ANCIENT RUSSIA
Materials for preparing for the exam in history
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERIOD.
The formation and flourishing of a single Old Russian state covers the period from the 9th to the 11th century (the frame dates are 862 - the calling of the Varangians and 1132 - the death of Mstislav the Great).
In the 5th-8th centuries. there is a resettlement of East Slavic tribes along the path "From the Varangians to the Greeks" from Baltic Sea to the mouth of the Danube. These tribes are at the stage of decomposition of the tribal system, which is usually called "military democracy". The stratification of society is insignificant, the social structure is simple. The bulk of the population isstinks -Ordinary congregants. stand outboyars - tribal nobility, heads of clans,princes - war chiefs, andvigilantes , constituting a permanent military detachment under the prince.
The largest tribal unions of the AF are:
priilmenskie slovenes live near Lake Ilmen and along the Volkhov River, the city of Novgorod
clearing Middle Dnieper, city of Kyiv
Drevlyans city of Iskorosten
northerners the cities of Chernihiv and Pereyaslavl
krivichi Smolensk
Vyatichi Rostov
Polotsk Polotsk
Dregovichi
radimichi
buzhane
Volynians
convict
Tivertsy
duleba
white croats.
Northern unions pay tribute to the Varangians, southern Khazars. In the northeast, the Slavs come into contact with the Finno-Ugric tribes Merya, Muroma, Ves, Chud, Mordva, Korela, Izhora.
The main occupations of the population are slash-and-burn agriculture, cattle breeding, beekeeping, hunting and fishing. Religion-paganism. The main gods are Svarog, Perun, Veles, Dazhdbog, Makosh, Simargl, Stribog, Rod.
The trade route "From the Varangians to the Greeks" had a decisive influence on the process of state formation. The tribal elite became involved in international trade, acquiring luxury goods. The princes began to impose tribute on their relatives, taking it with the skins of fur-bearing animals, and sold these skins to passing merchants, at the same time collecting from them a duty for travel through their territory. This contributed to the concentration of wealth in the hands of the princes and the strengthening of their power.
It is customary to count the history of the Old Russian state from the “calling of the Varangians”. According to the chronicle of Nestor, in 862. The Slovenes near Ilmen, wishing to stop the internecine struggle, invited the Varangian king Rurik to reign. He came with the brothers Snevors and Truvor and a retinue and reigned in Novgorod for 17 years. In 879 Rurik died, leaving a young son, Igor. The prince was his governor or relative Oleg.
In 882 Oleg made a trip to Kyiv, captured the city and made it the capital of his principality. Oleg waged wars with the Khazars and made two trips to Constantinople.
From 912 to 945 Igor Rurikovich reigns in Kyiv, continues the policy of Oleg, fights with the Khazars and also makes two trips to Byzantium. In 945 Igor was killed by the Drevlyans while trying to take tribute again.
His widow Olga avenged his death and streamlined the collection of tribute, established a wagon system, determining the lesson-size of tribute and graveyards-places of tribute collection. Olga was regent for her young son Svyatoslav, made a trip to Constantinople and was baptized.
From 962 to 972, Svyatoslav rules independently, but he spends almost all the time in aggressive campaigns outside of Russia. He defeated the Volga Bulgaria, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate, founded the city of Pereyaslavets on the Danube and planned to move his capital there. But in the war with Byzantium he was defeated, did not hold the conquered lands and was forced to return to Russia. On the way to Kyiv, he died, and after his death there was the first princely civil strife. The eldest son of Svyatoslav Yaropolk killed the middle Oleg, and the younger Vladimir killed Yaropolk and in 9870. became the prince of Kyiv.
Vladimir reigned from 980 to 1015. he completed the unification of the East Slavic tribes, created a system of defensive fortifications in the South, concluded an alliance with Byzantium and made Christianity the state religion of Russia. After the death of Vladimir, a second princely civil strife took place. Vladimir's stepson Svyatopolk killed four of Vladimir's sons, including Boris and Gleb, the first Russian saints.
As a result, in 1019. Yaroslav the Wise became Prince of Kyiv. The period of his reign is considered the time of the highest prosperity of Ancient Russia. Yaroslav defeated the Pechenegs, built the stone St. Sophia Cathedral and the Golden Gate in Kyiv, created the first code of laws, Russian Truth, and strengthened the international authority of Russia.
After the death of Yaroslav, centrifugal processes intensify and the disintegration of a single state begins. The regular order of reigning established by Yaroslav led to endless "moving" of princes and provoked frequent civil strife. Yaroslav's grandson Vladimir Monomakh tried to stop the civil strife and restore the unity of Russia, in 1097. at the Lyubech Congress of Princes, it was decided to stop moving and jointly defend Russia. A crusade was made against the Polovtsians in 1111. During the Kyiv reign of Monomakh, the unity of Russia was temporarily restored, the formation of Russian truth was completed, and the Tale of Bygone Years was written. The last prince of united Russia was the son of Monomakh Mstislav the Great. After his death, in the words of the chronicler, "the whole Russian land was inflamed." The so-called specific period began.
During the existence of a single Old Russian state, East Slavic society changed a lot. Social stratification intensified, the social structure became more complex, feudal land tenure was formed, stable forms of power organization were formed, culture and the economy were rapidly developing.
CHRONOLOGY
482 - foundation of Kyiv
862 - vocation of the Varangians
879 - Rurik's death
882 - Oleg's campaign against Kyiv, the creation of a single ancient Russian state.
907, 911 - Oleg's campaigns against Constantinople
912 - death of Oleg
941, 944 - Igor's campaigns against Constantinople
945 - uprising of the Drevlyans, Olga's reform
962-972 campaigns of Svyatoslav
972-980 - strife of the sons of Svyatoslav
988-baptism of Russia
1015 - death of Vladimir Svyatoslavich
1015-1019 - strife of the sons of Vladimir
1036 - the defeat of the Pechenegs
1037 - construction of St. Sophia Cathedral
1054 - death of Yaroslav the Wise
1066 - the appearance of the Polovtsy
1097 - Lubech Congress of Princes
1111 - crusade to the steppe
1113-people's uprising in Kyiv
1118 - creation of the Tale of Bygone Years
1132 - the collapse of a single state.
GREAT DUKE OF Kyiv
862-879 Rurik, the founder of the dynasty, reigned only in Novgorod.
882-912-Oleg, the first Grand Duke of Kyiv, but not Rurikovich.
912-945-Igor Rurikovich, the first Rurikovich on the throne of Kiev.
945-972-Svyatoslav Igorevich (until 962 Olga's regency).
972-980-Yaropolk Svyatoslavich
980-1015-Vladimir Svyatoslavich
1015-1019-Svyatopolk the Cursed
1019-1054-Yaroslav the Wise
1054-1093-Yaroslavichi.
1093-1113-Svyatopolk Izyaslavich
1113-1125 Vladimir Monomakh
1125-1132-Mstislav the Great
PERSONALITIES
GLOSSARYDefinition
prince
War chief of the tribe
Druzhina
Permanent armed detachment under the prince
Boyars
tribal elders
Tribute
Population tax in favor of the prince
polyudie
Detour by the prince of subject lands in order to collect tribute
Smerd
Ordinary community member
rope
rural community
Vira
The fine for the crime was paid in favor of the prince
Tiun
Prince's key keeper
Magus
pagan priest
Enoch
Monk
hegumen
Abbot of the monastery
Metropolitan
Head of the Russian Church
Bishop
Head of Church District
Veche
People's Assembly
Purchase
Insolvent debtor
Ryadovich
An employee who has entered into a contract for a fixed period
hiring
Hired worker without a contract
serf
Bought slave
forgiver
Criminal enslaved
prince's husband
Senior combatant
Otrok
Junior vigilante
Gridney
Prince's bodyguards
Votchina
Inherited land ownership
Estate
Land held for service
Hryvnia
Monetary unit, 200g of silver
Kuna, cut, nogata
Small monetary units
Lesson
tribute amount
Pogost
Place of tribute collection
lot
The share of a member of the princely family in common ownership
quitrent
Payment by a dependent peasant to a landowner
Corvee
free work a peasant on a landowner's farm
Kremlin
Fortress in the city center
Detinets
The main tower of the Kremlin
Posad
Settlement near the walls of the Kremlin
Hem
Lower part of Kyiv
Tysyatsky
Head of the militia
Plinfa
flat brick
Fresco
Painting on wet plaster
Mosaic
Pattern of pieces of stone or glass
Smalt
Mosaic of their colored glass
Grain, filigree
Jewelry technologies
Veno
Bride price
Cyrillic
The alphabet, invented by Saints Cyril and Methodius for the Slavs in the 9th century, came to Russia along with Christianity
tithe
Part of the tribute allocated by the prince for the maintenance of the church
Norman theory
The concept of the creation of the Russian state as a result of the Varangian conquest was created in the 18th century by German scientists working in Russia (Bayer, Miller, Schlozer).
