It is not a particle. Getting Acquainted: Modal Particle

A particle is a service part of speech, which, without having its own completely independent lexical meaning, gives different shades to words and sentences or serves to create word forms.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but may be part of the members of a sentence.
The main area of ​​use of particles is oral speech, fiction and journalism with elements colloquial speech. The use of particles in speech gives the statements greater expressiveness, emotionality. Excessive use of particles leads to clogging of speech and loss of semantic accuracy.

The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to add additional shades to the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content: « Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already the sun shone less.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already is a particle with an amplifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. Particles originate from different parts speech: with adverbs ( just, just, just, just, just and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, give, it would, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (and, yes, and and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech in origin: here, is it and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as , conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles ( not, well, here, only, yet, already, well, not, even, whether, after all ).

Comparison with other parts of speech

In their structure and functions, the particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

The particles are different significant parts speech by those that do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of the members of a sentence. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never binds anything.

At parsing the particle is singled out together with the word to which it refers or not singled out at all.

In the science of the Russian language, there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Different authors have different classifications.

Discharges of particles.

According to the meaning and role in the sentence, the particles are divided into categories.

• shaping,
• negative,
• semantic (modal).

Shaping particles

- particles that are involved in the formation of certain forms various parts speech (verbs, adjectives, adverbs, state names, pronouns).

• Particles that serve to form the mood forms of the verb:
  • imperative mood — yes, let (let), come on (let's) :long live, let him go, let's (let's) go;
  • subjunctive (conditional) mood - would(b): said would, helped would , put on b ; what would did not happen.
    Particle would(b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, can be separated from the verb in other words: I b went to work. I wanted would live in Moscow. I made more would better. I would did even better.

  Particles would, let, let, yes, let's (let's) are part of verb form and are part of the same member of the sentence as the verb, are underlined with it. The formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written out with the verb when morphological analysis verbs as parts of speech.

• Particles that form forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbs, state names - more, less : more important, less important; more interesting, less boring.
  Meaning comparative degree can be amplified by particles yet and all : yet scarier all more interesting.

When forming forms, particles approach morphemes: more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a suffix) - more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a particle).

Postfixes are not particles -sya (s), -something, -either, -something and no, neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, participles and adjectives, regardless of the fused or separate writing. Particle should be distinguished -then and -then : which -then, where -then ( ) - I -then I know everything. (particle)

Comment.

In the complex of Babaitseva in the Russian language, some other authors (Glazunov, Svetlysheva) proposed a different approach, where something, something, something - referred to derivational particles and form pronouns and adverbs : who - someone, someone, someone, anyone; some - some, some etc. Negative particles are also classified as word-forming particles. not and neither : who - no one, no one; when never, never etc. In this case, the particles are converted into .
With a particle not Words with the opposite meaning are formed: friend - foe, happiness - misfortune.
Some words without not no longer exist: bad weather, slob, ignorant, impossible and etc.
These questions should be clarified with your teacher.

negative particles

No, neitherare the most frequent particles. Besides: no, not at all, not at all.

Particle NOT plays the main role in the expression of negation, attaches the following meanings:

• negative value for the whole sentence: Do not be this.
• negative value to a separate member of the sentence: Before us was not a small, but a large clearing.
• positive value, assertion (via double negation with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; could not say.

Most often a negative particle not is included in the predicate: At night did not have rain. ( did not have- predicate) I don't know. (don't know- saying)

Particle NI gives:

• negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Neither from place!
• strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: Around No neither souls. Not it is seen neither zgi. In the sky No neither cloud. Sometimes neither used without not : In the sky neither cloud.
• strengthening and generalization of any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle is used in the subordinate clause neither ): What neither (= everything) would do, everything worked out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
• When repeating a particle neither becomes important coordinating (connecting) union : Neither sun, neither air won't help me. ( neither - union)
• Negative particles include the words no. It is used in the negative answer to the expressed or unspoken question: Want? Not . To reinforce the negation word No repeated or used before a negative predicate: No, I don't want to.
  Particle No corresponds in its role in the sentence to the affirmative particle Yes : Will you go? Yes .
• not at all, not at all, not at all .

It is necessary to distinguish nor (not) prefix, particle and union. The prefix is ​​written together ( someone, no one, no one). Particle and union are written separately: no not a soul (particle, reinforces negation); Neither (union) rain, neither The (union) snow couldn't stop him.

Sense Particles

Semantic (modal) particles are particles that introduce various semantic shades into the sentence (clarify, emphasize, reinforce), express the feelings and attitude of the speaker.

Groups of particles by value:

• Contribute semantic shades:
  • interrogative —whether (l), is it, really :
    Really This is true? Truth whether this is? Is don't you agree with me?
    Is and really often act as synonyms: Is it (is it) did not you recognize me? But, they can also have different meanings.
    In offers with unless doubt is expressed, the speaker seems to argue with the interlocutor, he is sure of the inadmissibility of the fact: Is can you lie?
    In offers with really there is doubt and surprise: Really did he deceive us?
  • index — here (and here), out (and out), here and, there and .
    Highlight the subject to which you need to pay attention: Here my village.
  • specifying — exactly, just, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, exactly : Exactly she told me about it. Just he knew about it.
    Particles exactly , just serve to highlight the most important information.
  • express selection, limitation(restrictive-excretory) - only, only, exclusively, almost, exclusively : I am not sick, only) tired a little.
• particles that express the feeling and attitude of the speaker:
  • exclamatory particles - what the how , Well: What a soul! That's lovely! oh well!
    These particles express admiration, surprise, indignation.
    Particle how has a homonym how - pronoun how and union how .
    Particle how commonly used in exclamatory sentences: How delightful evenings in Russia!
    Pronoun-adverb how used in interrogative sentences and is a member of the proposal : How do you feel? How - circumstance.
    Union how - in complex sentences: I will tell you, how to live on.
  • express doubt —hardly, hardly Barely whether it will do. Hardly he will agree.
  • amplifying particles - even, even, not, well, really, after all, after all, only, only and etc.
    Particles highlight words in a sentence: Masha is familiar only famous monuments. ( Only - amplifying particle, in the sentence is part of the definition only known).
    Some particles of this discharge can perform the role of unions : The moon got brighter, the stars same just turned blue. Particle same highlights the word stars and connects the first and second sentences.
  • express relaxation of requirements — —ka.
    In combination with imperative verbs, this particle softens the meaning of the verb: Do It! - Do It -ka .

