Toxic nephritis symptoms. Symptoms and treatment of acute nephritis. Video about kidney inflammation

Nephritis– a group of inflammatory kidney diseases in which inflammation covers the renal glomeruli either completely (diffuse nephritis) or in separate foci (focal nephritis). Diffuse nephritis is a more severe disease and can be acute or chronic.

Main types of jade:

• Pyelonephritis– inflammation caused by bacteria. With pyelonephritis, the renal pelvis system is more severely affected.
• Glomerulonephritis- inflammation that affects the glomeruli, which filter blood and produce urine.
• Interstitial nephritis– damage to the tissue between the glomeruli and tubules.
• Shunt nephritis– in this case, immune complexes are fixed on the vessels of the kidneys and interfere with the normal functioning of the kidneys.

Causes of the disease

Acute nephritis occurs as a result of an infectious disease; its manifestation is also facilitated by sudden cooling of the body. The disease begins 1.5-2 weeks after an infectious disease, for example, scarlet fever, tonsillitis. Chronic nephritis most often develops as a result of incurable acute nephritis, usually after an infectious disease. The hidden causes of the disease are poor nutrition and weakness of the body.

Symptoms

Acute nephritis manifests itself in mild general malaise and pain in the lumbar region, spreading to the ureter, the urine is scanty and dark. Other symptoms are swelling of the face, body, swollen feet, ankles, increased blood pressure. Chronic nephritis is characterized by periods of exacerbation and quiescence of the disease. Manifestations of exacerbation are similar to acute nephritis. As a result of repetition of such exacerbations, the renal glomeruli gradually die, the kidney decreases in size, which leads to renal failure, accumulation of toxins in the body and toxic substances. Uremia may develop - self-poisoning of the body.

Treatment of nephritis

The general treatment regimen for nephritis is as follows:

• Cytostatics – Azathioprine.
• Corticosteroids – Prednisolone.
• Anticoagulants (Heparin) - can only be used in a hospital setting.
• Antiplatelet agents (Curantil).

The duration of treatment ranges from several months to several years.

For the symptomatic treatment of nephritis, detoxification therapy is prescribed:

• Enterosorbents.
• Laxatives.
• Vitamin complexes.
• Immunomodulators.

Additionally, antibacterial drugs may be prescribed wide range actions, diuretic drugs – Furosemide.

Herbal treatment involves the use of the drug Fitolysin.

If nephritis is accompanied by an increase in blood pressure, antihypertensive drugs are prescribed as maintenance treatment (drug selection is carried out on an individual basis).

Treatment should be carried out under the constant supervision of a doctor; diet and limiting salt intake are mandatory. Periodically, the patient must undergo a comprehensive examination.

With the development of an acute form of the disease, treatment should be carried out in a hospital setting.

