Speech. Analysis of means of expression.
It is necessary to distinguish between paths (figurative means of expression literature) based on figurative meaning words and figures of speech based on the syntactic structure of the sentence.
Typically, in a review of assignment B8, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as one word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics.
| synonyms(contextual, linguistic) – words close in meaning | soon - soon - one of these days - not today or tomorrow, in the near future |
| antonyms(contextual, linguistic) – words with opposite meanings | they never said you to each other, but always you. |
| phraseological units – stable combinations words similar in lexical meaning one word | at the end of the world (= “far”), tooth does not touch tooth (= “frozen”) |
| archaisms- outdated words | squad, province, eyes |
| dialectism– vocabulary common in a certain territory | smoke, chatter |
| bookstore, colloquial vocabulary |
daring, companion;
corrosion, management; waste money, outback |
Paths.
In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.
Types of tropes and examples for them are in the table:
| metaphor– transferring the meaning of a word by similarity | dead silence |
| personification- likening any object or phenomenon to a living being | dissuadedgolden grove |
| comparison– comparison of one object or phenomenon with another (expressed through conjunctions as if, as if, comparative degree of adjective) | bright as the sun |
| metonymy– replacing a direct name with another by contiguity (i.e. based on real connections) | The hiss of foamy glasses (instead of: foaming wine in glasses) |
| synecdoche– using the name of a part instead of the whole and vice versa | a lonely sail turns white (instead of: boat, ship) |
| paraphrase– replacing a word or group of words to avoid repetition | author of “Woe from Wit” (instead of A.S. Griboyedov) |
| epithet– the use of definitions that give the expression figurativeness and emotionality | Where are you going, proud horse? |
| allegory– expression of abstract concepts in specific artistic images | scales – justice, cross – faith, heart – love |
| hyperbola- exaggeration of the size, strength, beauty of the described | at one hundred and forty suns the sunset glowed |
| litotes- understatement of the size, strength, beauty of the described | your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble |
| irony- the use of a word or expression in a sense contrary to its literal meaning, for the purpose of ridicule | Where are you, smart one, wandering from, head? |
Figures of speech, sentence structure.
In task B8, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.
| epiphora– repetition of words at the end of sentences or lines following each other | I'd like to know. Why do I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor? |
| gradation– construction of homogeneous members of a sentence with increasing meaning or vice versa | I came, I saw, I conquered |
| anaphora– repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or lines following each other | Irontruth - alive to envy,
Ironpestle, and iron ovary. |
| pun– pun | It was raining and there were two students. |
| rhetorical exclamation (question, appeal) – exclamation point, interrogative sentences or a proposal with an appeal that does not require a response from the addressee | Why are you standing there, swaying, thin rowan tree?
Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear! |
| syntactic parallelism– identical construction of sentences | young people are welcome everywhere,
We honor old people everywhere |
| multi-union– repetition of redundant conjunction | And the sling and the arrow and the crafty dagger
The years are kind to the winner... |
| asyndeton– construction complex sentences or a number of homogeneous members without unions | The booths and women flash past,
Boys, benches, lanterns... |
| ellipsis- omission of an implied word | I'm getting a candle - a candle in the stove |
| inversion– indirect word order | Our people are amazing. |
| antithesis– opposition (often expressed through conjunctions A, BUT, HOWEVER or antonyms | Where there was a table of food, there is a coffin |
| oxymoron– a combination of two contradictory concepts | living corpse, ice fire |
| citation– transmission in the text of other people’s thoughts and statements indicating the author of these words. | As it is said in the poem by N. Nekrasov: “You have to bow your head below a thin epic…” |
| questionably-response form presentation– the text is presented in the form of rhetorical questions and answers to them | And again a metaphor: “Live under minute houses...”. What does this mean? Nothing lasts forever, everything is subject to decay and destruction |
| ranks homogeneous members of the sentence– listing homogeneous concepts | A long, serious illness and retirement from sports awaited him. |
| parcellation- a sentence that is divided into intonational and semantic speech units. | I saw the sun. Over your head. |
Remember!
When completing task B8, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it both the semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often provide an additional clue: various adjectives in one way or another, predicates consistent with omissions, etc.
It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on changes in the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence.
Analysis of the task.
(1) The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun across the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingeniously designed that it is constantly self-renewing and thus allows billions of passengers to travel for millions of years.
(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through space, deliberately destroying the complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, destroying forests, and spoiling the World Ocean. (5) If on a small spaceship the astronauts will begin to fussily cut wires, unscrew screws, and drill holes in the casing, then this will have to be classified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) The only question is size and time.