The next order of reigning "princely ladder"
The order of succession to the throne of Kyiv by descent, and not family principle, that is, not from father to son, but from older brother to younger. Until the older generation dies out, the younger generation is not allowed to inherit.
beekeeping
Collection of honey from wild bees
Feeding
Maintenance of the squad by granting the right to collect tribute from a certain territory
„Before us, the land of Rus was not a thousand years old,
but there were many thousands, and there will be more,
for we have guarded our land from enemies!”
Prince Kiy
INTRODUCTION
While studying the history of my native country, I had the opportunity to get acquainted with a sufficient number of materials that different aspects illuminate the distant past of Russia.
The printed literature has a large number of interpretations of the origin and evolution of the Russian people and the emergence of the first statehood on Russian soil.
This is a natural process when researchers try to get to the bottom of the truth. Means, many of them are not satisfied with the status quo in Russian history, which means that there are enough facts that do not fit into the version of the history of the Russian state proposed by academic science.
But what does our science suggest? The clearest example of an academic point of view on Russian history is the book “History. Full course "(multimedia tutor for preparing for the exam, edition 2013).
In introducing this book, I will simply quote a few passages from it that will enable you, the reader, to understand the essence of the academic concept Russian history, offered by our the science . I would add that he not only proposes, but also defends his point of view with all the administrative resources available to science.
So I'm quoting...
« The ancient history of the Slavs contains a lot MYSTERIES (highlighted by the author and further), but from the standpoint of modern historians, it boils down to the following.
First, in the III - the middle of the II millennium BC. SOME Proto-Indo-European community from UNCLEAR areas around the Black Sea (possibly from the peninsula of Asia Minor) moved to Europe».
And further. " There are several versions of historians about the place where it was formed Slavic community (theories of the emergence of the Slavs): the first was put forward by the Carpatho-Danubian theory(homeland of the Slavs - the area between the Carpathians and the Danube), in the 20th century was born and became the main Vistula-Oder theory(Slavs arose north of the Carpathians), then academician B. Rybakov put forward a compromise theory, according to which the Slavs arose SOMEWHERE in Eastern Europe- from the Elbe to the Dnieper. Finally, there is a version that the Eastern Black Sea region was the ancestral home of the Slavs, and their ancestors are one of the branches of the Scythians - the Scythians-plowmen». Etc.
To this it is also necessary to add the explanation of the name of the Slavs produced in the book - “comes from the words“ word ”and“ know ”, that is, it means people whose language is understandable, in contrast to“ Germans ”(as if dumb) - this is how the Slavs called foreigners" . Agree, all this is very interesting and even entertaining.
I don’t know about you, dear reader, but all these arguments like - MYSTERIES, SOME, UNCLEAR, SOMEWHERE, not only do not satisfy, but also suggest that this is some kind of deliberate distortion of the existing facts.
I proceed from the fact that academic science must have the strength and means to sort it out and bring clarity and certainty to our history. Judging by the above, there is no clarity, and no certainty. Why does science not, and I have, although not complete, but extensive information about the ancient history of the Russian people. And I set out my concept of Russian history in the manuscript "On the Ancient History of Russia."
Is it really true that among our Russian historians there is not a single patriot, not a single decent person who would criticize the lies that have been imposed on us all for about 300 years, and would professionally unravel the "riddles" posed by science. Otherwise, it is not science. What I have presented to you above cannot be called science.
Where in the word SLAVS Is there or is the meaning of "word"??? How can you conclude that there is SLAVS meanings of "know"??? SLAVS means "glorious". This is the direct and most correct message that comes to mind, and this meaning is already about 5 thousand years old (if not more). And that's why "glorious", this must be dealt with. But we have an answer to this question.
In the same place in the book "History. Full course" explained VERSIONS origin of the word "Rus": ":... or from the name of the river Ros - the right tributary of the Dnieper(this version was proposed by academician B. Rybakov, but today it is considered obsolete), or from the name of the Varangians(according to the chronicle of Nestor), or from the word roots, which means"ship rowers" which was then converted to"ruotsi" (modern version)."
Dear gentlemen, scientists - be afraid of God! Talk about such things in the 21st century. And the worst thing is that our children are stuffed with all this, deliberately forming in them an inferiority complex and dependence on the West.
The book below notes. " The most important source on the events of Russian history from ancient times to the beginning of the XII century. - the first Russian chronicle(the oldest surviving) - "The Tale of Bygone Years", the first edition of which was created by the monk of the Kiev-Pechora monastery Nestor around 1113.". And on this "document"(why in quotes will be clear a bit later) academic science is building its own concept of the history of Russia.
Yes, there are many other interesting documents that cover our ancient history. But for some reason, it is the chronicle of Nestor that is the main one for academicians.
Let's see what historians rely on in their delusion. The main message of official science is this. The Russian princely dynasty originated in Novgorod.
In 859, the northern Slavic tribes drove the Norman Varangians across the sea (“ northern people”), immigrants from Scandinavia, who shortly before imposed tribute on them. However, internecine wars begin in Novgorod. To stop the bloodshed, in 862, at the invitation of the Novgorodians, the Varangian prince Rurik came to "reign". The Norman squad with its leader was a stabilizing factor in the struggle for power between the boyar clans.
To this point of view, we put forward our counterarguments here, refuting the dogmas of academic science:
The Russian princely dynasty was born long before the appearance of Rurik in Novgorod. Before that, Gostomysl ruled there, who was the 19th (!!!) prince from the famous prince Vandal (Vandalary - born in 365)
Rurik was the grandson of Gostomysl (the son of the middle daughter of Gostomysl), which means that Rurik was Russian by blood.
There were no internecine wars in Novgorod. After the death of Gostomysl, his eldest grandson Vadim sat down to reign there. And Rurik was invited only to reign in Ladoga.
Rurik's squad was a destabilizing factor in Russia, with the help of which Rurik and his relatives seized power in Novgorod by force.
It would not occur to a single sane person to invite an unfamiliar person who has no relation to the current dynasty of princes, and even more so from some Normans who had just been expelled from the country across the sea and who were paid tribute.
All presented arguments will be revealed a little later. But even this is enough to demonstrate - " the most important source» academic science does not correspond in its content to real events. It can also be briefly added to this for the time being that Dir and Askold had nothing to do with Rurik, they were not Varangians, let alone brothers, as our historical science presents us.
What is the "Tale of Bygone Years"? This is most likely literary work not chronicle.
The focus of the chronicler Nestor is the baptism of Russia by Prince Vladimir of the Rurik dynasty. All events before the baptism prepare the reader for this climax, all subsequent events remind of its importance. Russia, as it were, emerges from the darkness of past non-existence shortly before its baptism.
The author of The Tale is little interested in the pre-Christian past of the Slavs, although at that time, 1000 years before us, he probably had historical information, various myths and legends, and possibly manuscripts inherited from the pagan era. It is on such materials and information that have been preserved since those times that we will further build real story ancient Russia. It turns out that Nestor deliberately distorted the history of the Russian people, in other words, he was fulfilling someone's order.
Move on. Since the chronicle speaks of the events of the 12th century, the author lived no earlier. But at the same time, the question arises: how could the author, living in a Kiev monastery in the 12th century, know what happened in Veliky Novgorod in the 9th century, given the enormous difficulties of the then roads and the “illiteracy” of the whole country?
There is only one answer - no way! !! And therefore, the entire Nestor Chronicle is a simple writing from the words of other people or according to rumors and later times. And this is convincingly proved in the book by S. Valyansky and D. Kalyuzhny “The Forgotten History of Russia”.