Folk remedies

• Bearberry. For acute and chronic nephritis, enlarged kidneys (hydronephrosis), or cystitis, pour 1 cup of boiling water over 1 tablespoon of bearberry and leave, covered, for 30 minutes. Drink 4-5 times a day, 1 tablespoon 30 minutes after meals. There is another recipe: pour 3 glasses cold water 1 tablespoon of bearberry, bring to a boil and cook over low heat until a third of the broth has evaporated. You need to drink it during the day in 3 doses. Give children 1 tablespoon 20 minutes after meals. Bearberry is contraindicated in glomerulonephritis and pregnancy.
• Orthosiphon staminate. 7-9 g of orthosiphon herb (kidney tea) is poured into a glass of boiling water, heated in a water bath for 15 minutes, cooled for 45 minutes, filtered, squeezed and adjusted to 200 ml. Drink warm, 1/2 glass 2-3 times a day before meals. The course of treatment is 4-6 months with monthly breaks of 5-6 days.
• Vitamin collection for glomerulonephritis. For glomerulonephritis, the following collection has an anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, diuretic effect, and also serves as a source of vitamins: birch leaves, wild strawberry, stinging nettle, flax seeds - all these components are taken in equal parts by weight. A tablespoon of the dry, crushed mixture is poured into 1 cup of boiling water and left in a sealed container in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes, then the broth is cooled at room temperature for 45 minutes and filtered. Take this infusion 1-2 glasses a day 15 minutes before meals.
• Collection for inflammation of the kidneys and urinary tract. Mix the roots of garden parsley, fragrant celery, asparagus, and fennel fruits equally. Pour a tablespoon of the crushed mixture into 300 ml of cold water and leave for 6 hours. Then boil for 10 minutes, strain. Drink several times throughout the day.
• Cornflower blue. Infuse a tablespoon of blue cornflower flowers in 2 cups of boiling water. Drink in 3 doses 30 minutes before meals. Use as a diuretic for edema of renal and cardiac origin, nephritis, cystitis.
• Osokorya buds. 2 teaspoons of dry sedge buds are crushed, pour 1-1.5 cups of boiling water, leave for 15 minutes and filter. Drink 1/3 glass 3 times a day. You can also use tincture of buds: 1-2 teaspoons of raw material are poured into 1/2 cup of 40% alcohol and infused for 7 days. Take 20 drops 3 times a day.
• Cowberry. Pass the lingonberries, washed in cold water, through a meat grinder, mix with sugar (for 1 kg of berries - 1 kg of sugar), put in jars, and cover tightly with parchment paper. Keep refrigerated. Use 2 tbsp. spoons, diluted in a glass of water, up to three times a day (the norm is three times a day - do not exceed).
• Jelly useful for chronic pyelonephritis and as a mild diuretic for heart disease. It is recommended to take 2 tablespoons of jelly diluted in 200 ml boiled water, no more than 2-3 times a day.
• Parsley root. Take 2 pencil-thin parsley roots. Chop, add 0.5 liters of water and 0.5 liters of milk. Place on the fire and bring to a boil. Cool. Drink 3 times a day, 1/2 glass. Take the infusion for a month, then take a month break and drink again for 1 month. Follow the same procedure for 1 year.
• Pumpkin. You will need a medium sized pumpkin. Cut off the top, remove seeds and fibers. Now prepare a mixture of 0.25 l vegetable oil and 250 g of granulated sugar, stir it thoroughly and pour into the pumpkin. Cover with the cut top and bake in the oven. Then peel and grind thoroughly. Eat 1 tablespoon of pumpkin porridge 3 times a day before meals. Store in the refrigerator.
• Anise for chronic diseases. Anise fruits are useful for chronic kidney and bladder diseases. It normalizes the function of these organs and perfectly strengthens the body. Brew a teaspoon of fruit with a glass of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, strain and take the infusion for a month, 1/4 cup 3-4 times a day, strictly 20 minutes before meals.
• Quince is a diuretic. Tea made from quince leaves and seeds is a good diuretic for kidney diseases. Take 1 tablespoon of dried leaves and seeds in equal quantities, pour 200 ml of boiling water, simmer over low heat for 5-6 minutes, cool, strain, add honey to taste. Take 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day.
• Oats. Collect oat grains of waxy ripeness and dry. Pour a handful of grains into 1 liter of cold water and steam for 4 hours. Drink 1/2 cup 3 times a day for nephritis.
• Oxalis for bleeding from the kidneys. A decoction of wood sorrel (1 tablespoon per 2 cups of milk, boil in a water bath for 15 minutes) drink 0.5 cup 2-3 times a day with meals; infusion of mantle herb (infuse 1 tablespoon in a glass of boiling water for 4 hours), drink 0.5 cups 3-4 times a day before meals; decoction of dandelion roots and herbs (6 g per glass of water, boil for 15 minutes) take 1 tablespoon 3 times a day before meals.
• Linen for cleansing. A decoction for cleansing the body in case of kidney disease: pour 1 teaspoon of flaxseed into 1 glass of water and boil. Take 1/2 cup every 2 hours for 2 days. Since the boiled mixture is quite thick, it must be diluted with water before use. If the product tastes unpleasant, you can add lemon juice.
• For inflammatory processes in the kidneys, it is recommended:
  • Strawberries. A decoction of wild strawberry leaves and fruits (boil 20 g for 10 minutes in 200 ml, leave for 2 hours, drink 1 tablespoon 3 times a day);
  • Mullein flowers. Infusion of mullein flowers (5 g per 200 ml, leave for 30 minutes, drink warm, 100 ml 2-3 times a day);
  • Nettle. Infusion of nettle leaves (1 tablespoon per 200 ml of boiling water, leave for 10 minutes, drink 1 tablespoon 3 times a day).
• Lingonberry leaves. Pour 2 tablespoons of lingonberry leaves into 1 glass of hot water, close the lid and heat in a water bath for 30 minutes, cool. Drink 1/3-1/2 cup 2-3 times a day. Use as a diuretic and antiseptic for inflammation of the kidneys and bladder.
• Horsetail. Pour 2 teaspoons of horsetail herb with a glass of boiling water, leave for 1 hour, strain. Drink in small sips throughout the day. Use for kidney and bladder diseases.
• Ash root. A mixture of tall ash root – 30 g, lingonberry leaf – 10 g, oregano herb – 10 g, common hop cones – 5 g, pour 1 liter of water and boil for 25-30 minutes, strain. Take 1/2 cup of decoction 3 times a day for acute and chronic pyelonephritis.
• Comfrey. A tablespoon of crushed mixture of comfrey root - 10 g, herbs shepherd's purse– 10 g, garden rue herb – 20 g, motherwort herb pentaloba – 25 g – pour 1.5 cups of boiling water, leave for 3-4 hours, strain. Take 100 ml of infusion 3 times a day after meals for the hypertensive form of chronic nephritis.
• Lovage. Take 40 g of crushed lovage roots per 1 liter of water. Drink 5 times a day. It is used for kidney diseases, especially dropsy, and as a blood purifier.
• Collection for acute nephritis. Combine the ingredients in the indicated proportions: comfrey root, gorse herb, flax seed, bearberry leaves - 2 parts each; juniper fruits, blackberry leaves - 1 part each. Pour a tablespoon of the crushed mixture into a glass of boiling water, boil for 10 minutes, leave for 1 hour, then strain. Take 1/3-1/2 cup 3 times a day before meals for acute nephritis.
• Watermelon. Watermelon pulp has long been considered a good diuretic for edema associated with cardiovascular diseases and kidney diseases. Fresh decoction watermelon rinds also has a strong diuretic effect.
• Collection for kidney inflammation. Combine the ingredients in the indicated proportions: bearberry leaves – 25 g, lingonberry leaves – 25 g. Pour 2 liters of cold boiled water, bring to 70°C and evaporate to 1 liter. Drink 50 ml 3 times a day an hour before meals for kidney inflammation. The disease goes away within a month.
• Collection for pyelonephritis in children. Tricolor violet herb, calendula officinalis flowers - 3 parts each; black poplar buds, shepherd's purse grass - 1 part each. Pour a tablespoon of the crushed mixture into a glass of boiling water and leave for 1 hour. Take a dessert spoon 3-4 times a day 15 minutes before meals and before bedtime for pyelonephritis in children.
• Collection for the treatment of chronic pyelonephritis. Combine the ingredients in the indicated proportions: coltsfoot leaf - 30 g, yarrow flowers - 25 g, St. John's wort herb - 25 g, stinging nettle leaf - 20 g. Pour a tablespoon of the crushed mixture with a glass of boiling water, leave for 2 hours, strain . Take 1/2 cup 2 times a day after meals for 25 days during the period of remission of chronic pyelonephritis.
• Birch leaf. For kidney diseases, an infusion of young spring birch leaves is used. Grind 100 g of leaves and pour 2 cups of warm boiled water. Leave for 5-6 hours. Strain, squeeze out the grounds and pour after settling, leaving the sediment. Take 1/2 cup 2-3 times a day before meals. The infusion is very rich in vitamin C.
• Collection No. 1. Mix the ingredients in the indicated proportions: bearberry leaves - 5 parts, sage grass - 4 parts, birch buds - 3 parts, horsetail grass - 2 parts. Pour 400 ml of boiling water over a tablespoon of the mixture, boil for 30 seconds, leave for 20 minutes, strain. Drink 50 ml of decoction 6 times a day.
• Collection No. 2. Mix the ingredients in the indicated proportions: cornflower flowers - 1 part, birch buds - 1 part, bearberry leaves - 2 parts, trifoliate leaves - 4 parts. Pour two teaspoons of the mixture into 200 ml of boiling water, boil for 10 minutes, strain. Drink 100 ml of decoction 3 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
• Collection No. 3. Mix birch leaves and horsetail grass equally. Pour two tablespoons of the mixture into 400 ml of boiling water, leave and strain. Drink the infusion in 3 doses throughout the day.