(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. (9) They started, multiplied, and swarmed with microscopic creatures on a planetary, and even more so on a universal scale. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to introduce a drop of a harmful (from the point of view of the earth and nature) culture into the green coat of the Forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry around, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste.
(13) Unfortunately, such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication between man and nature, with the beauty of our land, are just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of so-called technological progress. (14) On the one hand, a man twitched by an inhuman rhythm modern life, overcrowding, huge flow artificial information, is weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world; on the other hand, this external world brought into such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual communication with him.
(15) It is unknown how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?
(According to V. Soloukhin)
“The first two sentences use the trope of ________. This image of the “cosmic body” and “astronauts” is key to understanding the author’s position. Reasoning about how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that “humanity is a disease of the planet.” ______ (“scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste”) convey the negative actions of man. The use of _________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said to the author is far from indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence, ________ “original” gives the argument a sad ending that ends with a question.”
List of terms:
- epithet
- litotes
- introductory words And plug-in structures
- irony
- extended metaphor
- parcellation
- question-and-answer form of presentation
- dialectism
- homogeneous members offers
We divide the list of terms into two groups: the first – epithet, litotes, irony, extended metaphor, dialectism; the second – introductory words and inserted constructions, parcellation, question-answer form of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence.
It is better to start completing the task with gaps that do not cause difficulties. For example, omission No. 2. Since a whole sentence is presented as an example, some kind of syntactic device is most likely implied. In a sentence “they scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste” series of homogeneous sentence members are used : Verbs scurrying around, multiplying, doing business, participles eating away, exhausting, poisoning and nouns rivers, oceans, atmosphere. At the same time, the verb “transfer” in the review indicates that the word in the place of the omission should be plural. In the list in the plural there are introductory words and inserted constructions and homogeneous clauses. A careful reading of the sentence shows that the introductory words, i.e. those constructions that are not thematically related to the text and can be removed from the text without loss of meaning are absent. Thus, in place of gap No. 2, it is necessary to insert option 9) homogeneous members of the sentence.
Blank No. 3 shows sentence numbers, which means the term again refers to the structure of sentences. Parcellation can be immediately “discarded”, since authors must indicate two or three consecutive sentences. The question-answer form is also an incorrect option, since sentences 8, 13, 14 do not contain a question. What remains are introductory words and plug-in constructions. We find them in the sentences: In my opinion, unfortunately, on the one hand, on the other hand.
In place of the last blank you must substitute the term male, since the adjective “used” must be consistent with it in the review, and it must be from the first group, since only one word is given as an example “ original". Masculine terms – epithet and dialectism. The latter is clearly not suitable, since this word is quite understandable. Turning to the text, we find what the word is combined with: "original disease". Here the adjective is clearly used in a figurative sense, so we have an epithet.
All that remains is to fill in the first gap, which is the most difficult. The review says that this is a trope, and it is used in two sentences where the image of the earth and us, people, is reinterpreted as the image of a cosmic body and astronauts. This is clearly not irony, since there is not a drop of mockery in the text, and not litotes, but rather, on the contrary, the author deliberately exaggerates the scale of the disaster. Thus, the only thing left is possible variant– metaphor, the transfer of properties from one object or phenomenon to another based on our associations. Expanded - because it is impossible to isolate a separate phrase from the text.
Answer: 5, 9, 3, 1.
Practice.
(1) As a child, I hated matinees because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, played his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher sternly told him: “Valery Petrovich, move up!” (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose was always beet red, like a clown’s. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”
(6) And I, first in kindergarten and then at school, bore the heavy cross of my father’s absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know what kind of fathers anyone has!), but I didn’t understand why he, an ordinary mechanic, came to our matinees with his stupid accordion. (8) I would play at home and not disgrace either myself or my daughter! (9) Often getting confused, he groaned thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to fall through the ground from shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.
(11) I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. (12) I started getting otitis media. (13) I screamed in pain and hit my head with my palms. (14) Mom called ambulance, and at night we went to district hospital. (15) On the way, we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver, shrilly, like a woman, began to shout that now we would all freeze. (16) He screamed piercingly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) Father asked how long was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, kept repeating: “What a fool I am!” (19) Father thought and quietly said to mother: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain swirled around me like a snowflake in a snowstorm. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me as if a huge monster, clanging its jaws, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, and snow rustled down on the frost-covered windows. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomedly into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.
(25) I don’t know how much time passed, but suddenly the night was illuminated by bright headlights, and the long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and saw my father through my eyelashes. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.
