KIRILL AND METHODIUS
The creators of the Slavic ABCs, preachers of Christianity, the first translators of liturgical books from Greek into Slavic language.
The brothers Cyril (before taking monasticism - Constantine, around 827–869) and Methodius (worldly name unknown, around 815–885) were born in Thessaloniki (Macedonia) in the family of a military leader. From childhood, they knew the Slavic (Old Bulgarian) language well. Kirill was educated at yard Byzantine emperor, knew many foreign languages, was a patriarchal librarian, taught philosophy, was sent by Byzantium for diplomatic and missionary purposes to different lands... Methodius was at first on military service, ruled over one of the regions of Byzantium inhabited by the Slavs. Then he retired to.
In 863, Cyril and Methodius were sent by the Byzantine emperor Michael III to Moravia (the territory of modern Hungary) to preach Christianity in the Slavic language. Before leaving, Cyril created the Slavic alphabet and, with the help of Methodius, translated several liturgical books from Greek into Slavic. There is no consensus in science about what alphabet Cyril created - verb or Cyrillic(most scholars believe it to be a verb).
The brothers' preaching and educational activities in Moravia displeased the local German Catholic clergy... Cyril and Methodius were summoned to Rome by the Pope. On the way, they continued to preach in the Slavic language and spread diploma among the Slavic peoples of Pannonia (part of the territory of modern Hungary, Yugoslavia and Austria). The Pope approved of the brothers' activities. After arriving in Rome, Cyril fell seriously ill and soon died (869), having taken monasticism before his death. Methodius was ordained an archbishop. He continued his educational and preaching activity in Pannonia and Moravia, was engaged in the translation of the Bible into the Slavic language. He died in 885.
Cyril and Methodius laid the foundation for Slavic writing.
Cyril and Methodius are canonized (declared saints) not only by the Orthodox ( cm.), but also Catholic the church... They are considered the patrons of Europe. The Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of Saints Cyril and Methodius on May 24. In Bulgaria, Russia, this day has become a holiday - Happy Slavic Writing.
Monument to Cyril and Methodius in Moscow on Slavyanskaya Square. The sculptor V.M. Fangs. 1992:
Icon. Cyril and Methodius. XIX century:
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Russia. The Big Linguistic and Cultural Dictionary. - M .: State Institute Russian language them. A.S. Pushkin. AST-Press. T.N. Chernyavskaya, K.S. Miloslavskaya, E.G. Rostov, O.E. Frolov, V.I. Borisenko, Yu.A. Vyunov, V.P. Chudnov. 2007 .
See what "KIRILL AND METHODIUS" is in other dictionaries:
Cyril and Methodius- (Cyril, 827 869; Methodius, † in 885) St. Equal-to-the-Apostles enlighteners of the Slavs; were born in the city of Soluni in Macedonia, where their father lived, Leo, who held a high military post. Were they Slavs by birth, as proved by M.P. Pogodin, Irechek and others, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
KIRILL AND METHODIUS- brothers from Thessaloniki (Thessaloniki), Slavic educators, creators of the Slavic alphabet, preachers of Christianity. Cyril (c. 827 869; before the adoption of monasticism in 869, Constantine, Constantine the Philosopher) and Methodius (c. 815 885) in 863 were invited from ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Cyril and Methodius- (brothers Solunsky) Slavic educators, Orthodox preachers, creators of the Slavic alphabet. Cyril (c. 827 869; before the adoption of monasticism by Constantine the Philosopher in 869) and Methodius (c. 815 885) in 863 were invited from Byzantium by the prince ... ... Political science. Dictionary.