Diet for nephritis

During exacerbation of nephritis, a strict diet is very important: in the first 2 days of illness, almost complete fasting (only 100 g of sugar and 2 glasses of water). Then a diet with limited salt content (no more than 5 g per day), reducing the amount of liquid (up to 1-1.5 l) and animal proteins (meat). Drink hot diaphoretic tea from infusions of linden blossom or mint, raspberries, and sage. Take a mild laxative daily.

When the patient gets better, a milk diet is needed (until the swelling disappears), but the milk must be skimmed. You can add a little soda to milk to prevent bloating. Gradually switch to crackers, vegetables and fruits, but eat everything without salt. Eat pumpkin in all forms. Beef broth do not give until complete recovery, as it contains a lot of salts from meat. When going to meat dishes It is better to give rabbit meat first, then pork, beef, chicken. Even during a calm period, exclude salty, fatty and smoked foods, canned food, etc.

For kidney diseases, and especially nephritis, radishes, peas, seaweed. Drink 2 glasses of rosehip infusion per day.

Kidney nephritis is an inflammation that often leads to changes in the tissues of paired organs. In most cases, the inflammatory process involves the vessels of the kidneys, their glomeruli, as well as the tubules and pyelocaliceal systems. Nephritis can develop in both adults and children, however, more often this disease affects the weaker half of humanity. Glomerulonephritis is most often diagnosed; this disease occurs in 80% of patients who consult a doctor about inflammatory process in the kidneys.

Kidneys are the body’s cleansing filters; in addition, they are involved in the process of hematopoiesis, metabolism, they maintain water balance in the body, and play an important role in maintaining normal level pressure in the arteries. Therefore, kidney diseases significantly undermine the functioning of the entire body as a whole.

There are several types of nephritis, they are distinguished depending on which part of the organ has undergone an inflammatory process:

• if kidney inflammation occurs in the glomeruli (glomeruli), the pathology is called glomerulonephritis;
• if the pathological process affects the pyelocaliceal system, they speak of pyelonephritis;
• and if the tubules and interstitium are involved in the process, this is tubulointerstitial nephritis.

In addition, nephritis is divided into acute and chronic, and also differs in the degree of damage - diffuse or focal. Primary nephritis is an independent disease, and if the disease develops against the background of an existing disease of the kidneys or other organs, it is secondary nephritis.

There are several other types of jade:

• lupus – systemic lupus erythematosus syndrome;
• hereditary;
• a purulent process in the tissues that surround the paired organs is paranephritis, the kidneys can hurt so much that the patient cannot even breathe fully;
• embolic purulent;
• ray;
• toxic.

In order to determine what type of specific kidney inflammation it is, it is necessary to find out what changes occur in their tissues, how widespread they are, and how the excretory function of the organs has changed.

All types of nephritis are quite serious pathologies that threaten a person with serious complications, including kidney failure. That is why it is necessary to treat the kidneys as soon as the first signs of the disease appear.

If we take all organ transplantations as a whole, then kidney transplants account for more than 60% of all operations.

Causes and risk factors

Each type of illness may have its own characteristic causes. For example, interstitial nephritis often results from an allergic reaction to various medicines, more so on antibiotics. Pyelonephritis most often develops as a result of infections. But there are, of course, other factors that can give impetus to the development of the disease.

The reasons why nephritis may develop may be as follows:

• genetic predisposition - often experts note the occurrence of the disease from generation to generation;
• infection – hepatitis, HIV and others;
• diseases of the immune system;
• uncontrolled and long-term use of antibacterial agents, diuretics, painkillers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

In some cases, the cause of nephritis remains unknown.

As for risk factors, they include the following:

• frequent increases in pressure in the arteries - hypertension;
• excess weight;
• diabetes;
• heart ailments;
• advanced age;
• prolonged hypothermia of the body;
• various gynecological diseases;
• injuries of paired organs;
• surgical interventions performed in the urinary tract;
• oncology.

The acute form of the disease can occur at any age, while the chronic form develops in adults. In children, chronic nephritis can be diagnosed due to genetic diseases associated with metabolic disorders in the body.

Children who have a history of:

• lupus, - Wegener's granulomatosis;
• vasculitis;
• polyarthritis nodosa;
• Alport syndrome;
• the presence of infectious diseases caused by streptococci.

Symptomatic manifestations

The clinical manifestations of the disease directly depend on its form and type. Infectious inflammatory processes in acute form often occur in patients over 35 years of age; they begin to appear a few days after an infectious disease or hypothermia.

Symptoms:

• pain in the lumbar region;
• sudden weakness and increased temperature;
• increased thirst and dry mouth mucous membranes;
• bloating;
• nausea;
• frequent urination or other disturbances in the process of urine excretion;
• blood in urine;
• swelling, increased blood pressure.

Swelling occurs with almost all nephritis if therapy was not provided on time.

The face swells first, to a greater extent eyelids, and then the swelling spreads to the entire body and limbs. Edema is dangerous because it progresses very quickly and can be localized in the lungs, and it also seriously impairs the functioning of the heart and leads to the development of heart failure. However, infectious nephritis in its acute form most often ends in complete recovery, and only with inadequate therapy can it become chronic.