(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time afterwards he suffered from double pneumonia.
(32)…My children are perplexed why, when decorating the Christmas tree, I always cry. (33) From the darkness of the past, my father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if he secretly wants to see his daughter among the dressed-up crowd of children and smile cheerfully at her. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start crying.
(According to N. Aksenova)
Read a fragment of a review compiled on the basis of the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A29 - A31, B1 - B7.
This excerpt discusses language features text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should appear in the blank space, write the number 0.
Write down the sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review where there are gaps in answer form No. 1 to the right of task number B8, starting from the first cell.
“The narrator’s use of such a lexical means of expression as _____ to describe the blizzard (“terrible blizzard", "impenetrable darkness"), gives the depicted picture expressive power, and such tropes as _____ (“pain circled me” in sentence 20) and _____ (“the driver began to scream shrilly, like a woman” in sentence 15), convey the drama of the situation described in the text . A device such as ____ (in sentence 34) enhances the emotional impact on the reader.”
Visual and expressive means of language
The figurative and expressive means of language can be divided into two: large groups: lexical means and syntactic means.
Lexical means
Allegory - allegorical image abstract concept with the help of specific lifestyle. In fables and fairy tales, cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed in the form of a wolf, and deceit in the form of a snake.
Antonyms - different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (Kind- evil, powerful- powerless). The contrast of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, enhancing the emotionality of speech:
He was weak body, but strong in spirit.
Contextual (or contextual) antonyms - these are words that are not contrasted in meaning in the language and are antonyms only in the text:
Mind and heart - ice and fire - This is the main thing that distinguished this hero.
Hyperbola - a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression:
Snow fell from the sky in pounds.
IN one hundred and forty suns the sunset was glowing.
Alone at home as long as the stars, other - as long as the moon.
...how can we ensure that our rights are not expanded at the expense of the rights of others?(A. Solzhenitsyn)
Irony - using a word or expression in the opposite sense for the purpose of ridicule.
Why, smart one, are you delirious, head?
Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonyms only in this text:
Lomonosov- genius- beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky).
Litotes- V an expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any phenomenon.
You have to bow your head below the thin blade of grass.
Metaphor - hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. The basis of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.
The meaning of metaphor as a trope is to enhance the emotional expressiveness of speech. A metaphor is the transfer of the properties of one object to another based on the principle of their similarity. Examples of metaphors: “golden hair”, “sunny smile”.
good people in the world there was, is and, I hope, there will always be more than bad and evil, otherwise there would be disharmony in the world, it would skew... capsize and sink.
There are three main types of metaphors:
personification– transfer of a sign of a living person to an inanimate object – "How White dress sang in the beam..."(“The girl sang in the church choir...” by A. A. Blok);
reification– transfer of a sign of an inanimate object to a living person – “We dress oak trees with human heads...”(“Working Poet” by V.V. Mayakovsky);
abstraction– transfer of a sign of a concrete phenomenon (person or object) to an abstract, abstract phenomenon – “Then the anxiety in my soul is humbled...”(“When the yellowing field is agitated...” by M. Yu. Lermontov).
"old age of the soul", "life is a path" (Lermontov "Duma")
Metaphor is one of the main features of the folklore riddle genre.
Metonymy (renaming) - transfer of values according to the contiguity of phenomena.
The most common transfer cases:
a) from a person to his any external signs:
Is it lunchtime soon?- asked the guest, turning to the quilted vest;
b) from the institution to its inhabitants:
The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisareva;
Magnificent Michelangelo!(about his sculpture) or Reading Belinsky...
Oxymoron - a combination of words with contrasting meanings that create a new concept or idea. This connection is logical incompatible concepts, sharply contradictory in meaning and mutually exclusive. This technique prepares the reader to perceive contradictory, complex phenomena, often the struggle of opposites. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author’s attitude towards an object or phenomenon:
sad funcontinued...
Yuri Bondarev's novel Hot Snow».
Personification - one of the types of metaphor, when a characteristic is transferred from a living object to a non-living one. When personified, the described object is externally likened to a person:
The tree, bending towards me, stretched out thin hands.
Even more often inanimate objects actions that are available only to people are attributed:
Rain spanked with bare feet along the garden paths.
The autumn night burst into tears of icy tears.
Evaluative vocabulary - direct author’s assessment of events, phenomena, objects:
Pushkin- This miracle.
Periphrase - using a description instead of your own name or title; descriptive expression, figure of speech, substitute word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition:
City on the Neva(instead of St. Petersburg) sheltered Gogol.
The sun of Russian poetry(instead of "Pushkin").