Cyril and Methodius- This term has other meanings, see Cyril and Methodius (meanings). Cyril and Methodius Cyril (in the world, nicknamed Constantine ... Wikipedia
KIRILL AND METHODIUS- Slavic educators, preachers of Christianity, the first translators of liturgical books for glory. language. Cyril (before taking monasticism at the beginning of 869 Constantine) (c. 827 14.II.869) and his elder brother Methodius (820 19.IV. 885) were born in the city of ... ... Soviet Historical Encyclopedia
Cyril and Methodius- Equal to the Apostles, Slovenian teachers. Siblings Cyril and Methodius came from a pious family that lived in Greek city Soluni (in Macedonia). They were the children of an ethnic Bulgarian governor. St. Methodius was the eldest of seven brothers, ... ... Orthodoxy. Reference dictionary
Cyril and Methodius- Kiri / lla and Mefo / diya, M. Slavic enlighteners, creators of the Slavic alphabet, preachers of Christianity, the first translators of liturgical books from Greek into Slavic. Encyclopedic commentary: Cyril, before taking monasticism ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language
Cyril and Methodius- Saints Cyril and Methodius. Ancient image... KIRILL AND METHODIUS, brothers from Thessaloniki (Thessaloniki), Slavic educators, creators of the Slavic alphabet, preachers of Christianity: Cyril (about 827 869; before the adoption of monasticism in 869 Constantine, ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
KIRILL AND METHODIUS- brothers, creators of glory. alphabets, "Slavic first teachers", preachers of Christianity. Born and raised in a Greek family. a military leader in Thessaloniki, now Thessaloniki (hence the "Soluni brothers"). Cyril (before the adoption of the schema in 869 Constantine) (c. 827 ... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia
KIRILL and METHODIUS- St. Equal to the Apostles, enlighteners of the Slavs, creators of glories. alphabets, translators of the SCRIPTURE to glory. language. Cyril (in the world Constantine) and METHODIUS were born in the city of Soluni (Thessaloniki) in the family of the military leader (Drungaria) Leo. Methodius from 833 was in military service ... ... Bibliological dictionary
This is the only state and church holiday in our country. On this day, the church honors the memory of Cyril and Methodius, who invented the Cyrillic alphabet.
Church tradition veneration of the memory of Saints Cyril and Methodius originated in the 10th century in Bulgaria as a token of gratitude for the invention of the Slavic alphabet, which gave many peoples the opportunity to read the Gospel in native language.
In 1863, when the alphabet turned one thousand years old, the holiday of Slavic writing and culture was first celebrated on a grand scale in Russia. At Soviet power Ceased to celebrate the holiday, and the tradition was revived again in 1991.
The creators of the Slavic alphabet Cyril (before taking monasticism - Constantine) and Methodius (Michael) grew up in the Byzantine city of Thessaloniki (now Thessaloniki, Greece) in a wealthy family, where there were only seven children. Ancient Solun was part of the Slavic (Bulgar) territory and was a multilingual city in which different linguistic dialects coexisted, including Byzantine, Turkish and Slavic. The elder brother, Methodius, became a monk. The youngest, Cyril, excelled in the sciences. He perfectly mastered Greek and Arabic languages, studied in Constantinople, was educated by the greatest scientists of his time - Leo the Grammar and Photius (the future patriarch). After completing his studies, Constantine was ordained a priest and was appointed curator of the patriarchal library at the Church of St. Sophia and taught philosophy at the higher school of Constantinople. Cyril's wisdom and power of faith were so great that he managed to defeat the heretic Aninius in the debate. Soon Constantine had his first disciples - Clement, Nahum and Angelarius, with whom he came to the monastery in 856, where his brother Methodius was the abbot.
In 857, the Byzantine emperor sent brothers to Khazar Kaganate for evangelistic preaching. On the way, they stopped in the city of Korsun, where they miraculously found the relics of the Holy Martyr Clement, Pope of Rome. After that, the saints went to the Khazars, where they persuaded the Khazar prince and his entourage to accept Christianity and even took 200 Greek captives from there from captivity.
In the early 860s, the ruler of Moravia, Prince Rostislav, who was oppressed by the German bishops, turned to the Byzantine emperor Michael III with a request to send scholars, missionaries who knew the Slavic language. All worship sacred books and theology there was Latin, but the Slavs did not understand this language. “Our people profess the Christian faith, but we do not have teachers who could explain the faith to us in our native language. Send us such teachers, ”he asked. Michael III answered the request with consent. He commissioned Cyril to translate the service books into a language understandable to the inhabitants of Moravia.
However, in order to record the translation, it was necessary to create a written Slavic language and Slavic alphabet... Realizing the scale of the task, Kirill turned to his older brother for help. They came to the conclusion that neither the Latin nor the Greek alphabets correspond to the sound palette of the Slavic language. In this regard, the brothers decided to remake the Greek alphabet and adapt it to sound system Slavic language. The brothers did a great job of isolating and transforming sounds and tracing the letters of the new script. Based on the developments, two alphabets were compiled - (named after Cyril) and the Glagolitic alphabet. According to historians, the Cyrillic alphabet was created later than the Glagolitic alphabet and on its basis. With the help of the verb with Greek the Gospel, Psalms, Apostle and other books were translated. According to the official version, this happened in 863. Thus, we are now celebrating 1155 years since the creation of the Slavic alphabet.
In 864 the brothers presented their work in Moravia, where they were received with great honors. Soon, many students were assigned to study for them, and after a while the entire church rank... It helped teach the Slavs everything church services and prayers, in addition, the lives of the saints and other church books were translated into Slavic.
The acquisition own alphabet led to the fact that the Slavic culture made a major breakthrough in its development: it acquired an instrument for recording own history, to consolidate their own identity back in the days when the majority of modern European languages did not exist yet.
In connection with the constant intrigues of the German clergy, Cyril and Methodius twice had to justify themselves before the Roman high priest. In 869, unable to withstand the stress, Cyril died at the age of 42.
When Cyril was in Rome, he had a vision in which the Lord told him about the approach of death. He took the schema ( the highest stage Orthodox monasticism).
His work was continued by his elder brother Methodius, who was ordained to the episcopal rank in Rome shortly thereafter. He died in 885 after being exiled, humiliated and imprisoned for several years.
The Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius were numbered among the saints in antiquity. In the Russian Orthodox Church, the memory of the enlighteners of the Slavs has been honored since the 11th century. The oldest services to saints that have come down to our time are related to XIII century... The solemn celebration of the memory of the saints was established in the Russian Church in 1863.
For the first time, the Day of Slavic Written Language was celebrated in Bulgaria in 1857, and then in other countries, including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus. In Russia on state level The Day of Slavic Writing and Culture was first solemnly celebrated in 1863 (the 1000th anniversary of the creation of the Slavic alphabet was celebrated). In the same year, Russian Holy Synod decided to celebrate the Day of Remembrance of Saints Cyril and Methodius on May 11 (24 in a new style). During the years of Soviet power, the holiday was consigned to oblivion and was restored only in 1986.
January 30, 1991 May 24 was declared the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture, thereby giving it state status.
The brothers Cyril and Methodius came from a pious family who lived in the Greek city of Thessalonia (in Macedonia). They were the children of one governor, a native of the Bulgarian Slav. Saint Methodius was the eldest of the seven brothers, Saint Constantine (Cyril is his monastic name) - the youngest.
Saint Methodius first served, like his father, in a military rank. The tsar, having learned about him as a good warrior, made him voivode in one Slavic principality of Slavinia, which was under the Greek state. This happened at the special discretion of God and so that Methodius could better learn the Slavic language as a future spiritual teacher and shepherd of the Slavs. Having been in the rank of voivode for about 10 years and having learned the vanity of life, Methodius began to dispose his will to renounce everything earthly and direct his thoughts to heavenly. Leaving the province and all the joys of the world, he went to monks on Mount Olympus.
And from his youth, his brother Saint Constantine showed brilliant success in both secular and religious and moral education. He studied with the juvenile emperor Michael at best teachers Constantinople, including Photius, the future Patriarch of Constantinople. Having received an excellent education, he perfectly comprehended all the sciences of his time and many languages, he especially diligently studied the works of St. Gregory the Theologian, for which he received the nickname Philosopher (wise). After completing his studies, Saint Constantine was ordained a priest and was appointed curator of the patriarchal library at the Church of Saint Sophia. But, neglecting all the benefits of his position, he retired to one of the monasteries at the Black Sea. Almost by force, he was returned to Constantinople and appointed a teacher of philosophy in the highest school of Constantinople. The wisdom and power of faith of the still very young Constantine were so great that he managed to defeat the leader of the heretics-iconoclasts Aninius in the debate.
Then Cyril retired to his brother Methodius and for several years shared monastic exploits with him in a monastery on Olympus, where he first began to study the Slavic language. In the monasteries that were on the mountain, there were many Slavic monks from different neighboring countries why Constantine could have a permanent practice here for himself, which was especially important for him, since, almost from childhood, he spent all his time in a Greek environment. Soon the emperor summoned both holy brothers from the monastery and sent them to the Khazars to preach the gospel. On the way, they stopped for a while in the city of Korsun, preparing for a sermon.
Here the holy brothers learned that the relics of the Holy Martyr Clement, Pope of Rome, were in the sea, and miraculously found them.
In the same place in Korsun Saint Constantine found the Gospel and the Psalter, written in "Russian letters," and a person who spoke Russian, and began to learn from this person to read and speak his language. After that, the holy brothers went to the Khazars, where they won a debate with Jews and Muslims, preaching the Gospel teaching.
Soon, ambassadors from the Moravian prince Rostislav, oppressed by the German bishops, came to the emperor with a request to send teachers to Moravia who could preach in the native language of the Slavs. The emperor summoned Saint Constantine and said to him: "You must go there, for no one can do this better than you." Saint Constantine, with fasting and prayer, began a new feat. With the help of his brother Saint Methodius and the disciples of Gorazd, Clement, Sava, Naum and Angelar, he compiled the Slavic alphabet and translated into the Slavic language the books without which Divine services could not be performed: the Gospel, the Psalter and selected services. Some chroniclers report that the first words written in the Slavic language were the words of the Apostle Evangelist John: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was to God, and God was the Word." This was in 863.
After completing the translation, the holy brothers set off for Moravia, where they were received with great honor and began to teach Divine services in the Slavic language. This aroused the anger of the German bishops who performed Divine services in Moravian churches at Latin, and they rebelled against the holy brothers and filed a complaint with Rome. In the year 867 St. Methodius and Constantine were summoned by Pope Nicholas I to Rome for trial to resolve this issue. Taking with them the relics of Saint Clement, Pope of Rome, Saints Constantine and Methodius set off for Rome. When they arrived in Rome, Nicholas I was no longer alive; his successor Adrian II, having learned that they were carrying the relics of St. Clement, met them solemnly outside the city. The Pope approved the Divine service in the Slavic language, and ordered the books translated by the brothers to be placed in Roman churches and to celebrate the Liturgy in the Slavic language.
While in Rome, Saint Constantine, in a miraculous vision, announced by the Lord about the approach of death, received a schema with the name Cyril. 50 days after accepting the schema, on February 14, 869, Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril died at the age of 42. Before his death, he said to his brother: “You and I, like a close-knit pair of oxen, led the same furrow; I was exhausted, but don't think to leave the labors of teaching and retire to your mountain again. " The Pope gave orders to place the relics of St. Cyril in the Church of St. Clement, where miracles began to be performed from them.
After the death of Saint Cyril, the Pope, following the request of the Slavic prince Kotsel, sent Saint Methodius to Pannonia, ordaining him Archbishop of Moravia and Pannonia, to the ancient throne of Saint Apostle Antrodinus. At the same time, Methodius had to endure a lot of troubles from heterodox missionaries, but he continued the Gospel sermon among the Slavs and baptized the Czech prince Borivoj and his wife Lyudmila (Comm. 16 September), as well as one of the Polish princes.
V last years During his life, Saint Methodius, with the help of two disciple-priests, translated into the Slavic language the entire Old Testament, except the Maccabean books, as well as the Nomokanon (Rules of the Holy Fathers) and the patristic books (Paterikon).
The saint predicted the day of his death and died on April 6, 885 at the age of about 60 years. The funeral service for the saint was performed in three languages - Slavic, Greek and Latin; he was buried in the cathedral church of Velehrad, the capital of Moravia.
Cyril and Methodius, Equal to the Apostles, were numbered among the saints in antiquity. In Russian Orthodox Church the memory of the Equal-to-the-Apostles enlighteners of the Slavs has been honored since the 11th century. The oldest services to saints that have come down to our time date back to the 13th century.