With chronic nephritis, the patient's blood pressure increases, but this symptom is not considered dangerous; in addition, the pressure can increase for another six months after the acute form of the disease. Chronic nephritis provokes frequent exacerbations; this form can last a long time, while a person feels weakened even during periods of remission. If this condition is ignored and no treatment is provided, the glomeruli die over time and the patient develops renal failure.

If nephritis develops as a secondary disease, the symptoms will be as follows:

• the skin turns pale;
• swelling appears;
• protein suspensions are found in the urine;
• pressure in the arteries is increased;
• the amount of urine excreted sharply decreases, in some cases anuria is observed.

Diagnostic measures

Diagnosis of nephritis is not particularly difficult; if symptoms occur that indicate kidney problems, you should contact a nephrologist, urologist, therapist or pediatrician.

The specialist will carry out the following activities:

1. Studying the medical history of both the patient himself and his close relatives. This may help the doctor determine the etiology of the disease.
2. Examination of the patient. This procedure involves studying skin, palpation of the renal-lumbar region, measurement of pressure and body temperature.
3. A survey of the patient during which it will be found out what symptoms bother the patient, the nature of the severity of the symptoms, when the manifestations were first noticed, etc. All this is also necessary to determine the form of the disease.

The doctor will refer the patient for laboratory diagnostics:

• blood test (clinical);
• blood biochemistry;
• urine test (clinical). This study is fundamental in determining the form and stage of the disease;
• urine test for bacteriological culture - to determine the likely infectious pathogen.

In addition, instrumental diagnostics will be required, which consists of the following activities:

• Ultrasound of the kidneys;
• X-ray;
• radioisotope research;
• monitoring blood pressure throughout the day.

Only after all the research has been carried out and the results obtained can be processed, the doctor can accurately make a diagnosis and choose the most optimal treatment tactics for the disease. Self-diagnosis and prescribing medications are unacceptable.

Possible complications

The most common complications of nephritis are anuria, pulmonary edema, cerebral apoplexy, congestive processes in the lungs, and acute psychosis. In 10% of cases, eclamptic attacks may develop, however, they end successfully - the patient’s condition stabilizes and improves. At the onset of the disease, acute heart failure may develop, which is manifested by shortness of breath, cyanosis, wheezing, and cough.

After severe inflammatory processes, the patient is often diagnosed with kidney failure, which leads to an imbalance in the body, as a result of which the composition of the blood may change. One of the complications may be blood clots and stroke. These ailments develop as a result of the fact that a large amount of protein is excreted from the body, which the body urgently needs for normal functioning.

Treatment methods

There is no single treatment for all diseases that affect the kidneys! Therapy is prescribed by a doctor taking into account large quantity factors. As a rule, treatment of acute nephritis is carried out in a hospital setting, in this case the following medications are used:

• antibacterial agents;
• diuretics;
• anti-inflammatory drugs;
• antihypertensive drugs;
• calcium preparations;
• vitamins.

During treatment, the patient is periodically tested to determine the dynamics of treatment and monitor his condition.

If there is no positive dynamics, it may be necessary to cleanse the blood of toxins, waste and breakdown products. Such procedures increase the body's response to the use of medications.

Antibacterial therapy is carried out using the following drugs:

• Ampicillin;
• Amoxicillin;
• Cefotaxime;
• Amikacin;
• Cefuroxime.

Uroantiseptics:

• Furazidine;
• pipemidic acid;
• oxolinic acid;
• nalidixic acid.

Antibacterial therapy for acute nephritis continues for 3 weeks, after which the patient is prescribed a course of anti-inflammatory decoctions and tinctures of plant origin.

Immunostimulants are prescribed to children as prophylactic agents:

• Reaferon;
• Viferon.

This therapy is carried out if the child:

• nephritis often recurs;
• lingering nephritis;
• infections in the body.

Immunotherapy is prescribed after the acute form of the disease gives way to subacute. In the acute form of the disease, it is not advisable to prescribe immunomodulators.

In Europe, bacteriophages are very popular for the treatment of nephritis, but such treatment is quite expensive. Surgical intervention is indicated in severe and emergency cases. In this case, doctors have to remove the infected tissue to prevent the development of sepsis. If a patient is diagnosed with kidney failure, an organ transplant is necessary.

Diet for nephritis

Without proper nutrition treatment of the disease will not be successful. The diet should be high in calories and balanced. Provided that the functionality of the organs is preserved, strict diet It is not necessary to adhere to it, you just need to limit the salt so as not to overload the kidneys.

Diet principles:

• introduction of high protein foods into the diet;
• increasing the calorie content of food due to carbohydrates and fats;
• consumption of fruits and vegetables;
• maintaining a balance of water and salt.

From flour products it is necessary to eat bread with minimum quantity salt. It is better to choose dairy or vegetarian soups, with the addition of fresh herbs. As for meat and fish, low-fat varieties are recommended. Eggs can be consumed no more than 1 egg per day. It is better to drink fruit and vegetable juices, as well as herbal decoctions and infusions.

Traditional methods of treatment

Before starting treatment with folk remedies, it is recommended to consult with your doctor. A collection of nettles, birch and strawberry leaves, and flax seeds will help relieve inflammation.

The root of parsley, asparagus and celery, as well as fennel fruits, have a diuretic effect. Often, for nephritis, decoctions of bearberry, comfrey, juniper fruits, and blackberry leaves are used.

Jade can be treated not only with herbs; watermelon has a diuretic. In addition to consuming its tasty pulp, you can also brew the berry peel. This product perfectly relieves puffiness.

Prognosis and prevention

The prognosis of the disease directly depends on timely diagnosis and adequate treatment of the disease. In most cases, the prognosis is positive, but sometimes the disease can become complicated or become chronic. If the disease continues to be ignored and no treatment is provided, kidney failure develops.

A purulent form of the disease can become a dangerous disease with a poor prognosis. If this form is not treated immediately, it can cause sepsis and be fatal.

As for preventive measures, they come down to attentive attitude towards one’s own body and a timely response to any manifestations of discomfort. At the first symptoms, you should consult a doctor for advice.

It is very important to protect your body from hypothermia, boost your immunity, and also:

• not to accept medications without prescribing a var;
• do not take painkillers in large quantities;
• do not use herbal teas that are contraindicated for kidney disease;
• eliminate stressful situations;
• carefully treat infectious and viral diseases.

You should treat jades with extreme care, especially when it comes to children. Children are more often exposed to hypothermia than adults, and acute nephritis is often diagnosed in them. If you suspect kidney disease, you should immediately contact a specialist for help. Parents should especially closely monitor the condition of a child who has recently had an infectious or viral illness.

Kidney nephritis is an inflammatory bilateral hematogenous disease, accompanied by changes in the glomeruli or kidney tissue. The disease is manifested by albuminuria and hematuria, and in the case of diffuse damage - edema and hypertension.

Classification of jades

Nephrites are divided into types:

• pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys with damage to the pelvis, calyces and parenchyma);
• glomerulonephritis (with damage to the renal glomeruli);
• shunt nephritis (with deposition of immune complexes around the glomeruli);
• radiation nephritis, which occurs under the influence of ionizing radiation (with degeneration of the tubular epithelium and their atrophy);
• interstitial nephritis (with damage to the interstitial tissue of the kidneys and tubules).

To classify kidney disease nephritis as one or another type in each specific case, it is necessary to identify the prevalence and nature of the pathological process in the kidneys, the course of the disease, the preservation or loss of excretory function of the kidneys.

Nephritis according to localization and distribution are divided into:

• diffuse (with damage to the renal glomeruli);
• focal (with damage to the renal interstitial tissue).

As the disease progresses, nephritis occurs:

• sharp,
• subacute,
• subchronically,
• chronically.

Based on the presence or absence of kidney function, nephritis is divided into:

• disease with normal kidney function;
• disease with renal failure.

The renal glomeruli and tubules form a single functional unit Therefore, with deep lesions of the glomeruli, pathological changes in the renal tubules most often occur. In such cases we're talking about about nephroso-nephritis.

Causes

The causative agents of infections that affect the kidneys with the subsequent occurrence of nephritis are coccal microbes. By frequency, nephritis pathogens are arranged in the following order:

• streptococcus,
• meningococcus,
• Pneumococcus,
• gonococcus

Kidney disease - nephritis can occur after diseases:

• flu,
• malaria,
• measles,
• streptotrichosis,
• tonsillar tonsillitis.

An interesting fact is that of all tonsillitis, the most dangerous in terms of provoking nephritis is the simplest superficial form of tonsillitis with subtle manifestations. In rare cases, the causative agents of infection lie even in the appendix, gallbladder or dental granulomas, therefore treatment of kidney nephritis is most successful when identifying and eliminating the source of infection. Hypothermia is an additional provoking factor. Acute glomerulonephritis sometimes manifests itself as a result of allergies, toxicoses and intoxications.

Symptoms

Symptoms of kidney nephritis are often similar to those of other diseases. Characteristic subjective manifestations of nephritis are:

• weakness,
• headache,
• pain in the kidney area,
• dyspnea,
• nausea,
• frequent urination.

Objective signs of nephritis are:

• increased blood pressure;
• oliguria;
• changes in the composition of urine (hematuria, cylindruria, albuminuria);
• swelling, especially of the face;
• some forms of cardiovascular failure.

When diagnosing nephritis, it should be taken into account that some symptoms may be absent.

Treatment

There is no single method for treating all types of nephritis. For example, with an early diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis or at the initial stage of diffuse glomerulonephritis, complete rest in a horizontal position and refusal of medications are recommended. In addition, a strict diet (to the point of complete refusal of food) or dry eating of fruits and starchy foods is prescribed, with a reduction in the consumption of protein foods (meat and dairy products) to 25 g per day.

The consequence of nephritis can be chronic renal failure, which is divided depending on the impairment of renal function into reversible and irreversible stages. Treatment is prescribed depending on the type and stage of nephritis and is carried out in a hospital setting.

Drug treatment most often involves the use of:

• diuretics;
• antibacterial drugs;
• preparations of rutin, calcium, ascorbic acid;
• antihistamines;
• antihypertensive drugs;
• heart medications.

In case of complex disease, glucocorticosteroids and cytostatics are used. In crisis situations, plasmapheresis and blood hemosorption are prescribed. In some cases, surgery is indicated to remove the source of infection. In the irreversible stage of renal failure, hemodialysis (artificial kidney), peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant surgery are used.

Phototherapy

Nephritis is a kidney disease that can be treated with to varying degrees depending on the type, stage and course of the disease, various herbal preparations can be used, for example:

1. In equal proportions, a collection of cornflower flowers, chamomile, calendula, yarrow herbs, meadowsweet, astragalus, golden rod, lingonberry leaves, licorice rhizomes and flax seeds (10 g is poured with 300 ml of cold boiling water for 3 hours, then boiled for 5–7 minutes over low heat , filter after half an hour). Take a third of a glass after each meal.
2. In equal proportions, collections of lungwort and woodruff herbs, asparagus rhizomes, birch leaves, gorse, lingonberries and nettles, corn silk and wild strawberries (whole plant) (10 g is poured into a glass of boiling water and boiled for 10 minutes over low heat, after an hour and a half, filtered and drunk in small sips all day).

Quantity folk recipes for treatment various types nephritis is high, but it should be borne in mind that herbal medicine does not replace hospital treatment in compliance with all medical recommendations. The earlier the diagnosis and cause of the disease are established, the higher the effectiveness of treatment.

Nephritis is a kidney disease associated with kidney inflammation and deterioration of functionality. Kidneys are vital organs that cleanse the blood of toxic compounds and maintain water-salt balance throughout the body. Advanced kidney diseases lead to kidney failure and poisoning of a person with products of his own metabolism and toxins.

Classification and causes of nephritis

At different types Nephritis affects various parts of the kidney - the glomeruli, tubules or interstitial tissues of the organ.

Classification:

• glomerulonephritis (glomerular nephritis) – inflammation of the glomeruli (kidney glomeruli);
• pyelonephritis – affects the pyelocaliceal system;
• interstitial (tubulointerstitial) nephritis is a pathology of the tubules and surrounding tissue.

The origin of diseases is varied. Possible factors occurrence of nephritis:

• infectious diseases;
• taking certain medications;
• congenital pathologies;
• other reasons (injuries, allergies, vaccinations, insect bites, etc.).

It is known that such kidney disease can be caused by radiation exposure or severe poisoning.

Glomerulonephritis

Glomerular nephritis, or glomerulonephritis, is an immuno-allergic inflammatory pathology that affects the glomeruli of the kidneys.

Primary glomerulonephritis occurs due to a violation of the morphology of the kidneys. Secondary – due to infections, drug addiction or cancer.

The disease can be acute or chronic, with repeated exacerbations and periods of rest. A subacute (malignant) form is distinguished separately.

Causes:

• Infectious diseases caused by beta-hemolytic streptococcus most often lead to glomerulonephritis.
• Diseases caused by pneumococcus, staphylococcus, hepatitis C virus. Glomerulonephritis can appear 1-3 weeks after influenza or infections respiratory tract(tonsillitis, laryngitis).
• Allergies, insect bites, trauma, insolation, intolerance food products or medications.

During an infection, the immune system produces antibodies to pathogenic microorganisms. Antibody complexes act on the vessels of the glomerulus, which becomes inflamed during nephritis.

Pyelonephritis

This is a kidney disease in which destructive process affects the pyelocaliceal structure of the organ.

The cause of this nephritis in most people is E. coli. Other microorganisms that cause the disease include Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. Less than 5% of cases are gram-positive staphylococci and enterococci.

Organs become infected:

• ascending route - from the lower urinary tract or genital organs;
• hematogenously - due to acute inflammation outside genitourinary system(mastitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.).

Pyelonephritis in the acute stage can lead to renal failure.

Interstitial

Interstitial nephritis of the kidneys is characterized by a destructive-inflammatory process of connective tissue.

You can get sick due to taking antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Other factors include previous infections (sore throat, diphtheria), poisoning, burns, and injuries.

Medicines that can provoke the disease:

• antibiotics (Penicillin, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin);
• antiviral drugs (Acyclovir);
• most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
• diuretics (Furosemide, Triamterene);
• antihypertensives (Amlodipine, Captopril).

The risk of nephritis has been identified in people taking herbal medicines based on Chinese herbs. Plants containing aristolochic acid are unfavorable.

Characterized by polyuria, weakness, and a tendency to form kidney stones. Hypertension is expressed in 30-45% of patients.

Treatment involves stopping the drug that caused the discomfort, vitamin complexes, antihistamines and antisclerotic drugs.

Purulent

Pyelonephritis can occur with severe and dangerous complications, in purulent forms. These include apostematous nephritis, carbuncle, and kidney abscess.

Complications with the occurrence of purulent processes can be a consequence of uncontrolled use of antibiotics. The immune system forms antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms. As a result, the classical treatment regimen for pyelonephritis becomes insufficiently effective. The inflammatory process gets out of control, flowing into suppuration of the kidneys.

Ray

Radiation nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys due to radiation. The disease occurs both after strong single radiation exposure and with prolonged exposure to small doses. The kidneys are most sensitive to the effects of radioactive radiation.

This type of nephritis can develop both during irradiation of the lumbar region directly and against the background of general radiation sickness. Dystrophic changes The renal glomeruli and tubular system are affected.

The clinical picture of the disease is changes in the composition of urine, hypertension, anemia, swelling. Treatment is similar to that of interstitial nephritis caused by other causes.

Toxic

This variety occurs under the influence of poisonous chemical substances. These include lead, mercury, nitrogen-containing compounds, cyanides, insecticides, etc. Toxic nephritis is typical for workers who directly deal with pesticides, polymers, and synthetic rubber.

The second factor is biological poisoning - poisonous mushrooms, snake and insect bites, poor quality food, as well as alcoholism.

Due to severe defeat toxic substances kidney failure can be fatal.

Lupus

This is the name for kidney damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This is a disease of unknown etiology that provokes immune complex inflammation of the connective tissue of organs.

Suspected factors for lupus nephritis:

• genetic predisposition;
• increased estrogen levels;
• ultraviolet irradiation;
• past infectious diseases.

The external manifestations of SLE are red rashes on the skin. But it is possible to reliably detect the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus only by the results of a blood test.

Treatment depends on the form of the disease and ranges from hormone therapy to kidney transplantation.

Congenital

Hereditary nephritis is classified as a genetically determined type of glomerulopathology. A child is diagnosed with a disorder in the morphology of the renal glomeruli. This disease is often accompanied by hearing loss and blindness.

The first symptoms of kidney damage become visible between the ages of 3 and 10 years. Hematuria (blood in the urine) may spontaneously appear and disappear in a child. To clarify the diagnosis, a biopsy of renal tissue is prescribed.

Effective ways There is no treatment for hereditary nephritis. The child is prescribed a gentle regime, restriction physical activity, diet.

Primary and secondary

Types of kidney nephritis include primary and secondary. Primary nephritis has no previous disease. Secondary may be a consequence of autoimmune diseases, allergies, infections. The cause is diabetes, oncology or alcoholism.

Diffuse and focal

All types of nephritis can be divided into diffuse or focal. With the diffuse nature of the disease, the systemic immunoinflammatory process affects the entire tissue of the damaged organ. In case of focal - the lesion is localized in certain places(foci) kidneys.

Acute and chronic

An acute form of nephritis can occur in any of the types of this disease. This term refers to a rapidly developing inflammatory process. Characteristic heat and severe pain.

A chronic disease accompanies a person for a long time, alternating stages of exacerbation and remission. Treatment is reduced to reducing the frequency of exacerbations and increasing periods of remission.

Symptoms of nephritis

The first manifestation of acute nephritis is a physiologically insufficient amount of urine that a person excretes per day and a change in its color. If the volume of fluid during urination in 24 hours is less than 400 ml, a person has oliguria - one of the symptoms of nephritis.

An indispensable sign of the disease is hematuria, the presence of blood in the urine in excess of the physiological norm. In a situation of gross hematuria, the redness of the urine is visible to the naked eye. For microhematuria, examination is carried out under a microscope. In a normal urine sample, the permissible number of red blood cells is no more than 1-2 cells in the field of view of the device.

Signs of jade:

• general weakness, lethargy, pallor;
• poor appetite;
• nausea;
• pain in the lumbar region;
• frequent and painful urination;
• pale skin, swelling of the face;
• temperature jump.

In advanced cases, chills and renal colic begin. With purulent forms of nephritis, the temperature rises to 40-41 degrees.

Possible consequences of inflammation

Acute diffuse glomerulonephritis is accompanied by arterial hypertension. Arterial pressure does not reach excessively high values, but can provoke acute heart failure.

Some types of disease (pyelonephritis, toxic) can cause kidney failure, which is dangerously fatal.

How to make a diagnosis

You need to immediately contact a therapist, and he will refer you to a urologist or nephrologist - a more specialized specialist. The disease is diagnosed using urine tests, blood tests, kidney ultrasound, and radiography. A general urine test reveals bacteriuria and high level leukocytes. Ultrasound shows asymmetric changes in the shape of the kidneys and deformation of the pyelocaliceal system.

How to treat kidney inflammation

A nephrologist or urologist prescribes drug therapy, bed rest and a diet with strict salt restriction. This measure will force the body to intensively secrete water and lead to a decrease in swelling and hypertension.

In case of acute pyelonephritis, it is advisable to go to the hospital. If the disease occurs in a purulent form, being under the supervision of doctors is mandatory.

Treatment with medications

Nephritis is treated with penicillin antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin) and fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Norfloxacin). Medicine to reduce edema - Furosemide and similar diuretics. Cardiac activity is supported by antihypertensive drugs (Atenolol, Metoprolol).

If necessary, drug therapy for nephritis is supplemented with antihistamines(Kestin, Loratadine).

For normal functioning of the urinary system, vitamins A, C, E, which have antioxidant properties, are necessary. Vitamin P (rutin) stimulates urine production.

Blood purification

A diseased nephron may not cope with its functions of cleaning the body. In this case, treatment of kidney nephritis involves hemodialysis. This is a procedure for cleansing the blood of nitrogenous substances using an artificial kidney medical device. A process that replaces the natural function of the kidneys removes toxic substances, fluid, urea, and creatinine from the body.

To connect to the device, a preliminary operation is performed on the forearm, forming a vessel. During the hemodialysis procedure, a needle with a tube is inserted into the vessel, the blood enters the “artificial kidney” machine, where it is purified. After which the blood is delivered back to the patient’s vessels.

Hemodialysis is carried out 3 times a week, the duration of the procedure is 4 hours. The patient is on artificial purification until transplantation of a donor kidney or for life.

For chronic renal failure, peritoneal dialysis is also used. The abdominal cavity is periodically filled with a special saline solution through a drainage tube inserted through a puncture in the abdominal wall. A person is injected with about 2 liters of dialysate. The solution is in the abdomen, equalizing the concentration of harmful substances, then an excretory catheter is used to drain it.

Diet

A necessary condition for therapy is treatment table No. 7, developed by M.I. Pevzner, and his variants. A salt-free, gentle diet involves limiting proteins, especially meat and fish. Instead, they eat eggs and dairy products. Carbohydrates and fats are included in the menu in the same way as in a normal diet.

The diet is designed to reduce swelling and stimulate the removal of metabolic products from the body. Meals are fractional, 5-6 times a day, the amount of free liquid is limited to a liter per day.

Surgical techniques

Surgery is indicated for purulent pyelonephritis. Doctors decapsulate the kidney, remove ulcers and carbuncles. If it is impossible to excise the affected areas, the kidney is removed (an operation called nephrectomy).

In incurable stages of chronic renal failure, a donor kidney transplant is performed. Of all the means of renal replacement therapy - hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation - transplantation is the most effective. Whenever possible, such operations are performed on children, since the development of a child on hemodialysis causes difficulties.

Folk remedies

Use in the acute stage folk remedies pointless and even dangerous. When nephritis is in remission, herbal kidney teas are brewed. They eat lingonberries, bearberry (1 tbsp per glass of boiling water), and a decoction of young birch leaves.

The decoction is prepared in this way: 200 g of leaves and a tablespoon of birch buds are poured with a liter of boiled water. Heat over low heat for 20 minutes, cool, strain. Drink a tablespoon 3-4 times a day.

Lingonberry has a diuretic (diuretic) and antiseptic effect. To treat jade, take a decoction of lingonberries (100 g of leaves per 2.5 liters of boiling water), lingonberry juice (a quarter glass of berry juice in 3/4 glass of water). Sold in pharmacies ready collection for tea or herbal tea Nephrotin Healthy Kidneys. Lingonberries are used with caution for urolithiasis.

Nephritis(from Greek nephros – kidney) – inflammatory disease kidneys, usually bilateral, characterized by predominant damage to the renal glomeruli, in contrast to nephrosis , in which the lesion affects mainly the renal tubules.
There are diffuse (spread) and focal nephritis.
The first is characterized by diffuse, diffuse inflammation of both kidneys. Focal nephrosis is an inflammation of a limited number of renal glomeruli and, as a rule, is not an independent disease, but only one of the manifestations of some acute or chronic infectious process. Diffuse nephritis can be acute or chronic.

Causes.

The cause of acute nephritis is most often some acute infectious disease caused by streptococcus (scarlet fever, erysipelas, etc.). Sudden cooling of the body, especially in combination with wet clothes, has great importance in the development of the disease. Acute nephritis is a disease predominantly of young people; Children and adolescents often get it.

Clinical symptoms.

The disease usually begins not during an infectious disease, but 10-15 days after it.
There is a feeling of weakness, slight pain in the lumbar region and sometimes a slight increase in temperature.