Proverbs and sayings , used by the author, make speech figurative, apt, expressive.
Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.
Synonyms - these are words related to one part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning:
Love- love, buddy- Friend.
Stylistic synonyms - differ stylistic coloring, area of use: grinned- giggled- laughed- neighed.
Synecdoche - transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them.
Above all, take care kopeck u.
“and you could hear how he rejoiced until dawn Frenchman"The word "French" is used as the name of the whole - "French" (a noun in singular used instead of a plural noun).
All flags they will visit us (instead of “ships”) (A. Pushkin)
Syntactic synonyms - parallel syntactic constructions that have different structures, but coincide in meaning:
Start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.
Comparison - one of the means of expressive language that helps the author express his point of view, create entire artistic pictures, and give descriptions of objects. In comparison, one phenomenon is shown and evaluated by comparing it with another phenomenon. Comparisons are usually joined by conjunctions as, as if, as if, exactly etc. It serves to figuratively describe a wide variety of characteristics of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of color: Like the night his eyes are black.
A form of comparison expressed by a noun in the instrumental case is often found: Anxiety like a snake crawled into our hearts.
There are comparisons that are conveyed by the comparative form of an adverb or adjective: Selfishness happens colder spring; Earth tenderer the fluff lay in front of him.
There are comparisons that are included in a sentence using words similar, similar, reminiscent: ...butterflies are similar to flowers.
A comparison can also represent several sentences that are related in meaning and grammatically. There are two types of such comparisons:
1) an expanded, branched comparison - an image in which the main, initial comparison is specified by a number of others: The stars come out into the sky. With thousands of curious eyes they rushed to the ground, with thousands of fireflies they lit up the night.
2) expanded parallelism (the second part of such comparisons usually begins with the word So): The church shook. This is how a man taken by surprise flinches, this is how a tremulous doe takes off from its place, not even understanding what happened, but already sensing danger.
A comparison of two phenomena in order to explain one of them using the other. Comparisons are expressed in the instrumental case, the form comparative degree adjective or adverb, phrases with comparative conjunctions.
Under the blue skies with magnificent carpets, glistening in the sun, the snow lies.
Phraseologisms - these are almost always bright, figurative expressions . Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language, used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and graphic characteristics of characters, the surrounding reality, etc.:
People like my hero have spark of God.
Quotes from other works help the author to prove a thesis, position of the article, show his passions and interests, make speech more emotional and expressive: P Ushkina, "like first love", will not forget not only " Russia's heart", but also world culture.
Epithet - a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or characteristics. An epithet is called artistic definition, that is, colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive property. Anything can be an epithet meaningful word, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition to another:
1) noun: chattering magpie.
2) adjective: fateful watch.
3) adverb and participle: peers greedily; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative meaning: half-asleep, tender, loving gazes.
« pigeon clouds" (S. A. Yesenin)
« convincingly deceitful story". (A.K. Tolstoy)
Rosy dawn
Angelic light.
Fast thoughts.
Human- tap.
Lung reading matter.
Gold Human.
Human- computer.
Wonderful evening.
Singing bonfire.
Warm hands - no epithet , this is a logical definition, A GOLDEN hands - yes.
Why, smart one, are you delusional?
From the fable “The Fox and the Donkey” (1823) by I. A. Krylov (1769-1844). Words of the Fox addressed to the Donkey.
Playfully and ironically: at an unexpected meeting.
encyclopedic Dictionary winged words and expressions. - M.: “Locked-Press”. Vadim Serov. 2003.
See what is "Break off, smart one, are you delusional?" in other dictionaries:
SEPARATION, adv. (outdated and simple). Same as otcol. “Where are you, smart one, are you delusional?” Krylov. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
A trope consisting of using a word or expression in the opposite sense to its literal meaning for the purpose of ridicule. Break away, smart one, you're delirious, head! (Krylov) (addressing a donkey) ...
A word or combination of words that names the person (less often the object) to whom the speech is addressed. Appeals serve as proper names people, names of persons by degree of relationship, by position in society, by profession, occupation, position, rank, by nationality... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
irony- 1) (from the Greek eironоia pretense) a special type of ideological aesthetic assessment phenomena of reality, which is characterized by hidden denial or ridicule, disguised by external seriousness. Rubric: aesthetic categories in literature Genus: ... ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus in literary studies
antiphrasis- s. I. In syntactic stylistics: a stereotypical construction that always expresses only an ironic meaning. So friendly! Nice job! This was not enough yet! II. In lexical stylistics: a variety of tropes, mocking use... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms
