinated water per day, to meet the needs of more than 100,000 residents, was delivered by tank trucks to 50 distribution points throughout Grozny. Over the next year, 1996, more than 230 million liters were produced drinking water for residents of the North Caucasus.

51. During 1995-1996, the ICRC carried out a number of assistance programs for the victims of the armed conflict. Its delegates visited about 700 people detained by federal forces and Chechen fighters in 25 places of detention in Chechnya itself and neighboring regions, delivered more than 50,000 letters on Red Cross letterhead, which became the only opportunity for separated families to establish contact with each other, so as all forms of communication were interrupted. The ICRC provided medicines and medical supplies to 75 hospitals and medical institutions in Chechnya, North Ossetia, Ingushetia and Dagestan, participated in the rehabilitation and provision of medicines to hospitals in Grozny, Argun, Gudermes, Shali, Urus-Martan and Shatoi, provided regular assistance to nursing homes and orphanages shelters.