But the main manifestations of the disease are:

• Edema,
• Increased blood pressure,
• Changes in urine.

Edema very often they are the first symptom of acute nephritis that attracts the patient’s attention. Starting from the face, especially in the eyelid area, the swelling spread to the entire body. The face becomes puffy and pale. Often, within a short time, swelling reaches enormous proportions; then, in addition to edema, that is, accumulation of water in the subcutaneous tissue, there is usually an accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity(so-called ascites), in the cavity of the pleura and in the cavity of the cardiac membrane.

Acute nephritis is a disease not only of the kidneys, but also of the entire vascular system organism, in which the kidney vessels suffer especially severely.
This is associated with the development of the second important symptom of acute nephritis - increased blood pressure , Hypertension.
When examining the fundus, vasospasm and hemorrhages from the smallest of the small arteries of the retina are often detected.

The third important sign of acute nephritis is Urine changes: a sharp decrease in the amount of urine, as significant amount fluid is not released from the body, but remains in the form of edema and accumulation of water in the body cavities; admixture of blood in the urine (hematuria) and the protein content in it (albuminuria), usually reaching 2-3%, and often 10-15%.

The course of acute nephritis is favorable in most cases. The disease usually ends with complete recovery within 1-3 months. Sometimes a long time (up to 6-9 months) is observed residual effects in the form of a slight increase in blood pressure or bleeding in the urine. An unfavorable outcome of acute nephritis is its transition to the chronic stage.

Complications.

Often when Ostrom Jade complications may arise.
The main ones are acute And uh clamptic seizures .
Acute heart failure may occur mainly in the first days of the disease: shortness of breath, cyanosis appear, the size of the heart is increased; congestion soon develops in the lungs (cough with sputum, moist rales), which in some cases can reach dangerous proportions, even leading to pulmonary edema.

Reason eclampsia are rapidly developing cerebral edema, as well as spasm of cerebral vessels. A persistent headache, sometimes accompanied by vomiting, is often a harbinger of an eclamptic seizure. The seizure is quite difficult, but, as a rule, it ends well: the patient’s condition after the seizure quickly and dramatically improves.

Chronic Nephritis develops most often as a result of untreated acute nephritis. If within 6-9 months after the onset of acute nephritis the main signs of the disease do not disappear, then we can assume the transition of acute nephritis to chronic.
The course of chronic nephritis is characterized by alternating periods of calm, when patients experience almost no painful sensations, with periods of exacerbation, usually occurring after an infection (flu, etc.).

Chronic nephritis usually has a long course. During periods of calm, patients experience general weakness, fatigue, decreased appetite, and sometimes minor headaches. Blood pressure may be slightly elevated, and the urine contains a small amount of protein and blood. During exacerbations, almost all the same symptoms are observed as with acute nephritis. In severe cases, as the chronic inflammatory process progresses, with each exacerbation more and more of the renal glomeruli die, become empty, and are replaced connective tissue; the kidneys decrease in size. The death and neglect of a large number of renal glomeruli can lead to the development of renal failure, that is, to the retention of toxins due to impaired filtration, which, accumulating in the blood, cause self-poisoning of the body - uremia. In this condition, the patient's death may occur.

Focal nephritis , Unlike Diffuse, characterized only urinary symptoms, that is, the presence of red blood cells and a small amount of protein in the urine. Edema, increased blood pressure and other general symptoms of diffuse nephritis do not occur with focal nephritis.

Prevention.

Prevention of acute nephritis consists of fighting infectious diseases that may be the cause of the disease, as well as strengthening and hardening the body. It is very important to treat carefully chronic inflammation tonsils (tonsillitis), up to their surgical removal. The best prevention of chronic nephritis is timely and rational treatment of acute nephritis.

TREATMENT OF JADE.

Treatment how spicy, so and chronic nephritis must be carried out under systematic observation doctor
Patients with acute nephritis must observe strict bed rest.
In the first 2 days, it is advisable for the patient to be prescribed almost complete fasting. You can only consume 100g of sugar and 2 glasses of water. Subsequently, a diet is prescribed with a limitation of the content of table salt in food (no more than 5 g per day) and a decrease in the amount of liquid (from 800 ml to 1 liter per day), as well as animal proteins (meat). The duration of bed rest and general disability of the patient is decided by the doctor in each special case individually.

At Heart failure and hypertension Symptomatic treatment is carried out according to general rules:

• Cardiac glycosides,
• Diuretics(hypothiazide, furosemide),
• ACE inhibitors,
• Beta blockers. Drugs are prescribed depending on the patient’s condition and concomitant diseases.

To enhance diuresis and preventCerebral edema, Eclampsia required:

• Dehydration therapy - Diuretics,
• For acute nephritis it is prescribed Antibacterial therapy (Antibiotics- Penicillin, Ampicillin, Erythromycin).

It is forbidden ! Furodonin, Sulfonamides, Aminoglycosides, Nonsteroids, Piperidic acid, Negram, Palin, Fluoroquinols.

At chronic nephritis V different periods diseases - different treatments.
During the calm period, adherence to the general regime is required (beware infectious diseases, colds, wet clothes, overwork) and dietary restrictions (salted and smoked foods, canned food, spices, etc.)
It is necessary to ensure a dry and warm climate in the apartment. During periods of exacerbation, treatment is the same as for acute nephritis.
Treatment of focal nephritis consists of radical treatment of those inflammatory, infectious foci (chronic tonsillitis, dental disease, inflammation of the gallbladder, etc.) that caused its development.

For Complications.

For Significant Edema -- Urgently!

• Furosemide --- IV p. 40 -1000 mg.
• Morphine--- 5-10 ml. intravenous line once
• Bloodletting--- not less than 400 ml

It is forbidden ! Cardiac glycosides (may cause bradycardia)

For Encephalopathy with Eclampsia - severe headache, nausea, vomiting.

• Magnesium sulfate IV
• Furosemide IV
• Diazepam IV, one after another.