Examples:

• And day and night the cat is a scientist all walks around the chain. (A. Pushkin) - amplifying value
• Well what the neck, what theeyes! (I. Krylov) - exclamation value
• Yeshello sun,Yesthe darkness will hide (A. Pushkin) Let the brown one burst stronger. (M. Gorky) - forms the form of the imperative mood of the verb
• Same word, but not the samewouldsaid. - forms a shape subjunctive mood verb.
• What we've been talking about before only thought, now realized. Just thought -only not an adverb, not a union, since it does not connect anything, but enhances the meaning of the verb (they thought, but did not). Therefore, it is a particle.

The concept of a particle. Particle Values

Particle- a service part of speech, which gives additional semantic shades to both words and sentences, and also serves to form word forms.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but may be part of the members of a sentence.

Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content:

Many Russian writers and poets used particles in their work.

For example, A.S. Pushkin used the particle here about 1000 times. A particle even sounded at the poet more than 300 times. For example: " But dollseven during these years Tatiana in the handsnot took". And who does not know the famous " Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already the sun shone less.» ? Already – a particle with an amplifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech:

with adverbs ( just, just, just, just, just and etc.);

with verbs ( let, let, come on, give, it would, after all, you see and etc.);

with unions (and, yes, and and etc.);

with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.).

Some particles are not related to other parts of speech in origin: here, is it and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles: not, well, here, only, yet, already, well, not, even, whether, after all .

Particles can "travel" through the sentence, but their place is still strictly fixed: each particle is used by the speaker or writer before the word or phrase that is important to the author.

Inot champion.Exactly I am a champion.Really am i a champion?Even I am a champion.

Iafter all champion.

Felix Krivin's miniature "Would, Lee, Zhe".

Would, Lee, Same... It is not simple official words. They should not be confused with some -Something or -Something that cling to the members of the proposal, hold on to them with their dash.

The particles of By, Li, Zhe are not like that; despite their official position, they are completely independent and are written separately from other words - this must always be remembered. Each of them is busy with their own business - trying to emphasize the main idea.

And in off-duty hours ... Oh, what official words don’t talk about in off-duty hours!

- If I had not two, but three letters, - says the particle Would, - I would say this! Oh, this particle would, what a dreamer she is!

“Probably not,” the Lee particle objects to her, true to its habit of doubting everything.

“Do you need an extra letter?” “It's just empty talk,” Zhe stops them, accustomed to looking at things realistically.

“Two letters are enough for you – it’s no longer required by spelling.

This is how these particles argue in their free time. Although they are all service words, each has its own character, so they behave differently in the text:

Would-dreaming

Lee doubts.

Well, he claims.

And try to live without at least one of these particles! Don't live!

Particle Discharges:

1) Meaningful: Is it really, etc.

2) Shaping: would, come on, etc.

Shaping particles:

would (b), it happened, yes, come on, let's, let, let.

These particles serve to form word forms.

1) Particle would (b) participates in the creation of the conditional mood of the verb and can stand in the sentence both next to the verb, and be separated from it by other words.

Yes, I must have eaten. would and left. If a would you yesterday not late , today all the work was would finished.

2) Particles let (let) and come on (come on) participate in the creation of the imperative mood of the verb. Let The kids will go camping as a group.

3) Particle happened (was) forms a special form of the past tense: Bela used to , sings songs to us or dances a lezginka. discontinued It was rain, suddenly poured again.

4) Particles more, less, most form the form of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs: most brave, more interesting.

Sense Particles

Semantic particles give the whole sentence or individual words different shades of meaning:

particles really (really), is it, is it (l) express a question.

For example: Really did all the merry-go-rounds burn down?Is can be bored in the park?

particles what the, how, well and convey admiration, surprise, indignation. For example: How The Dnieper is wide!

particles here, out highlight the subject to which you want to pay attention. For example: Here mill.Won I used to live there.

Often these particles are used together with the conjunction a: But and my brother came.

·

particles even, after all, after all, after all, not, really, well designed to reinforce a particular word in a sentence. For example: You've got hands that ran awayeven pants.

·

particles not, not, not at all, far from express denial in different ways. For example: Not flowers bloom in late autumn the whole offer is denied ). Not the wind rages over the forest ( the word is denied ).

Particles expressing :

hardly, hardly . For example: Hardly I can read the book in one day.

Particles expressing:

exactly, just, exactly, exactly, exactly . For example : Exactly I got this question in an exam.

Particles expressing :

only, only, exclusively, almost, exclusively . For example : Only Mom understands me.

The particle that expresses :

-ka. For example: Think-ka well.

Separate and hyphenation particles.

1. Separate writing of particles

Separately particles are written would (b), same (g), whether (l): I would do it if I would, here it is, however, hardly, always.

Do not confuse with unionsto, too, also , particleseven, really .

Particle union

Compare: Whatwould should I eat?To to eat, we stopped for a halt.

Separately particles are written almost, just now (I'm almost done; she just didn't cry).