It says that “the oldest of all the lists of The Tale of Bygone Years” - Radzivilovskiy - was made only at the beginning of the 17th century. Its pages contain traces of the rough work of a forger who tore out one sheet, inserted a sheet about the calling of the Varangians and prepared a place for inserting the lost “chronological sheet”. And this material, fabricated by someone, is taken as a source of knowledge???
And it will be even more surprising for the reader to find out at the same time that he found this list, i.e. presented to the whole world, our Tsar Peter Alekseevich, about whom there have long been rumors in well-known circles that the Tsar is “not real”. I mean the moment of the “substitution” of the real Tsar Peter, who went to study in Holland, accompanied by 20 (!!!) noble children, and returned from there with only one Menshikov, while all the rest either died or disappeared into prime of life in Holland. Interesting, isn't it.
In their study, S. Valyansky and D. Kalyuzhny highlighted another interesting fact in the annals, which concerns the puberty of our ancestors.
It turns out that compared with other princely dynasties, such as Germany and England, "our princes in the period from the 10th to the 12th centuries reached puberty only in the thirtieth year of their life." This is so late in comparison with other dynasties that "it is impossible to believe such a chronology, which means that the chronicles depicting the activities of representatives of these dynasties cannot be considered reliable."
There are other important points related to the content of the chronicle. For example, in the annals of Nestor, information about comets, eclipses of the moon and the sun was not noted or shifted in time. Also in the annals there is no information about the Crusades and, especially, about the "liberation of the Holy Sepulcher from the hands of the infidels." " What monk would not rejoice over this and would not devote not one, but many pages to this day as a joyful event for the entire Christian world?»
But if the chronicler did not see the celestial eclipses that took place before his eyes, and did not know about the events that thundered throughout the world during his lifetime, then how could he know anything about the prince who was called 250 years before him? In any case, the so-called "initial chronicle" passes entirely to the position of the late apocrypha", i.e. works, the authorship of which is not confirmed and is unlikely. Here are the things.
Let us also refer to the opinion of our first historian V. Tatishchev. He noted that "all Russian historians revered Nestor, the chronicler, as the first and main writer." But V. Tatishchev did not understand why Nestor himself did not mention any ancient authors, including Bishop Joachim.
V. Tatishchev was sure, and according to the legends, it was clear that the ancient stories were written, but did not reach us. The historian believed unequivocally that long before Nestor there were writers, for example, Joachim of Novgorod. But for some reason his story remained unknown to Nestor.
And it is quite undoubted, according to V. Tatishchev, that Polish authors had (i.e., existed) Joachim’s story, since Nestor did not mention many cases, but northern (Polish) authors did. V. Tatishchev also noted that “ all the manuscripts that he had, although they had a beginning from Nestor, but in the continuation, none of them exactly converged with the other, one thing, another added or reduced ».
E. Klassen analyzed in detail the question of what is the basis of the conviction about the beginning of the independence of the Russian people or about its statehood only from the time of Rurik's calling. On the annals of Nestor or on the conclusion about his legend L. Schlozer.
From the chronicle, the author himself believed, it is clearly and undoubtedly evident that the tribes that called the Varangians, lead a political life, state, since they already made up a union, a community of 4 tribes - Russia, Chud, Slavs, Krivichi, occupying up to 1 million square miles in the northeastern corner of Europe and having cities - Novgorod, Staraya Ladoga, Staraya Rusa, Smolensk, Rostov, Polotsk, Belozersk, Izborsk, Lyubech, Pskov, Vyshgorod, Pereyaslavl.
The Bavarian geographer counted 148 (!) cities Eastern Slavs . Among the savages, E. Klassen believed, and we agree with him, living on such a stretch, one cannot even assume mutual relations, much less unity of thoughts, which was expressed by Russia, Chud, Slavs and Krivichi regarding the summoning of princes to the throne . And the most important thing, savages don't have cities!
S. Lesnoy also mentioned Nestor in his research. He noted that " Nestor wrote not so much the history of Russia or southern Russia as the Rurik dynasty. As a comparison with the Joakimov and 3rd Novgorod chronicles shows, Nestor deliberately narrowed his history. The history of the northern, i.e. Novgorod Russia, he almost passed over in silence.
He was a chronicler of the Rurik dynasty, and his tasks did not at all include a description of other dynasties, so he omitted the history of southern Russia, which has nothing to do with the Rurik dynasty. And most importantly, information about pre-Olegovian Russia could have been preserved by pagan priests or persons who were clearly hostile to Christianity. But it was monks like Nestor who destroyed the slightest traces reminiscent of paganism ».
As well as: " Nestor kept silent about this reign(Gostomysl), just mentioning the fact. And you can understand why: he wrote the annals of the southern, Kievan, Rus, and the history of the north did not interest him. It took him away from the tasks assigned to him by the church.
This is evident from the fact that he considered Oleg the first prince in Russia. He does not consider Rurik a Russian prince, because Novgorod was not called Russian at that time, but was called Slovenian. Perhaps Nestor would not have mentioned Rurik at all if it were not for his son Igor: it was impossible not to say who his father was.
This is the actual state of affairs with our ancient history. The fundamental basis of our state history in academic science is the Tale of Bygone Years, which, in fact, is falsified document - forgery.
We consolidated this state of affairs with our history. Foreigners called by sovereigns to write Russian history. Not only did they not know Russian, but they openly despised everything Russian, the country in which they lived.
Academician L. Schlozer (1735 - 1809) can serve as the clearest example. Let's imagine one of Shlozer's "inferences" regarding the most ancient Russian history (we are talking about the 7th century!!!):
« A terrible void reigns everywhere in central and northern Russia. Nowhere is the slightest trace of cities that now adorn Russia. Nowhere is there any memorable name that would present to the spirit of the historian excellent pictures of the past. Where now beautiful fields delight the eye of a surprised traveler, there before this there were only dark forests and swampy swamps. Where now enlightened people united in peaceful societies, there lived before this wild animals and half-wild people ».
Let us briefly summarize what has been said. Nestor was the ideologist of the Rurik princes, the embodiment of their interests. Recognize that the Novgorod princes are older than the Rurikovichs, that the Russian princely dynasty existed long before Rurik, was considered unacceptable.
This undermined the Rurikovich's right to primordial power, and therefore it was mercilessly eradicated. That is why in The Tale of Bygone Years there is not a word about Slovenia and Rus, which laid the foundation for Russian statehood on the banks of the Volkhov.
In the same way, Nestor ignores the last prince of the pre-Rurik dynasty - Gostomysl, a person who is absolutely historical and mentioned in other primary sources, not to mention information from oral folk traditions.
That is why "The Tale of Bygone Years" can in no way be considered a source about our antiquity, and our historical science is obliged to recognize this fact and in the shortest possible time to create a real true story our state. Our society needs this so much, it will greatly help in the moral education of our youth, not to mention the fundamental position - without knowing the past, you cannot build the future!
On the facts of ancient Russian history and statehood among the Rus, we previously prepared two manuscripts: “On the Ancient History of Russia” and “The History of the Russ according to the Book of Veles”.
There is compelling evidence for high culture ancient Slavs and the presence of statehood among our ancestors long before the arrival of Rurik in Novgorod. In this study, it is supposed to continue work in this direction in order to present a variant of the history of the Russian people from ancient times according to the actual data.
In this work, we will rely mainly on chronicle materials that were not widely circulated and are not perceived by academic science as historical sources. Among them: "The Tale of Slovenia and Rus", "Veles book", "Budinsky Izbornik", "Genealogy of the Slavic-Russian people, its kings, elders and princes from the progenitor Noah to Grand Duke Rurik and the princes of Rostov", "Tales of Zahariha" and others.
***
You can download the book.
Kievan Rus
Galician Rus
We do not know how a certain union of Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes was formed in the northern part of the East European Plain, which tells us about. Most likely, the most powerful tribe among the Ilmen Slavs called the Krivichi imposed tribute on their neighbors, and the Krivichi settlements on the banks of the Volkhov River, which connects two lakes - Ilmen and Ladoga - became the centers of the economic life of the entire region. Representatives of all tribes and overseas guests from the inhabitants of the Baltic Sea coast gathered for auctions in Staraya Ladoga and Novgorod, for whom these trading settlements served as an occasion to call this region the word Gardarike, which meant country of cities- guards.
Probably, these markets in Novgorod and Ladoga were of great economic importance for the inhabitants of the entire eastern region of the Baltic, since the Way from the Varangians to the Greeks began here, along which the inhabitants of the Baltic (Normans) descended to the Black Sea. The Slavs called these merchants the word , without particularly distinguishing them by ethnicity, but most of them passed for the sake of hiring into the service of the Byzantine emperors as guards. In Byzantium, they called - Βάραγγοι , and in Scandinavian - Vaeringjar, since the word "Vær" meant "oath". Today there is a term varangi, and the medieval Slavs called these "people who took an oath" a consonant word - Varangians.
In the trading settlements, the Varangians - both merchants and Varangi mercenaries, moving to work or back home - were constantly present, having equipped separate fortified settlements for themselves - as settlements that protected both the goods and the life of foreigners. Most likely, part of the Varangians assumed the duties of protection, as they were well versed in the military craft. We can assume that the squads from the Varangians were a familiar element of the Slavic cities and, probably, over time, the elites of the tribes began to attract them as arbitrators to resolve intertribal disputes.
Only after Rurik made the motley population of these northern lands his property did they have a commonality - like belonging to one owner- a Varangian named Rurik, who became new with his squad. So the community of Slavs and other nationalities received a factor that led to the emergence of the Old Russian people.
In fact, following the annals Tale of Bygone Years misleads us, as it unfolds the history of Russia from the legendary calling of Rurik to Novgorod in 862, while in reality the Old Russian state was created at the time of the execution of the Kyiv rulers Askold and Dir in 882, which marked the capture Prophetic Oleg authorities in Kyiv.
After all, the fact is that Oleg, after the capture of Kyiv, actually abandoned the state of Rurik, which broke up into two principalities - the Principality of Polotsk and Novgorod, which retained the features of a trading republic that invited princes as judges, necessarily from "foreigners", for the role of which now not overseas Vikings were suitable, and the sons of Russian princes, as the descendants of the Varangian Rurik.
It’s just that the elite of Novgorod, like any free trading city, could not arm their own citizens, since the armed people could demand additional rights, therefore, all the princes in Novgorod were "foreigners" who did not have roots in the city itself. The tradition of inviting "foreign Varangians" was replaced by the tradition of inviting the sons of grand dukes, and the Novgorod elite chose candidates based on the balance and size of their father's influence.
The figure of the Prophetic Oleg - not particularly clear from the point of view of his relationship with Rurik, but from a statist point of view - his role in the emergence of the Old Russian state is BASIC. All subsequent first princes understood this, creating and maintaining the myth of Oleg as a great commander and prince-sorcerer, who seized power over the richest tribe of the glades, who had Kyiv as their main city. The legend was written during the reign of Igor Rurikovich, when Oleg was credited with victorious campaigns in Constantinople and the conclusion of agreements with the Byzantine emperors, the plot of which was copied from the real deeds of Igor Rurikovich.
Campaigns in Byzantium for the first princes of Russia were very important as a way of organizing economic interaction with the rich Roman Empire, which seemed to the Slavs the center of their Oikoumene. Prince Igor and his wife, Princess Olga, who ruled Russia as a guardian over the future Prince Svyatoslav, fought to expand their influence among the Slavs, who still lived in communities organized on the traditions of late tribal relations. They collected regular tribute from both the Slavs and other tribes that they could reach by military campaign.
The war became the main occupation of their only son Svyatoslav, who is even called the Slavic Alexander of Macedon, since he significantly increased the territory from which he collected tribute and, under which, one might say, almost all the tribes of the Eastern Slavs were united on the basis of paying tribute to a single prince. He simply subjugated the Vyatichi tribe, whose territory was cut off Kyiv Khaganate Polyan from Novgorod land, the elite of which, since the departure of Oleg, maintained friendly and servile relations with the Kyiv princes.
The military activities of Igor, Olga and Svyatoslav, apparently, took place in close cooperation with the Norman Vikings, whom the princes invited to participate in their campaigns as the main military force, which is noticeable especially in the wars against the Khazar Khaganate and predatory raids on the Caspian Sea.
It is hard to imagine that the Kyiv rulers could maintain such a large squad on a permanent basis, so with a high probability we can assume that in Kyiv the military class with the name Rus or Rus from the Baltic Varangians increased before the planned raid, and after the raids went home to the North , which ensured the friendship and interaction of the main elites in Kyiv and Novgorod, probably still related by blood, since the main rulers belonged to the same Germanic tribe from which Rurik came.
The principality of Novgorod was only called a principality, but this republic was actually not part of Russia (until it was captured by Ivan the Great), and in the principality of Polotsk even its own dynasty of princes had time to arise. Only in 970, Svyatoslav Igorevich will be forced to send somewhere his 10-year-old (?) illegitimate son Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, attaching him to Novgorod for feeding, thereby, as it were, "attaching" the Novgorod principality to Russia. The unification of Russia, perhaps, would not have taken place if, after the death of Svyatoslav, his sons had not clashed in fratricidal civil strife, as a result of which only this Vladimir the Red Sun, the future baptizer of Russia, survived. Just as a result of this special war between Vladimir and his half-brother Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich for the great reign in Kyiv, the Principality of Polotsk will be captured. The future baptizer of Russia will also destroy the Polotsk prince Rogvolod and his family for going over to the side of Yaropolk, and the whole principality will be destroyed. At the same time, Vladimir will forcibly marry Rogneda, the only surviving daughter of Rogvolod, as a symbol of the accession of the dynasty of Polotsk princes to the Rurik dynasty. We can assume that Russia might not have arisen as single state if, after the capture of Kyiv on June 11, 978, Vladimir the Red Sun himself did not remain as a finger ONE of the descendants of Rurik for the simple reason that he killed all his brother competitors. So, by killing his closest relatives, Vladimir created a single state of all the Eastern Slavs and not only.
Since this article is a summary for the section, I have compiled several tables with links to articles describing the main events. The first such period is the separation of the Slavs from the general German-Balto-Slavic group of Indo-European peoples in the Dnieper-Dnestr interfluve before the formation Empire Rurik Russian in the lands of the Eastern Slavs. So far THIS are plans, but a start has already been made.
The following articles will describe the stage in the history of Russia associated with the "emergence" of states in the Eastern Slavs almost simultaneously in two centers - by the Varangian Rurik, first in Ladoga, then in Novgorod and in the south - Askold and Dir, supposedly warriors sent by Rurik for reconnaissance. The official history, following the annals, counts the statehood of the Eastern Slavs from Rurik, as the ancestor of the future dynasty of monks of Russia. This, of course, does not correspond to historical data, nor according to the alleged complete absence of statehood before Rurik - after all, he immediately says that there is already an UNION of tribes, which even before Rurik invited more than once (i.e. led foreign policy) and drove out the same Vikings. Just a chronicler, and then Russian stories tried to please the royal dynasty, hushing up the existence of statehood among the Slavic tribes before calling the Varangians to Russia.
I have already warned readers - before you is an attempt to rewrite the history of Russia according to new rules in accordance with the theory of scientific knowledge. Therefore, I believe that old knowledge is worthy of respect. But, when you lose the fundamental assumptions (e.g. class struggle), on the basis of which an explanation of the cause-and-effect relationships between events was given, then the course of events may actually have been as described in the previous history, BUT THE EVIDENCE in he no longer has any. The explanation mechanism simply disappeared - why it happened this way and not otherwise.
Probably the highlight will be debunking the exclusivity of Rurik, which stood only on the recognition by all the former officialdom as an unworthy source of true knowledge on the history of Russia - the Russian chronicle The Tale of Bygone Years. However, the essay medieval monk so contradictory that it can only be considered as a literary monument of Russian literature, but building historical science on myths and fairy tales is rather ridiculous.
Today, neoconomics has introduced a measuring tool into historical science, and now the descriptive era with the collection of artifacts has ended and evidence is required. At the same time, we must always be aware that any historical narrative is a HYPOTHESIS - since "any truth spoken is a lie" - i.e. humanity does not have the opportunity to know the truth, but there is a privilege - to have only a certain approximation to it, which the narrator himself distorts.
The recognition of Rurik as the founder of the state of the Eastern Slavs is just one of the options, and the most successful one, but the exclusivity of Rurik is hampered by the facts of much greater success achieved by his supposedly "combatants" Alskol and Dir, about which the chronicler no longer hesitates, writes - they captured power in Kyiv, former city much larger than Novgorod. Since the southern Kyiv Khaganate of the Eastern Slavs was much richer and stronger, the Varangians Askold and Dir, who had military skills, managed to create a strong army from the conquered Slavs from the Glade tribe, with the help of which they made several successful campaigns for the sake of robbery cities along the shores of the Black Sea and even plundered the suburbs of Constantinople. Another thing is that Askold and Dir did not expect (if you follow the chronicle) that the Novgorod squad of the Varangians under the leadership of the Prophetic Oleg, who became the successor of Rurik, would displace them from the place of the Kyiv rulers.
Today, the story of how Oleg, who was the leader of the Novgorod part of the Germans of the Ross, deceived Askold and Dir from Kyiv and killed him, accusing them of their lack of rights to reign, looks somewhat theatrical, but most likely this is exactly what happened in reality. This cruel lesson, taught in public, began an unbreakable tradition that the right to reign in Russia could only be a descendant of Rurik. From the moment of the execution of Askold and Dir, Russia became the property of one single family of Rurikovich, whose members could kill each other as much as they wanted, but the belonging of any land to Russia was determined by the blood relations of the prince with the Rurik family. The lands where the Rurikovichs reigned and was Rus.
We are leading a historical line from Rurik only for the reason that the squad of the Varangians from Novgorod, led by Prophetic Oleg, who became Rurik's successors, managed to kill competitors in the person of Askold and Dir and seize power in Kyiv. The true reason for the "internal" showdown among the Varangians of the Germans, obviously, was economic interest for the possession of a much richer city and a population from the southern tribes of the Eastern Slavs. The strategic position of Kyiv in front of Novgorod was so much better that Oleg immediately abandoned Novgorod and the state that Rurik created there. Just a small impudent gang of some Varangians managed to deceive a much larger gang of Varangians by deceit, and, using the prejudices of the Kyiv Varangians regarding the traditional rules for taking the place of a prince, only descendant of the king, only by the death of two Kyiv rulers, having exposed the young Igor as a real prince, and Oleg as his guardian, seized power in Kyiv.
I hope that a state called Kievan Rus never existed - this is just a modern term that characterizes a certain PERIOD in the history of the state with the name Rus, before the arrival of the Tatars, when Kyiv was considered the capital.
The Old Russian state arose as a population dominated by Eastern Slavs. Rus immediately became the largest state in Europe, inhabited by the most numerous European people, whose vast expanses provided all the necessary resources that made Russian princes powerful lords influencing neighboring lands. After several generations, the Russian princes intermarried with the main European monarchs, but they were much less interested in impoverished Christian Europe than in the rich Roman Empire, which continued to exist side by side just on the other side of the Black Sea.
This eastern part of the former Roman Empire, with its capital in Constantinople, which was later given the name Byzantine Empire, fascinated the Russian princes with its splendor, so they tried in every possible way to imitate it. The campaigns of Russia against Byzantium had not only predatory goals, but also a desire to attract the attention of the center of their own ecumene.
The fact is that initially for Russia the main direction was the East, from where, along with economic relations, the main military danger emanated. Therefore, the desire of the Russian princes, fighting off their eastern neighbors, was natural to move towards the most powerful power of the then world. Roman Empire(or the Greeks, as they believed in Russia) was the richest state, as it controlled all the trade of the Middle East with Europe, and its colonies, such as Venice, dominated the Mediterranean.
The Roman Empire, which had centuries-old experience in diplomacy, used the power of Russia to conquer Bulgaria, which was claimed by Prince Svyatoslav himself, the son of Igor and Olga. The desire of the Russian princes to expand their possessions at the expense of Bulgaria up to the borders with Byzantium was never destined to come true, as it met with opposition from the Byzantine Caesars, and the steppes of the Black Sea region, which cut off Russia from Great Bulgaria with a strip, were inhabited by Pecheneg nomads, not subject to Russian princes. However, the ties between Byzantium and Russia were constantly growing stronger, especially after the baptism of Rus, with which the Cyrillic alphabet came to Russia, which became the Old Slavonic alphabet. It was Orthodoxy that made Russia an outpost of the Byzantine Empire, and then a successor, when Constantinople was sacked by Catholic knights, who agreed, instead of going to the Holy Land, to participate in the commercial enterprise of the Venetians to establish their own protege as emperor. The Orthodox always remember this 4th crusade, which became the reason for the final break of Orthodoxy with the Catholic Church. The fall of the Byzantine Empire "opens the gates" to Europe for the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century, and in the 15th century Constantinople, the former trading base of the Venetian Republic, was captured by the Ottoman Empire, which would soon occupy not only the Balkan Peninsula, but even Hungary.
Information about political history Russ from states of Rurik we draw from the annals, the first of which is considered to be written by the monk Nestor, which reflects the prevailing opinion of the Rusyns about their own state history Kievan Rus up to the time of Vladimir Monomakh.
The turning point for the history of Russia was the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars, which resulted in the division of the Old Russian state into three parts - Southwestern Russia from the lands of the Galicia-Volyn principality, Northwestern from the lands of Pskov and Novgorod, as well as principalities on the territory of modern Belarus and Lithuania, which did not fall under the Tatar YGO, and finally, North-Eastern Russia - as a confederation of northern principalities, called the Great Vladimir principality, which was included in the Jochi ulus - the hereditary allotment of the descendants of the eldest son of Genghis Khan. Legal status in relation to the Mongol Empire, it largely determined the further historical development of these parts of Russia, on which three nationalities were formed - Little Russians, Belarusians and Great Russians.
Herself territorial empire Genghis Khan was an empire typical of the East, as it had a developed monetary circulation, in contrast to cashless medieval Europe, where the states acquired the extreme features of feudalism. In the absence of money European states became a system vassalage when the main feudal lord could get support from petty feudal lords, only by allocating them a land plot - a feud, from whose population they were fed.
Since the Mongol khans were only interested in gold, which was money in the Mongol empire, the Tatars, as a rule, did not destroy the local elites in the conquered states, instructing them to collect taxes from the population. For this reason, the ulus of Jochi received the name in Russia - Golden Horde, and the imperial structure of the Mongol Empire gave the Russian princes the opportunity to cooperate with the khans. In 1243, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich - the father of the future Alexander Nevsky - was summoned to Batu, who recognized him as the main prince in Russia. The continuation of his father's policy of rapprochement with the Horde gave Alexander Nevsky the opportunity not only to retain the supremacy of his family over other Russian princes, but also to successfully defend Russian lands from the crusaders. It must be admitted that in the struggle against the Western invaders, the Golden Horde acted as an ally of Russia.
Today, we trace the history of the Russian Federation from the Russian Empire, but this is not entirely true, since Tsarist Russia is the result of the gathering of the lands of Kievan Rus, in which the Muscovite kingdom defeated the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Russian Empire returned all the lands of Kievan Rus, connecting the stories of all parts of Rus, in which Belarusians and Little Russians were formed, but the core was the Muscovite kingdom, as the homeland of the Great Russians, who for this reason became a state-forming nation. Catherine gave the name "Russians" to the Great Russian people, which only brings confusion today, since the Belarusians and Ukrainians, when using the word "Russians", represent only the nationality - "Great Russians", and the Great Russians associate the word with a generalized people that existed before the division of Kievan Rus.
Therefore, the history of Russia is based on the history of the Old Russian state of Rus with branches to individual histories of the Galicia-Volyn principality, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, with the highlighting of the core in the form of the history of the Moscow principality, which successively subdued Vladimir Rus and the Commonwealth, from which the lands of Lithuania were returned principalities, like the Russian lands of Kievan Rus.
It must be admitted that the population of all parts of the Russian empire dismembered by the Mongols retained their Russian essence, with the exception of the only exception in the form of Austro-Hungarian Galicia, whose population recognized themselves as Polish Ukrainians not in a geographical, but in a racial sense.
An integral part of the history of Russia must be recognized as the history of the Mongol empire of Genghis Khan and the activities of many historical persons and the states headed by them, which became part of the Russian Empire.
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Northeast Russia |
Moscow kingdom |
Russian empire |
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Relations between Russia and the USA |
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Topic 1. Ancient Russia (IX - XIII centuries)
1) On what territory was the Old Russian state created?
Within the territory of modern Ukraine.
2) Who created the Old Russian state?
Old Russian state in Eastern Europe, which arose in the last quarter of the 9th century. as a result of the unification under the rule of the princes of the Rurik dynasty of the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs - Novgorod and Kyiv, as well as lands located along the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks."
3) What city became the capital of the Old Russian state?
In 882 Prince Oleg captured Kyiv and made it the capital of the state.
4) When did Russia adopt Christianity?
Under Vladimir I Svyatoslavovich, he is also known as Vladimir the Saint, Vladimir the Great, in the history of the church - Vladimir the Baptist.
6) What is the religious symbol of Christianity?
7) What famous Orthodox churches were built in Ancient Russia?
The Church of the Tithes, the three-domed St. Sophia Cathedral, the churches of St. Irina and the Great Martyr George, the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernihiv.
8) From which state did Russia become dependent in the 13th century?
In the XIII century, Russia fell into dependence on the Golden Horde.
Alexander Nevsky - Prince of Novgorod (1236–1240, 1241–1252 and 1257–1259), Grand Duke Kyiv (1249-1263), Grand Duke Vladimir (1252-1263), famous Russian commander, defender of the holy Russian Orthodox Church and land. He led the Novgorod army in the battle with the Swedes on the Neva River in 1240 and in Battle on the Ice with the Teutonic Knights in 1242. Holy noble prince who did not lose a single battle.
Topic 2. Muscovy (XIV - XVII centuries)
1) When did it happen?
2) Who won the Battle of Kulikovo?
In the Battle of Kulikovo, Russia won under the leadership of Dmitry Donskoy.
3) Which city became the center of the unification of Russian lands?
Moscow became the center of the unification of Russian lands.
4) When did the Russian lands unite around Moscow?
The middle of the XV century, the beginning of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow.
5) In what year did the liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke (dependence) take place?
In 1480.
6) What name in history did Tsar Ivan IV receive?
V. M. Vasnetsov. Tsar Ivan the Terrible, 1897.
7) Conqueror of Siberia?
Ermak T. - "Unknown by birth, famous in soul."
8) What artist of the 15th century painted the famous Trinity icon?
Andrei Rublev.
Andrei Rublev is the most famous and revered master of the Moscow school of icon painting, book and monumental painting of the 15th century. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a saint.
9) What is the name of the architectural monument-fortress in Moscow, which was built as a symbol of the formation of a single Moscow state?
All Saints Bridge and the Kremlin late XVII century. Drawing by A. M. Vasnetsov
10) In what century was the Time of Troubles in Russia?
Turn of the XVI-XVII centuries.
11) When was Moscow liberated from the Polish army by the people's militia led by Minin and Pozharsky?
Moscow was liberated in October 1612.
12) What dynasty began to rule in Russia since 1613?
Romanov dynasty.
Section II. Russian Empire (XVIII-early XX centuries)
Topic 3. Russia in the 18th century
1) Who carried out reforms in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century?
Posthumous romanticized portrait of Peter I.
Painter Paul Delaroche (1838).
2) What is the name of the city that became the capital of Russia in the era of Peter I?
St. Petersburg.
3) In which city was the first university in Russia established in the 18th century?
In Moscow.
4) What Russian scientist played a major role in the creation of the first university in Russia?
Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich
5) When and under what Russian empress did the Crimean Peninsula become part of Russia?
On April 8, 1783, Catherine II signed a manifesto on the "Accession of the Crimean Peninsula, Taman Island and the entire Kuban side under the Russian state."
Catherine II Alekseevna - Empress and Autocrat of All Russia. She pursued a policy of enlightened absolutism.
6) Who was A.V. Suvorov?
Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov - the great Russian commander, military theorist, strategist, national hero Russia.
7) What monument is the symbol of the city of St. Petersburg?
8) In which city is the largest museum in Russia - the Hermitage?
St. Petersburg.
Topic 4. Russia in the 19th century
1) When was World War II?
The Patriotic War was in 1812.
2) What is the name of the biggest battle Patriotic War?
Battle of Borodino.
3) Who won the Patriotic War?
Russia won. Napoleon's army was almost completely destroyed.
4) Who was the commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the war years?
Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov - Russian commander and diplomat, Field Marshal General from the Golenishchev-Kutuzov family, commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812. The first full knight of the Order of St. George.
Portrait of M.I. Kutuzov by R.M. Volkova
5) Who are the Decembrists?
Russian revolutionaries who raised an uprising in December 1825 against autocracy and serfdom.
6) When was serfdom abolished in Russia?
The abolition of serfdom took place in 1861.
7) Under what Russian emperor was serfdom abolished?
under Alexander II.
Alexander II Nikolaevich - Emperor of All Russia. He carried out large-scale reforms. Abolished serfdom (manifesto of February 19, 1861). He won the victory in Russian-Turkish war(1877–1878). He died as a result of a terrorist act organized by the secret organization Narodnaya Volya.
8) When did Central Asia join Russia?
In 1880.
9) Who was A.S. Pushkin?
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - the great Russian poet, playwright and prose writer, literary critic, translator, publicist, historian.
10) What Russian scientist discovered in the second half of the nineteenth century periodic law chemical elements?
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev is a Russian encyclopedic scientist: chemist, physical chemist, physicist, metrologist, economist, technologist, geologist, meteorologist, oilman, teacher, aeronaut, instrument maker. Professor at St. Petersburg University. Among the most famous discoveries is the periodic law of chemical elements, one of the fundamental laws of the universe, inalienable for all natural science.
11) Who was L.N. Tolstoy?
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - Count, great Russian writer, thinker, known to the whole world, educator, publicist, religious thinker. Member of the defense of Sevastopol.
12) Who was P.I. Chaikovsky?
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is a great Russian composer, conductor, teacher, musical and public figure, music journalist.
13) Who was F.M. Dostoevsky?
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a great Russian writer, thinker, philosopher and publicist. Dostoevsky is a classic of Russian literature and one of the world's best novelists.
Topic 5. The Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century
1) What were the main religions represented in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century?
The main religions represented in Russia are Christianity (Orthodoxy predominates), as well as Islam and Buddhism.
2) Representatives of what religion made up the majority of the population of the Russian Empire?
The majority of the population is Orthodox.
3) When did the First Russian Revolution take place?
In 1905.
4) What was the main result of the First Russian revolution?
New government bodies- the beginning of the development of parliamentarism; some limitation of autocracy; democratic freedoms were introduced, censorship was abolished, trade unions were allowed, legal political parties; the bourgeoisie had the opportunity to participate in political life countries; the situation of workers has improved, wages have been raised, the working day has decreased to 9-10 hours; redemption payments of peasants were canceled, their freedom of movement was expanded; limited the power of zemstvo chiefs.
5) Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Party?
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin - Russian revolutionary, Soviet political and statesman, founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), one of the main organizers and leaders of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR, creator of the first socialist state in world history.
6) When was World War I?
7) Who was A.P. Chekhov?
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a famous Russian writer, playwright, classic of world literature.
8) What was the name of the Russian scientist who invented the radio?
Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
9) What is the name of the theater in Moscow, famous all over the world for its performances of opera and ballet?
Section III. History of the USSR
Topic 6. History of the USSR before the Great Patriotic War
1) What revolution took place in Russia in 1917?
Great October Socialist Revolution.
2) What was the name of the last Russian emperor?
Nicholas II - Emperor of All Russia, Colonel. The reign of Nicholas II was marked by the economic development of Russia and at the same time the growth of socio-political contradictions in it, the revolutionary movement that resulted in the revolution of 1905-1907 and the February Revolution of 1917; the war with Japan, as well as Russia's participation in the military blocs of European powers and the First World War.
Nicholas II abdicated the throne during February Revolution 1917 and was with his family under house arrest in the Tsarskoye Selo Palace. In the summer of 1917, by decision of the Provisional Government, he was sent into exile with his family to Tobolsk, and in the spring of 1918 he was moved by the Bolsheviks to Yekaterinburg, where in July 1918 he was shot with his family and close associates. Canonized (together with his wife and children) by the Russian Orthodox Church.
3) Which party came to power in Russia in the autumn of 1917?
The Bolshevik Party, headed by V.I. Lenin.
4) What was the name of the state that was created in 1922 on the territory of the former Russian Empire?
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).
5) Under what leader of Russia was the church separated from the state, and the school from the church?
under Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
6) What was the name of the policy to create large-scale industry in the USSR?
Industrialization.
7) What was the name of the policy of creating collective farms in the countryside in the USSR?
Collectivization.
8) What was the most important achievement of the USSR in the field of education in the first half of the twentieth century?
Elimination of illiteracy.
Topic 7. USSR during the Great Patriotic War (1941 - 1945)
1) When was the Great Patriotic War?
2) Which countries were allies of the USSR in the fight against Nazi Germany?
The allies of the USSR were the USA, Great Britain, Mongolian People's Republic, Tuva People's Republic (countries anti-Hitler coalition).
3) What was the name of the most important (turning) battle of the Great Patriotic War?
4) Who were G.K. Zhukov and K.K. Rokossovsky?
Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov - four times Hero of the Soviet Union, holder of two Orders of Victory, many other Soviet and foreign orders and medals. During the Great Patriotic War, he successively served as chief General Staff, commander of the front, member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, Deputy Supreme Commander. In the post-war period, he served as Commander-in-Chief ground forces, commanded the Odessa, then the Ural military districts. After the death of I. V. Stalin, he became the first deputy minister of defense of the USSR.
Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky - Soviet and Polish military leader, twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945). Marshal of the Soviet Union (1944), Marshal of Poland (1949). The only marshal of the two countries in the history of the USSR. He commanded the Victory Parade on June 24, 1945 on Red Square in Moscow. One of the greatest commanders of World War II.
5) Who won the Great Patriotic War?
6) In what city soviet soldiers M. Egorov and M. Kantaria raised the banner of Victory in May 1945?
In Berlin, Germany.
7) How many Soviet people died during the Great Patriotic War?
27 million people.
Victory Day.
Topic 8. USSR in the post-war period (1945 - 1991)
1) In what year and on the initiative of which Soviet leader was Crimea transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR?
2) Who was the Chief Designer of the first Soviet spacecraft of the USSR?
Korolev Sergei Pavlovich - Soviet scientist, designer and chief organizer of the production of rocket and space technology and rocket weapons of the USSR, the founder of practical astronautics. One of the largest figures of the 20th century in the field of space rocket and shipbuilding. On his initiative and under his leadership, the launch of the first artificial satellite Earth and the first cosmonaut of the planet Yuri Gagarin.
3) What was the name of the first astronaut in the world?
Gagarin Yuri Alekseevich - Soviet cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, holder of the highest distinctions of a number of states, honorary citizen of many Russian and foreign cities. On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in world history to fly into outer space.
4) In what year Yu.A. Gagarin made the world's first flight into space?
5) What is the name of the first female astronaut in the world?
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova - Soviet cosmonaut, the world's first female astronaut, major general (1995). Candidate of technical sciences, professor. The only woman in the world who made a space flight alone. The first woman in Russia with the rank of major general.
6) What important international sporting event took place in Moscow in 1980?
Olympics.
7) What was the name of M.S.'s reform policy? Gorbachev?
Perestroika.
8) Who was the president of the USSR?
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich is a Soviet and Russian state, political and public figure. The last General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Last Chairman of the Presidium Supreme Council USSR, then the first chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The only President of the USSR. He has a number of awards and honorary titles, the most famous of which is the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize. Included in the list of 100 most studied personalities in history.
9) How many Soviet republics were part of the USSR in the 1960s-1980s?
15 republics.
10) When did the collapse of the USSR occur?
11) What organization was created after the collapse of the USSR by some former Soviet republics?
CIS (Commonwealth Independent States).
12) Who was A.I. Solzhenitsyn?
Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich - Russian writer, playwright, publicist, poet, public and political figure. Laureate Nobel Prize in Literature (1970). A dissident who for several decades (1960-1980s) actively opposed communist ideas, political system The USSR and the policies of its authorities.
Section IV. Modern Russia
Topic 9. Reforms in the Russian Federation in 1991-1999.
1) When was the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Russia adopted?
2) Who was the first president of Russia?
3) What reforms did B.N. Yeltsin?
Liberalization foreign trade, reorganization of the tax system and other transformations that radically changed the economic situation in the country. The result of the reforms marked Russia's transition to a market economy.
4) When was the Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted?
5) What state in its national composition is the Russian Federation?
Multinational.
6) What language is the state language in Russia?
Russian language.
7) What city is the capital of Russia?
8) What is the name of the main square of the capital of Russia?
Topic 10. Russia in the 21st century
1) In what years were the presidents of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin and D.A. Medvedev?
V.V. Putin - from May 2, 2000 to May 7, 2008,
May 7, 2012 to present;
YES. Medvedev - from May 7, 2008 to May 7, 2012.
2) Who is the current president of Russia?
3) What new republic became part of Russia in 2014?
4) Who is the Head of the Russian Orthodox Church?
Patriarch Kirill (Vladimir Mikhailovich Gundyaev).
5) What is the name of one of the main organizations of Muslims in Russia?
Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia (TsDUM of Russia).
6) In which Russian city were XXII Winter Olympic Games 2014?
Sochi, Russia.
Block of cultural issues (Modern holidays in Russia)
1) When is the New Year celebrated in Russia?
Nativity.
Defender of the Fatherland Day.
International Women's Day.
Russia Day.
National Unity Day.
Day of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Ancient Russia - a resurrecting state
Our Motherland is not 20 years old and not at all 1000 years old. Against the backdrop of recent events, when ISIS criminals are destroying the history of the planet, the circumstances of the disappearance of Russian history become more understandable. The one that our people had before the baptism.
The Question of the Existence of States remains open at this time, as it requires further research. Although some evidence of statehood, even earlier, exists in the materials of ancient historians. Thus, Herodotus spoke of Ancient Egypt, as about some kind of budding from northern state- Atlantis or Hyperborea. There are other testimonies as well. For example, the data of Indian mythology. But, we repeat, this layer of history is worthy of a separate array of works.
From the 6th to the 4th millennium BC Old Russian clans entrenched themselves in new territories, forming a complex of ancient related proto-states. The daughter of Volhynia and Ra - Rada and the son of the Most High - Kryshen were founded in the 4th millennium BC. ancient civilization on the island of Rhodes (in pre-Greek "Greece"). The son of Perun (Ancient Egypt) and Dodola (Europe) - Dazhbog in the 4th millennium BC. established trade between Ancient Egypt and Ancient Russia - "lapis lazuli way".
Trade route maps look at this address or another address (report at the Russian Ethnographic Museum in St. Petersburg);
Statistics analysis archaeological monuments of the Russian Plain, see (report at the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences).
According to him during this period, trade lapis lazuli carried out only between South Russia (Krasnodar region), through the kingdom of Kryshnya (Georgia and Armenia) to the kingdom of Dazhbog (Egypt). At the last stage, amber trade also developed along this path. “The export of “northern gold” and products from it to the Mediterranean countries began, as researchers believe, as early as the time of the Egyptian pharaohs (34-24 centuries BC).” Powerful ancient states developed on these initial trade relations - Rus and Egypt.
From the 3rd to the 2nd millennium BC Old Russian clans settled like this. The son of Kryshnya and Rada - Kama - in the 3rd-2nd millennium BC. conquered North India. Koshchei's son, Don, entrenched himself in the Northern Black Sea region, and his children from the "Muscovite" Asya became the heads of strong states. Babyla in the 3rd-2nd millennium BC founded Babylon. Dardanus - at the same time he founded the Dardanian kingdom, with the main city of Troy. Lamia entrenched in the Central "Greece". Ros - the mother of Dazhbog - laid the foundation for Russian statehood in the southern Russian lands.
To the west, north and east she was helped by her grandsons and sons of Dazhbog: Ariy, Bogumir, Dawn, Kisek, Kolyada, Radogoshch, Usen. They became kings throughout the territory of Ancient Russia. In the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. the central Russian lands were ruled by the sons of Bohumir - Slovenian and Rus. This is recorded in the annals. Another son of Bohumir - Scythian- Together with his father he went east, along the future Northern trade route and in the foothills of Altai and in Semirechye founded a strong civilization.
During this period, between Russia and Egypt continued to operate "lapis lazuli path". Now the trade in lapis lazuli was carried out not only between South Russia, Armenia and Egypt, but new sections of this trade route were also opened: to the kingdoms of Dardana (Troy), Babylon (Babylon, Basra, Tell-Amos) and the kingdom of Kama (Northern India, Meluhkha). Mining was carried out first in the kingdom of Kryshnya (Badakhshan, northeastern Afghanistan), and then in the kingdom of his son Kama.
Also continued to operate "amber" way, which covered a different region - the region of distribution of the Volosovo culture (from the Baltic Sea to the Urals and from the Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan, Saransk lands in the south to the Arkhangelsk lands in the north). This region was the kingdom Slovenia and Rusa. A small part of amber went to the kingdom of the Don (Ukraine) and to the west - to the kingdom of Kisek (West Germany) and even further (to England). Amber was mined in the Baltic Sea. The density of amber finds and their abundance indicate that the trade in this gem was highly active.
From the 3rd millennium BC in Old Russian state another trade route began to operate - "jade". He connected Ancient Russia by the Northern trade route with Southern Siberia, the Far East and Northern China. Part of this path connected the Murom lands with the kingdom of the Don (modern Odessa). There are as many jade finds in the kingdom of Slovene and Rus as in all other possessions. In the kingdom of Bogumir and his sons (in particular, Scythian), stone was mined, although this mineral was also used here to make jewelry.
The southern and eastern kingdoms formed by the ancient Rus in settlements - Sumer, Egypt, etc. - collided with the local population - Negroid, Veddoid, Caucasoid, Araboid and Semitic natives, who were at a very backward stage of development by the time the ancient Rus arrived.
Suffice it to say that the Veddodids of India at that time barely passed the Mousterian level, while the Negroids of Africa still remained at the Acheulean level. Caucasians, Arabs and Semites remained Mousterians. it local population did not know the requirements of the state hostel, so the aspirations of the Rus to engage in various jobs were perceived by the natives as the formation of slave-owning relations.
As a result, with the mixing of the population and significant assimilation of the Rus, the mestizo forms of the inhabitants transferred the ancient Russian free states to truly slave-owning grounds. They became like this over time. semitized Babylon, Egypt, Greece (formerly Pelasgia), India, etc.
The meager natural data and already formed slave-owning relations with the Semitic assimilation that took place made the eastern and South Region dangerous aggressors for the Russian state. As a result, Ancient Russia was forced to fence itself off with a WALL or SHAFT from these Semitic nomads.
The first, main sections of the wall were built by the ancient Rus on a strategically important directions. In the Bronze Age, the threat to Ancient Russia came only from the Middle East region. Therefore, a powerful barrier wall was erected in this direction. The Caucasus Mountains were surrounded by walls on both sides. In Derbent (Troyan), more convenient for trade, a powerful border fortress was made in the wall. The western coast of the Caspian was fenced off by the Gorgan shaft.
Troy remained a fortress, which prevented the penetration of the Semites to the western borders of Ancient Russia. The Troyanov and Zmiev ramparts were a defense in depth. The Zavolzhsky rampart protected Ancient Russia from the attack of the Semites from the southeast. On the territory of Ancient Russia, the total length of the named defensive structures of the Bronze Age is more than 4000 kilometers.
Bogumir civilization became a separate wing (later - Scythians). Because of its remoteness from Russian lands, on the one hand, and because of the close proximity to the habitats of the Altai and Sinitic paleoanthropes, on the other. Here the same story was repeated as a little earlier in Sumer and in Ancient Egypt: the Semitic tribes that crawled from the south took over the leadership of settlements and, having appointed their king, created the usual semitic slave state. Part of the ancient Russian peoples continued to resist the Semites, they were later completely slaughtered or assimilated by them. Part went to Russia (for example, the heroes of the Book of Veles; Scythians).
Thus, in the Bronze Age, Ancient Russia had all the signs of a state. Three global trade routes passed through its territory: "lapis lazuli", "amber" and "jade", which connected all the ancient kingdoms known now by trade relations. All three trade routes ended at one end in Ancient Russia, which was the world's largest consumer of lapis lazuli, amber and jade, as well as the world's largest supplier of amber.
The ability to maintain such distant relations speaks of the development of diplomacy in Ancient Russia. The construction of these fortifications indicates a high level construction works in ancient Russia. The names of the kings of this time are known - Sloven and Rus, - as well as the names of their wives and children.
In the next stage - the Iron Age (1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) - the positions of Ancient Russia were established. All the peoples are already known here: the people of Kiev, the inhabitants of Krakow, the Lyashsky glades, Serbo-Croats, Czechs, Drevlyans, Cimmerians, glades, Cossacks, Circassians, Russ, northerners, Scythians, Krivichi, Wends, Vyatichi, Slovenians, Khazars, Hessians, Slavs, ratari, Encouraged, Ruyan, Radimichi, Antes, white-eyed Chud, Divy people, Aryans, Finns, the lunar dynasty of the Wends, Celts, Belarusians, Poles, etc.
By the middle of the period in the west of its possessions with the development of new nomads - the Romans - Ancient Russia was forced to build new walls throughout Europe, right up to Scotland. The Romans were at the communal-clan level. They did not know iron, armor, clothes and the state, but all this more than compensated for the extreme aggression and cruelty.
In the east, the main events of this period unfolded in Turkestan and, especially, in the lands of Northern China. Hordes of Paleolithic tribes from the south literally crawled into the territories occupied by the ancient Rus. Therefore, the latter used the already well-known method - they built a protective rampart, which became a serious obstacle to the migration of the Chinese of the Xing country. Despite this, Turkestan has become a huge melting pot, in which not only new Semitic people - Turks, but also from the beliefs of the inhabitants of Southeast Asia, a Judaism, and then Islam.
The first Jew was Zahhak, who deceived Bohumir and plunged the world into a thousand years of evil. Some Afghan kings trace their genealogies to Zahhak. After Judaism spread to China and Japan, and even later - in a western direction. Exactly 2,000 years after the first messiah (Moses), in the 7th century A.D. Judaism entered a new and natural phase - Islamic (Mohammed). In a wide period of Semitic conquests, Judaism was almost instantly replaced by Islam (what is called "Islamic conquests" and lasted only about 30 years).
In the 1st millennium BC. Silk spread along the Northern Trade Route. Silk fabrics moved from Turkestan, through Southern Siberia to Moscow and further to Germany. Russia received Chinese silk already when the various Herodotus living in the Semitic countries were not even aware of its existence. Trade in jade and other goods followed the same path.
In the 8th-10th centuries AD. Islamic states still remained dependent on Ancient Russia. In some of them there were Russian armies (Egypt, Syria), and in some the silver mines belonged to the Rus. In this regard, all the silver that was mined in the Caliphate was sent to Russia in full: the Caliphate did not have the right to keep a single coin (ingot) for itself, and even with its army, it was calculated only in copper.
Rice. 2. Ancient trade routes: silver dirhems (8th-10th centuries).
In Russia, "caliphate" silver was used to decorate Russian women, and also served as a means of capital accumulation and a means of payment. The circulation of silver dirhams of that time was limited to the lands to the north of the Zmiev ramparts and to the north-west of the Zavolzhsky rampart. At the same time, Russia was the main consumer of silk fabrics. Silk products were worn by every village woman. Silk was used to make leather cases. In the Semitic East, only kings allowed themselves silk fabrics.
Rice. 3. Finds of silk in the early Middle Ages.
All this wealth of Ancient Russia contributed to the fact that the southern Slavs, led by the Byzantine Semites, attacked Russia. This was crusade, called the "baptism" of Russia. The enemy, as in later times (Napoleon, Hitler), could only reach Moscow, where he stopped.
The troops that came to the aid of Central Russia from the east by that time consisted mainly of Muslim Turks, that is, brothers - the same followers of Judaism as Christians. Therefore, the Turks, instead of rejecting the Christians, sold them the reign of one or another region of Ancient Russia. As a result, Christians colonized Russia, and the Russian people were taken into slavery (serfdom).
Christians burned over 30% of Russian cities, cut out the color of the Russian people, destroyed documents (compare with the fire at the INION RAS, arranged by the "oppositionists") and all others. All Conferences are open and completely free. We invite all waking up and interested ...