The solemn celebration of the memory of the saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius was established in the Russian Church in 1863.
The Iconographic original on May 11 says: “ Reverend father our Methodius and Constantine, named Cyril, bishops of Moravia, teachers of Slovenia. Methodius - in a likeness of an old man, gray hair, a brada of duty like Vlasiev, the saint's robes and omophorion, the Gospel is in his hands. Constantine - venerable vestments and in the schema, in the hands of a book, and in it is written the Russian alphabet A, B, C, D, D and other words (letters) all in a row ... ".
By the decree of the Holy Synod (1885), the commemoration of the memory of Slavic teachers was referred to the middle church holidays... The same decree stipulates: in prayers in the litia, according to the Gospel at Matins before the canon, on dismissals, as well as in all prayers in which the ecumenical hierarchs of the Russian Church are remembered, after the name of St. Methodius and Cyril, Slovenian teachers.
For Orthodox Russia celebration of sts. first teachers have special meaning: "They began on the Divine Liturgy, which is akin to us, in Slovenia, and the entire church service will be performed, and thus an inexhaustible storehouse of water flowing into eternal life will be given to us."
In the 9th century in Byzantium, two brothers lived in the city of Solun - Constantine and Methodius. They were smart, wise people, they knew the Slavic language well.
At the request of the Slavic prince Constantine, the Greek Tsar Michael sent the brothers to the Slavs. The brothers Constantine and Methodius were supposed to tell the Slavs about the holy Christian books. Later, after accepting monasticism, Constantine received the name Cyril.
The Slavs who lived in those days knew how to plow, mow, weave canvases, and embroider them with patterns. But they did not know how to read books and write letters.
The younger brother Cyril decided to write books that were understandable to the Slavs, but for this it was necessary to come up with Slavic letters.
In a narrow monastery cell,
Within four blank walls
About old Russian land
The monk wrote down the story.
He wrote in winter and summer,
Illuminated by a dim light.
He wrote from year to year
About our great people.
Kirill thought and worked a lot. And now the alphabet was ready. It had 44 letters. Some of them were taken from Greek alphabet, and some were invented to convey the sounds of Slavic speech. So Slavic peoples got their own writing - the alphabet, which is called the Cyrillic alphabet.
Every letter in the ancient Slavic alphabet was special. The names of the letters reminded people of the words that must not be forgotten: "good", "live", "earth", "people."
The Solun brothers are the pride of the entire Slavic world. The whole Slavic world I am grateful to brothers Cyril and Methodius for giving us the Slavic alphabet. This happened in 863. They also translated Greek books into the Slavic language, so that the Slavs had something to read.
Cyril and Methodius are often painted walking along the road with books in their hands. A torch raised high illuminates their path. 44 sister letters look at us from this old scroll.
The exceptional intelligence of one and the stoic courage of the other - the qualities of two people who lived very long before us, turned into the fact that we now write them in writing, and put together our picture of the world according to their grammar and rules.
Message
on the topic: "Cyril and Methodius - Slovenian first teachers."
pupils of grade 2 A
MKOU "Secondary School No. 1"
G. Efremov
Dorokhova Ekaterina.
Cyril and Methodius are known for creating the Old Slavonic alphabet, which marked the beginning of the creation of writing in Ancient Rus... Two brothers were born in Byzantium, or rather in Thessalonica.
Cyril and Methodius's education was the highest level, which soon affected their great merits. However, Methodius was a military man and created for himself successful career, having received the rank of strategist. But Cyril most of all studied not military affairs, but linguistics and different languages... Cyril also studied arithmetic, astronomy and even geometry, and these lessons he received from the best teachers in Constantinople.
Soon Cyril became the keeper of the library in the main temple of Constantinople, and this temple was called the "Cathedral of Hagia Sophia". After spending a small amount of time as a curator, Cyril did not linger and began to teach various lessons at the university. For all the merits of Cyril, he received the nickname "Philosopher". The brothers perfectly knew not only Greek, but also Slavic, the knowledge of which helped to create a new alphabet.
Cyril's first mission was the "Khazar" mission, during which the two brothers went to Khazaria. Methodius, however, remained at his homeland, in Constantinople. In Khazaria, Cyril told about religion, trying to force the kagan to change his faith, but this did not happen, and Cyril returned back to Byzantium.
The main merit of Cyril and Methodius is the creation of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet. The precondition for this event was the dispatch of ambassadors to Constantinople from Prince Rostislav. The ambassadors asked to send teachers to Rostislav who could teach ordinary people alphabet and literacy, and also distributed new language... After that, Cyril and Methodius were sent from Constantinople to Moravia, who created the Old Slavonic alphabet and began to translate various church books from Greek into Slavic, so that commoners could easily study these books. Also in Moravia, Cyril and Methodius taught the Slavs, and specifically - reading and writing. The brothers translated some other church books into Bulgarian language for ordinary people who did not yet know the Old Church Slavonic language.
Option 2
There are few people in our country who would not have heard of Cyril and Methodius. The brothers gave the world the Slavic alphabet, translation of books from Greek into Slavic.
Written evidence of that time has been preserved about the life of Cyril and Methodius. The brothers were born in Greece in the city of Soluni. In addition to them, five more brothers grew up in the family. Their father Leo, a Byzantine military leader, held a high rank, the family lived in abundance. At birth, the boys were named Mikhail and Konstantin, the eldest of them was Mikhail, born in 815, Konstantin was born in 827.
Michael chose the military path and rose to the rank of strategist in the Macedonian province. The influential patron of the courtier Theoktist noticed the talented young man and in every possible way contributed to the promotion of Mikhail in the service.
Constantine with early years carried away by science, studied the traditions of other peoples, was engaged in the translation of the Gospel into the language of the Slavs. In Constantinople, where Konstantin was trained, in addition to linguistics, he received knowledge in geometry, arithmetic, rhetoric, astronomy, philosophy. With his noble position and success in scientific activities, he was predicted to serve in the highest positions, but for himself he chose a modest position as curator of books in the library of St. Sophia Cathedral. Having served in this position for a short time, Konstantin begins teaching activities in the University. His knowledge, ability to conduct philosophical discussions, secured for him the nickname Philosopher, which is not rare in the annals of the brothers' lives.
Constantine was included in imperial court and often went on behalf of the Byzantine emperor to other lands to glorify the Orthodox faith. The first such assignment was received by a preacher at the age of 24. The brothers' life describes how clearly, firmly and convincingly he answered difficult questions Muslims and Khazars about the Christian faith.
Michael, having served for about 10 years as the abbot of one of the Slavic regions, renouncing the rank of archbishop, in 852 he took monastic vows with the name Methodius, becoming the abbot of the monastery on Maly Olympus, where Constantine arrived with his disciples in 856, the brothers begin to create an alphabet for the Slavs.
Their ecclesiastical seclusion did not last long; in 862, on behalf of the emperor, the preachers arrived in Moravia, where for three years they were engaged in teaching literacy and Christian preaching. During this period, the Psalter, the Apostle, "Writing about the Right Faith" and many others were translated into the Slavic language. liturgical texts... The brothers' vigorous activity was not to the liking of the German clergy, who considered it possible to carry out Orthodox worship only in three languages indicated in the scripture, so they turned to the Pope with a complaint about the brothers, since Moravia was under the rule of Pope Adrian II. The brothers were summoned to Rome. Having presented to the Pope of Rome part of the relics of Clement I, the preachers received approval for divine services in the Slavic language, Methodius was promoted to the rank of priest.
At the beginning of 869, Constantine, being on his deathbed, takes monastic vows and receives the name Cyril.
After the death of his brother, Methodius continued the joint work already in the rank of Archbishop of Moravia and Pannonia. The representative of the German church did not like the ebullient activity of the archbishop, and in 871 the preacher was arrested and placed in a monastery prison in Germany, only the intervention of Pope John VIII allowed him to be released from prison three years later.
Before last minute his life Methodius did not stop working on translations, the last was the translation “ Old Testament". Methodius died in 885.
The brothers are revered both in the East and in the West. In Russia, on May 24, in honor of Saints Cyril and Methodius, a holiday of Slavic writing and culture was approved.
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