2. Hyphenating Particles

Through a hyphen particles are written: -something, -either, -something, something, koy-, -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko.

For example: what-then , whose-or , howsomeday , particles are part of indefinite pronouns and become suffixes;

tell-ka , he-de , Yes-With , well-ka , well-tka , colloquial or obsolete expressions.

Do not confuse:as if is written fluently.

Particle -then not only included in indefinite pronouns. She joins the words to give a touch of emotionality.

For example: Long away-then he won't run away. task-then I decided?

Particles something (something) are written separately, if separated from the pronoun by a preposition: with someone, with someone.

Particle - still written with a hyphen:

After adverbs: anyway, pretty much

After particles: really, really ,

After verbs: insisted, but he left.

In other cases -still spelled separately:

· The old man got his way.

· She did leave her family.

Morphological analysis of particles

1. Part of speech. General value.

2. Morphological features: discharge, unchangeable.

3. Syntactic role.

Sample: When same will you start writing?

It's a particle.

1. Semantic, amplifying.

2. An unchangeable word.

3. Not a member of the proposal.

negative particles.

No, neither are the most frequent particles. Besides : no, not at all, not at all .

Particle NOT plays the main role in the expression of negation, attaches the following meanings:

negative value for the whole sentence: Don't be this.

negative value to a separate member of the sentence: Before us was not a small, but a large clearing.

positive value, assertion (via double negation with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; could not say.

Most often, the negative particle is not part of the predicate: There was no rain during the night. (there was no - predicate) I don't know. (I don't know - saying)

Particle NO gives:

negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Don `t move!

strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: There is not a soul around. Not a single thing is visible. There is not a cloud in the sky.

Sometimes neither is used without not: The sky is clear.

amplification and generalization of any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle nor is used in the subordinate clause): Whatever (=everything) he would do, everything worked out for him. Wherever (= everywhere) you look, fields and fields are everywhere.

When repeating a particle neither acquires the meaning of a coordinating (connecting) union: Neither the sun nor the air will help me. (neither - union)

Negative particles include the word - No .

It is used in the negative answer to the expressed or unspoken question: Want? No.

To strengthen the negation, the word no is repeated or used before the negative predicate: No I do not want.

Particle No corresponds in its role in the sentence to the affirmative particle Yes : Will you go? Yes.

Distinguishing particles NI, union NI-NI, prefix NI-

Consoleneither-

Neither is part of negative pronouns and adverbs: neither who(pronoun), neither when(adverb).

If the particle neither is separated from the pronoun by a preposition, then it is written separately: neither with by whom,neither have whom.

Distinguish negative pronoun with a prefix neither- from a pronoun with a particle not .

Compare: This wasnone other than Dubrovsky. -Nobody else couldn't do it.

Remember:

not what elsehow not who elsehow

nothing other nobody different

Recurring union no no…

As a repeating coordinating conjunction no no… serves to communicate homogeneous members suggestions or simple sentences within the complex.

For example: I do not wantneither condemn,neither forgive you.Neither she won't hurt anyoneneither no one will hurt her.

Particleneither .

Particle neither with words written separately: In my mouth since morningneither crumbs.

Single and double particles neither are included in the composition of stable revolutions and are written separately. For example: howneither whatever happened, whateverneither became,neither aliveneither dead,neither becomeneither sit down etc.

Particle- this is a service part of speech, which serves to express shades of the meanings of words, phrases, sentences and to form word forms. Particles do not change, are not members of the sentence. (In school grammar, however, it is customary to emphasize the negative particle not along with the word to which it refers; especially for verbs). Depending on the transmitted additional values, there are: semantic particles (here he, approximately two), modal particles(Yes, we have met, well, go) and shaping particles which convey various grammatical meanings: Let goes. Yes hello meeting participants!

Basic semantic particles

	Name	Particles	Meaning	Examples
	pointing	out, here it is and etc.	point to objects	1. Here bream, offal, here sterlet slice(I. Krylov). 2. The medical profession this is feat, it requires selflessness, purity of soul and purity of thoughts(A. Chekhov).
	Clarifying	exactly, almost, exactly, exactly and etc.	specify a word or expression	Mother nearly didn't pay attention to me(I. Turgenev).
	excretory-restrictive	only, just, just, only and etc.	give a word or group of words a restrictive connotation	Who am I? What am I? Only a dreamer who has lost the blue of his eyes in the darkness...(S. Yesenin)
	amplifying	even, after all, the same, and, neither and etc.	underline certain words	Even the clerk made some disapproving sound(L. Tolstoy).
	Interrogative	is it, is it, is it, is it and etc.	express the question in interrogative sentences	Is can i doubt it?(L. Tolstoy)
	Negative	not, not at all, not at all, not at all, far from and etc.	express denial. Particle No used when answering a question in the negative and separated by a comma	Independence, a sense of freedom and personal initiative in science not less needed than, for example, in art or trade(V. Chekhov). « So are you coming to us?" - " Not I won't come"(L. Tolstoy).
	Affirmative	yes, exactly, yes and etc.	express a statement	"Is already married?" - " Yes, the third year went from Filippovka"(L. Tolstoy). Separated by a comma.
	Comparative	as, as if, as if, as if, exactly and etc.	express comparison. Used with a predicate	1. Dubrovsky as if woke up from sleep(A. Pushkin). 2. Ripe rye how golden sea.
	exclamatory	what the, how, oh and etc.	express emotions	1. Dove, how good! Well what the neck, what the eyes!(I. Krylov). 2. To you, Kazbek, about guardian of the east, I, a wanderer, brought my bow(M. Lermontov).

Shaping particles

Grammatical form	Particles	Examples
Imperative verb	let, let, yes, come on	Let the crowd will trample on my crown: the singer's crown, the crown of thorns!(M. Lermontov)
Conditional verb	would, b	I b forever forgotten taverns and poems wouldI gave up writing… (S. Yesenin)
Obsolete past tense of the verb	It was	We have begun It was talk about the new district leader, when suddenly Olga's voice was heard at the door: "Tea is ready"(I. Turgenev).

modal particles

Values	Particles	Examples
Will (same meaning for shape particles)	Give- (ka), well, well, well, come on, let it, let it, come on	Not, I don't love you so passionately(P.)
Attitude to action: question, affirmation, negation, comparison	Yes, no, whether, as it were	You know whether you Ukrainian night? ( G.) do it how you know.
exclamatory-expressive	What the, -s	Well what the neck, what the eyes! (Cr.)

To formative particles include particles that serve to form the forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. These include the following: would(conditional mood indicator), let, let, yes, come on (those)(indicators of the imperative mood). Unlike semantic particles, shape-forming particles are components of the verb form and are part of the same member of the sentence as the verb, they are underlined with it even in a non-contact arrangement, for example: I would not late if would it didn't rain .

semantic particles express the semantic shades, feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

In some studies, other groups of particles are distinguished, since not all particles can be included in these groups (for example, supposedly, supposedly).

Particle neither acts as a negative in the constructions of an impersonal sentence with an omitted predicate ( In the room neither sound) and as an intensifier in the presence of an already expressed negation ( In the room not heard neither sound). When repeating a particle neither acts as a recurring coordinating union (Can't hear in the room neither rustles, neither other sounds).

Postfixes are not particles - Xia (-camping), -then, either, something and prefixes not and neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, as well as participles and adjectives, regardless of continuous or separate spelling.

semantic particle - then must be distinguished from the word-forming postfix - then acting as a means of forming indefinite pronouns and adverbs. Compare: which- then, where- then (postfix) - I- then know where to go(particle).

This material will be devoted to the service part of speech - the particle. Discharges will be considered, examples will be given, differences from homonymous words will be shown.

Let's get acquainted: a particle!

Let's take a look at what a particle is. You may have just noticed: in the previous sentence, it is the word "same". So the particle is service unit speech, which introduces new semantic emotionally colored shades into sentences, and serves to form new word forms. Let's take an example right away.

He came. A simple, one might say, faceless proposal. Let's add various particles to this sentence.

He just came.

He just came.

Did he come?

He barely arrived.

Pay attention to how the meaning has changed and the emotional coloring has appeared in the sentences, it was only necessary to add small elements. By the way, "only" is also a particle.

It is worth noting that the Russian language is so rich in such speech components that there are not even specific requirements for memorizing them. It is necessary to learn how to find, see in the text, and also be able to distinguish them from other words in sentences. We will talk about this in our article.

Basic particle discharges

From the whole variety of these elements, four categories can be distinguished.

1. Formative particles (let, let, let) are intended to form the form of a word, they can form degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.
2. Negative (no, far from, not at all, not at all).
3. Particles that can characterize a sign (it can be a state or action) that occurs in time, in terms of effectiveness or completeness of implementation, or vice versa - futility, incompleteness.
4. Modal particles that can be interrogative, perhaps), demonstrative (here, out), clarifying (exactly, just, exactly the same), excretory and restrictive (only, only), exclamatory (what for, how), amplifying ( even, not, after all, after all, everything), softening requirements, showing doubts (hardly, hardly) and, finally, motivating (let, let, let).

Examples

Consider the modal particle as an example in sentences:

• Aren't we going fishing today?
• This is the real champion!
• It was just that moment that was not to be missed.
• What is the music!
• Still, I had to redo the work.
• May the sun always shine!

Modal particles serve to convey additional value meaning in the text or in the speech of the speaker, enhance the emotional side and focus attention.

Modal mass particles

With the help of formative elements, it becomes possible to create new forms of words. This category of modal shaping particles can be attributed: let, would, yes, come on (-those), less, most, let, more.

We give examples for clarity.

The word "would" can be used to form the conditional mood of the verb. I would have done more if I had got up earlier.

The imperative form of the inclination is formed by modal particles let, let, let, yes. Here are some examples:

• Let spring come.
• Tell him to hurry up.
• "Let there be light!" the electrician said.
• Let's go on a trip to another country.

For the formation of the comparative degree of adverbs and adjectives, form-building elements more, less serve. For example:

• Faster lift to the floor.
• Less successful business.

The formative element itself (pay attention to the number and gender) can serve to form an excellent form for an adjective, for example: the brightest.

All of these enumerated form-building elements are part of the verb form. When parsing a sentence into members, it is recommended to underline them as one member of the sentence, even if they are not next to each other. It is necessary to give examples of sentences with modal particles.

• I wouldn't be late if I hadn't been late at work.
• Let them come tomorrow.
• Circumstances are less successful today.
• Now I will make a more difficult riddle.
• She has solved the most difficult task of her life.

It should be noted that such form-building elements can be divided into conditional and imperative moods. To conditional mood refer modal particles would, b.

The imperative includes such particles as: let, let, yes, let's, let's.

Difference from homonymous words. Examples

Let's remember what homonyms are. So, homonyms are called words that are the same in spelling and sound, but different in meaning.

It is important not to confuse, to be able to see and distinguish between homonymous words. Examples:

• Give him half a tablet of medicine every half an hour. In this context, the word let's is not a formative element, but a form of a verb give.
• Now let the boat go downstream. Here is also the word let cannot be a particle, it is a form of a verb let.
• Is it really you? - I'm the best. In this version, the word most is a pronoun and has nothing to do with an adjective.
• She spoke very quietly, as if apologizing. In this sentence, the word as if constitutes an indivisible construction that can be replaced by synonyms like or like.

Particle- this is an invariable service part of speech that will give, clarify or specify various semantic (gradual, evaluative, optative, etc.), modal, emotional and expressive meanings of words, parts of a sentence or sentences and participate in the formation of individual morphological categories, and also expresses attitude speaking to reality or reported. For example: I sameI will give my life for you; The enemy is near notsuffer etc. Wed: [Chatsky] Why so secret? - [Molchalin] In my summers not must dare / Have one's own judgment. – [ Chatsky] Have mercy, we are with you not guys / why same other people's opinions only holy? (A. Griboyedov); Only the Black Sea is noisy ... (A. Pushkin); Here the master will come - the master will judge us (N. Nekrasov); Here is the mill! She is already fell apart (A. Pushkin); Here youth! .. read! ., and then grab! (A. Griboedov), etc.

By structure particles can be primitive(not, is it, just) and derivatives (just everything was etc.). In its turn, derivatives particles are divided according to the nature of the relationship with those parts of speech from which they originated:

• – adverbial (simply, directly, exactly);
• – pronominal (all);
• – verbal (was, used to be, give);
• - excretory particles associated with unions(What thethe charm of these tales; I, but,I won't follow you)
• - particles similar in meaning to prepositions (like).

In terms of performance functions particles are:

• a) shaping(let, come on, let, let, would (Let it burst out stronger storm! (M. Gorky)) and derivational(derivational. then, or etc. (someone, anyone etc.));
• b) semantic, emotional and expressive and modal.

To semantic include the following particles:

• - index (here, there, this);
• - definitive and clarifying (exactly, exactly, exactly, almost);
• - excretory-restrictive (. only);
• - amplifying ( same, directly, after all, simply);

To emotionally expressive(they are pronounced with force, pressure) particles are what for, something, where is it, what is there, well, well, well and etc.

To modal, expressing the subjective attitude the speaker to the reported, the particles are added:

• - affirmative (Yes of course);
• – negative (neither, no, no, not at all, how);
• - interrogative (and, is it really);
• - comparative (exactly, as if, as if);
• - pointing to someone else's speech (de, they say – I say I don't know etc.).

In texts works of art particles express

various semantic shades words, phrases and sentences:

Wed: I same told you! Spoke same I to you! Or me whether you not talked about it? Is I to you not talked about it? Knew whether you about it? etc. - What the aces in Moscow live and die! (A. Griboyedov). I whether to you not own, i whether to you not close, / I am the memory of the village or not cherish? (S. Yesenin).

In Russian, two particles are distinguished expressing the meaning denial, not and neither. In connection with the particle not particle neither receives amplifying meaning: Neitherdrops notafraid; Neithertrait notI know. The scope of the particle not in Russian is very wide, especially since it "merged two homonyms that previously differed phonetically (not and n)". The complexity of the grammatical nature of the particle not expressed in fluctuations in its use. She has prefix agglutination. (indecent, independent etc.) and the negative particle function.

Particle neither expresses negation or in the structure itself non-distributed proposal (not a soul; not a sound; not moving) or when spreading a negative sentence, combining the meaning denial with meaning amplification (We didn't hear anysound) or with the value of the allied transfers (For you no letter, no parcel,neither telegrams). In a particle neither there is an element of the meaning of the completeness of the absence or the categorical nature of the negation. Particle neither reinforces negation and participates in the formation of "hidden" meanings in the structure of counter opposition. Qualitative enhancement of the feature particle neither expresses itself. Wed:

Not bad, not good, not average.

All of them in their places

Where neither the first nor the last...

They all rested there.

(A. Akhmatova)

// There are no bad ones, no good ones, no average ones, no first ones, nolatest... // = "none"- the most low degree sign.

Terminology issues

In modern Russian studies, there is an opinion that particles are not a special part of speech, but a special function the words. As an argument, the linguistic fact is given that the modified word can also be a particle.

Particles team up with pretexts and unions syntactic nature of the meaning: they do not express concepts they are assigned those semantic increments that the statement receives when a particle is introduced into it. For example, in sentences I drink in the morning only coffee with milk and I drink in the morning coffee with milk it is reported that coffee with milk is the only drink which the (I) drink in the morning. Since the above sentences differ in composition only by the word only, we can say that the indicated restrictive-selective meaning is introduced by the particle, is its meaning. If in a proposal Rain is coming introduce a particle even if, the content of its syntactic modality will change: instead of the denoted real fact the sentence will call desirable(optimal) fact. As a result even if turns out to be a particle with a desirability value.

Particles are part of one or another member of the sentence, if these particles are shape-building. Would say you tell me about it(the form subjunctive inclinations); Yes, shine your name (the form imperative inclinations). Some modal particles are also part of the members of the sentence, for example, the particle not: He told me did not believe.

Different parts of speech can pass into the category of particles. For example: In the audience only girls or In the room stood one table(one/one = "just; nothing/nobody else"); On the street one prank,grows here one nettle - the formation of particles from the names of numerals. Another example - Think: giveI'll say maybe I'll believe – shows education verbal particles. Or compare: Everythingthe space was occupied by roses, He did alldepending on him – cases of using pronouns, according to: And he everything is silent and silent -everything is amplifying particle.

Particles are widely used in sentences, communicative purpose which is expression of the degree of the attribute value. For example, low the degree of the attribute is conveyed by the amplifying particle simply in the meaning of "perfectly": Our business is very badus just nothing to live(A. Ostrovsky) // just nothing to live = we have absolutely nothing to live on.

Restrictive particle only appears in the statement in the first and second meanings of the particle only:

• 1) "not more than so much, nothing else but "- It's only worth (= "only; total" five rubles // It's only worth it(just only)five rubles, that's just(= "only") Start // it just the beginningand to be continued;
• 2) "only, exclusively" Only(= "only") in the villageresting // I rest only in the village, nowhere else, Only(= "only") youpity me // Only you feel sorry for me, no one else. Wed: union only carries the meaning "as soon as": Just enteredshe meets him // How just enteredshe is facing him.

High the degree of manifestation of the feature is expressed by the amplifying particle only(or combined "not + verb") in preposition in relation to the pronoun and adverb in negative sentences, used to enhance the idea of in large numbers, volume, girth, etc. For example: Who hasn't beenin Gorky's house, who did not writeto him, what kind of things were not interested inhe!(P. Pavlenko) // Who just doesn't... + verb = "very many (almost all)"; what only (affairs) not + verb= "very many (almost all)".

With a numeral, with a word Total or without it, particle only used in the sense of "no more than, just": He raged only three hoursbut laid down two hundred and forty spawners and an uncountable offspring(I. Ilf, E. Petrov). With a word more or without particle only indicates the limitation of the action, the phenomenon of the initial, preliminary, etc. moment in the meaning of "still, yet": This is just(= "still") Start , expresses the meaning gains - Everyone has been at work for a long time, and he only(= "still") dressing up, only(= "yet") seven weekshow he received the regiment(L. Tolstoy). Wed: union only combined with words as, only, barely or without them attaches a temporary or conditional subordinate clause in the meaning "at that moment, as, now, as": Just sayI will come // As soon as you say, I will come. Like an adversarial union only used in the sense of "however, but, on condition": I agree to go just not nowI agree to go however, not now.

Particle even used to emphasize and strengthen the word to which it refers: Evenhe will come; Here Pasha Emilievich, who possessed a supernatural instinct, realized whatnow hiswill be beaten, maybe even kicking(I. Ilf, E. Petrov).

In modern Russian, the lexeme simply functions as particle, adverb, predicate (short form adjective simple), union and state category word.

As particles lexeme simply functions in the preposition position in the following combinations:

• – simple + adjective(simplyclumsy) ,
• – simply + noun (It was just a boyfrom the next street, It's just a mockery preposition in relation to the predicate expressed by the noun);
• – simply + verb (he just doesn't lookon me, me just wanthome – in impersonal offer);
• – simple + state category word (Just can'tbelieve, here just deep).

In modern Russian adverb is one of the most productive and semantically complete grammatical categories. On its periphery, transitional types of words are observed, close to particles, conjunctions and prepositions. As an adverb, a lexeme simply occurs mainly in the position of postposition in relation to the predicate expressed by conjugated and non-conjugated forms of the verb: He said simply; Write simplyand clear.

lexeme simply belong to the class predicatives(short adjectives) based on the expression quality state and syntactic role predicate. The solution to the problem is quite simply ,Everything was simply ,war / / simply - short form of adjective simple in the function of a part of a compound nominal predicate: Solution (was) simply,The state of affairs was extreme simply ,All simplyand clear.

As union lexeme simply acts to connect homogeneous members of the sentence and in compound sentences: He didn't hit simplylowered his fist on the table; ... my haste was not due to the fact that I was happy to be released from classes, simplyI tried to do as quickly as possible what the teacher told me(F. Iskander).

The element is expressive enough simply in the variant of gradational union not only but. Such expressiveness is created as a result of the adjective inherited from the name simple, adverbs simply and particles simply values. The only feature of sememes is the seme "not complex" (archiseme "measure, degree"). In all sentences as part of the gradation union, the element simply conveys the meanings: 1) "not containing many parts"; 2) "easier - more difficult"; "without intention - with a purpose"; "ordinary - extraordinary, standing out from others." The first value is in writing sentences with gradational unions.

Element simply as part of a gradational union marks an equal component denoting a simple action, and with its own lexical meaning indicates that the value of the first peer component is simple compared to the value of the second peer component : He not easynoticed errors but alsotried to fix them. The first equal component is notice – contains the sememe "see, discover", the second component - try to fix – Sememe "try to eliminate shortcomings in something." The second component causes in the minds of the speaker and listener what is named by the first: one action, indicated by the predicate notice is a precondition for the other try to fix. A similar ratio of two equal components syntactic construction creates material grade, because one of the peer components actually includes another peer component in its content. Element simply as part of the union emphasizes the importance material gradation.

Particle even in terms of implementation gradual semantics and grading sentence-statement is a productive amplifying agent and is freely used in combination with all the syntactic elements of the sentence as predicative so non-predicative plan. Particle even freely combined with the words of all significant parts of speech in all their forms.

amplifying Components and, but, well either alone or in combination with other gradators (cf. and even, but even, well, even; and simple, but simple, well, simple; and more, by (a) more, well (a) more etc.), highlighting the word with which they are used, often require the statement of this word at the beginning of the syntagma: And the poor man can be happy!(A. Chekhov).

Particle more in different contexts expresses a number of meanings, for example, in the text of I. Ilf and E. Petrov: The janitor stood at the workshop three more minutesfilled with the most venomous feelings... additional value; Viktor Mikhailovich for a long timeswaggered; Never beforeVarfolomey Korobeinikov was not so vilely deceived- in combination with the pronoun particle more used to emphasize something. When used after pronouns and adverbs more acts as a particle to enhance expressiveness: Which one elsegift to him! In colloquial speech what else is used in the meaning of "amazing, wonderful, exceptional", and the combination nothing yet - in the sense of "satisfactory to some extent": it nothing yet!He's been doing this for years and never got caught where more with previous union and yes stands in the meaning of "besides, in addition, in addition, in addition." Particle more expresses the presence of sufficient time, sufficient conditions for some action:

In the center such subtropics long gone, but on the periphery, in the field - still found; Madame Kuznetsova for a long time she would tell about flour, about the high cost, and about how she found Claudia Ivanovna lying by the tiled stove...

Combination and also... used in the meaning of reproach, irony, condemnation ( And also a doctor!); to strengthen the expression of a greater degree:

And Ostap Bender told Ippolit Matveyevich a story, the amazing beginning of which excited all secular Petersburg, and an even more amazing end was lost and passed completely unnoticed by anyone in recent years.

Wed: Didn't I know that this would be the case?? O, how else did you know! knew very well(N. Sergeev-Tsensky); What elseMishka? NoneBears don't know(M. Gorky) - amplifying particle more used in the adverb how(or pronoun what) to emphasize a sign, a fact - I knew very well; Didn't know any Mishka. Like a bounding particle more used to clarify, emphasize any sign, fact: Here, see where still at the bottomrows of mowed hay lie, here is the bridge(L. Tolstoy).

The functioning of the particle in the text

Particle more very productive and is used in constructions with the following values:

• 1) recall, reference to the known: But Lizaveta, the merchant, you don’t know ? She went down here. More made your shirt(F. Dostoevsky);
• 2) concerns: ... He will come, yes, perhaps more rude(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin);
• 3) inconsistencies (more often with complicated elements a, i): I am a peasant, but I will not do this. And alsonobleman! (N. Gogol); Ek far enough! Alsoclever man...(N. Gogol);
• 4) condemnation, discontent, doubts: Here is the beast, still talking! (V. Garshin); Yes, where did you get? Sister is healthy. - Hurry up some more!(A. Ostrovsky);
• 5) assumptions;
• 6) Accent: More, as if on purpose, with the newest pieces of paper(N. Gogol);
• 7) amplification (with pronominal words how, what)". And how else draws beautifully...; What elsedexterous...

Particle all can propose the most various meanings and shades. This is an adverbial particle used in constructions with the meaning long-term, permanent and dominant feature : Do you know why he is like that? allsad, allsilent, you know? (I. Turgenev). lexeme all in this sentence it is a particle, it introduces a semantic honey agaric of a long and permanent feature, emphasizes that someone for a long time unhappy, sad, silent etc. The proposal is two-part; particle all is part of the nominal predicate (not so funny) and into the composition verbal predicate (everything is silent) located immediately before the significant word (happy- adjective, is silent- verb). The particle introduces into the sentence, in addition to semantic, a stylistic shade of colloquialism. Similarly: The father will even be glad; he keeps pushing me to serve, and I keep trying ill health(F. Dostoevsky).

A touch of colloquialism gives the statement a complicated anyway. Wed: He lies day and day in a hole, he doesn’t sleep at night, he doesn’t eat a piece, and still thinks: "It seems that I'm alive? .."(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin) - particle all introduces into the sentence the meaning of the constancy of the action and the predominance of the mental process of the face, and the morph - then, adjoining the particle, highlights, emphasizes, accentuates the semantic ring of the verb-predicate thinks.

Complex particle so in modern Russian it functions in verb sentences with the following meanings:

• 1) intensively and full emerging predicative sign (Rain so it pours; Sun so it burns);
• 2) sign like completion or identifying prior state (I'm leaving, – so I don't know truth; Bed so it was unfinished);
• 3) confident and defiant (So scared of you!).

A. A. Shakhmatov saw in combination so"an adverb meaning relationship, i.e. one or another degree of manifestation of a feature" and, accordingly, "a complementary circumstance". According to him, building " so + verb in the form present, past,(less often) future time" in modern Russian colloquial speech are extremely common. For example: Boards below it so they bend, so they crack(I. Turgenev) - present tense verb; So it blew misfortune from his figure(L. Tolstoy) - past tense; Me so it shook laughing(A. Chekhov) - past tense.

Particle So may be complicated by the element here, and then the syntactic construction conveys the meaning of direct and unimpeded detection of the predicative feature:

All the lower back hurts, and the leg, which is higher than the bone, so it breaks(N. Gogol); So all and hide in the shop when you see him (N. Gogol); “How I love your Pokrovskoye,” he said, interrupting the conversation. - So would all life and sat here on the terrace (L. Tolstoy).

Combination so is also used in η constructions with the value completion or identifying a previous condition. A predictive sign expressed by a combination so and, characterized as the result or natural completion of another sign that prepared it, independent and dissimilar to the final one ( cried all night sofell asleep), close and similar to it ( been sick for a long time so he died), or the same sign emanating from the past, which lasted for some time and naturally ended by itself ( never arrivedvisit). Meaning of syntactic parts with so revealed as a result of comparison, cf. so she fell asleep, so she died, and did not come etc.: ... he realized that he was gone, that there was no return, that the end had come, completely the end, but doubt it is not allowed, it will remain sodoubt(L. Tolstoy).

The meaning of "very, to a large extent" is conveyed amplifying particle where in colloquial speech: Whereyou cold and dry!(A. Pushkin). In combination with an adjective (or an adverb in a comparative degree) a particle where means "significantly, incomparably, much" (MAC) and is characteristic of colloquial speech: Much prettier, Much cheaperWork in progress much friendlier;...our oil pipeline - much more deservingan object for literature than all the charms primevaltaiga(V. Azhaev).

with a particle where formed infinitive sentences with the meaning of confident denial of the possibility of performing an action - the dative subject is usually used as part of the sentence (as a rule, the particle begins the sentence): Whereme, catechumen, to go to big bars ...(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Usually this particle is complicated by amplifying elements already, there, here, same:

Well, where are should she marry, should she marry? Here I marry, so I marry (Gogol); Oh, no, sir... don't take me to the hospital, don't touch me. I'll just take more flour there. Where can I be treated!.. (I. Turgenev).

Particle sentences where, conveying the meaning of negating the possibility of performing one or another action, can only consist of a particle and the following dative subject: Where to him! Where are you going! Where are you here!

Particle same way has the meaning of mocking disapproval, irony, assertion of the inconsistency of the sign with the internal capabilities, qualities of its carrier. The particle can be used both at the beginning and at the end of a syntactic construction - a one-part, nominal or verbal sentence: Every creature same wayclimbs to love! (I. Goncharov); Same way,from funny...(A. Griboyedov).

Widespread sentences that use complicated amplification particle well -Well; well... same; well, and; well, yes and ... well; well; well and :

Well, ball! Well, Famusov! (A. Griboyedov); Well you have a build, brother (A. Rybakov); Well was and the pig is a real lion! (K. Paustovsky); Well, really house! I got to the spot! (A. Ostrovsky); Well, really and glad same I saw you! (I. Turgenev); Well stupid same this girl... kind, but... stupid - unbearably! (M. Gorky).

Gradient value passed by data linguistic units, is supported by the lexical meaning of the words that make up the sentence. A negative or positive assessment is revealed directly from the sentence itself, the modal meaning of which can be defined as an accentuated assessment in combination with surprise caused by a certain quality or nature of a feature, process, object or phenomenon.

Function amplification transmits a particle already in constructions where the predicative unit includes a word with a qualitatively characterizing meaning - a verb or a name denoting a feature that manifests itself in a greater or lesser lesser degree, adverb of measure and degree or pronominal such, as:

And here we are fighting, so we are fighting with money... How necessary, how necessary!(A. Ostrovsky); I don't understand how you can deal with such a fool. So stupid here already true varmint! (L. Tolstoy); And the dowry: a stone house in the Moscow part, about two eltazh, so profitable that true pleasure (N. Gogol).

Complicated particle - too; already and ... same; really ... then; and already; really- often used in one-part nominal sentences, less often - in verbal or two-part sentences. Such uses are characteristic primarily of colloquial and artistic speech:

Already and bear same was (I. Gorbunov); Already and horse! Kabardian lov-brand (L. Tolstoy); Don't blink your eyes when it's all over. And I'm a grandmother, a midwife! (K. Fedin); Already not angry whether he? (A. Ostrovsky); What does it mean? Already not suitors whether? (N. Gogol).

Accent particle Yes quite productive in terms of use, including in sentences with gradual semantics. characteristic feature particles is the fact that Yes in sentences with meaning accentuated opposition is located between the opposing components, which can be any members of the sentence, but with the obligatory condition that the predicate, the main member of the sentence or the entire predicative basis enter into this group. Wed: you yesdon't you understand? – With him - Yesnot agree? (I. Turgenev); yes youwork, go, you can't! – Minesweeper, Yescan not!(Yu. Nagibin) - the discrepancy between the predicative feature and its carrier (object) is emphasized.

From the point of view of pronunciation, such constructions are distinguished by a longer pause between the compared words. The pause is intensified and emphasized also in the case when the particle is followed by so that dividing the structure of the sentence into two parts: With his ability Yesnot to study! // With his ability yes tonot to study; At the forester yes tothere was no money! (A. Chekhov).

Among the sentences of accentuated opposition, the meanings concessionary restriction(N. Yu. Shvedova) and "affective expression"(A. A. Shakhmatov).

In offers concessionary restriction(with an unknown subject, object or circumstance) must include adverbs or pronouns something, somebody, somewhere, somewhere, for some reason:

And always anything yes stuck to his uniform ... (N. Gogol); to someone yes to be killed or wounded - that's right (L. Tolstoy); Mechanics and me something yes standing (A. Krylov).

Such sentences convey the meaning of such an accented sign, which is always combined with the meaning of confidence in its presence: "at least something (someone, something, etc.), but be sure ..." - stick; will be killed or wounded; has a price etc.

Offers affective expression are replicas of a dialogue in which a message is emphasized (not always an answer) with an emotional connotation of meaning - irritation, bewilderment, confidence, evaluation, etc. In such utterances, the particle always starts a replica, and the accentuation of the sentence is enhanced due to the complication of the construction by the particle same, following the logically selected word.

Wed in the works of L. Tolstoy:

• “Natasha, lie down in the middle,” said Sonya.
• “No, I’m here,” Natasha said. . - Go to bed, she added with annoyance.
• (War and peace)

Vasily Lenidich I told you - those shoes. I can't wear these! Gregory. Yes and those they are standing there.

Vasily Leonidich. Yes, where is it?

Gregory. Yes there same.

Vasily Leonidich. You're lying!

Gregory. Yes here you will see.

(Fruits of enlightenment)

Obviously, the presence of particles in a sentence-statement implies both the selection of one of the words and a wide plan of messages, and an attempt to remove particles narrows, impoverishes and even distorts the content of the statement. The role of the particle is not only and not even so much in allocation, how many in instructions on the broader meanings. values. These shades are usually worn measuring character.

• Wed: Starodumova E. A. Russian particles (written monologue speech): monograph. Vladivostok, 1996; Shibanova A. E. Semantic-functional characteristic of a particle even// Russian language at school. 1974. No. 1. S. 33-35; Nagorny I. A. Expression of predicativity in sentences with modal-persuasive particles: author's abstract, thesis .... Dr. philol. Sciences. M., 1999.
• Shakhmatov Λ. BUT. The syntax of the Russian language. (1941). S. 404.
• See additional: Kolesnikova S. M. Particle "here" in the Russian sentence: grammatical transformation, desemantization and gradual function // Russian language at school. 2013. No. 6. P. 92–97.