P.1. Foreign names and surnames naming male persons ending in a consonant and an unstressed vowel are declined - A.
Foreign language female surnames don't bow down.
Ashot Petrosyan – opinion of Ashot Petrosyan ( But: Galina Petrosyan); George Byron - poems by George Byron(But: Ada Byron); Anatoly Belaga – textbook Anatoly Belaga.
Foreign language surnames ending in vowels are not declined (except for the unstressed vowel - A; Eugene Delacroix– drawings by Eugene Delacroix, Alphonse Daudet – novel by Alphonse Daudet, Giuseppe Verdi – music by Giuseppe Verdi, Jorge Amadou – the talent of Jorge Amadou, Sergo Zakariadze – the role of Sergo Zakariadze.
Notes Declension of male surnames ending in a consonant or unstressed vowel -A, is explained by the analogy of these foreign-language surnames with Russian surnames ending in a consonant (Smirnov, Sinitsyn), as well as in an unstressed vowel - A(Smirnova, Sinitsyna).
Immutability of surnames in feminine is explained by the tendency to differentiate between male and female persons when calling them by their last name.
Nevertheless, there is a tendency to decline foreign-language female names and surnames ending in an unstressed vowel -A: Mariette Chikobava – the role of Mariet Chikobava and the role of Mariet Chikobava. Songs of Edita Piekha.
P.2. Foreign language inflected surnames and given names in the instrumental case have the ending - ohm, -eat. Meeting with President Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Friendship between Ogarev and Herzen.
P.3. Mostly Slavic surnames bow.
Leaning male and female surnames ending in -th(by type of declension of adjectives): Met Vasily Zadorozhny – Anna Zadorozhnaya; opinion Alexandra Pshenichny – Lyudmila Pshenichnaya.
Leaning male surnames ending in a consonant: Andrey Marchuk – knows Andrey Marchuk(But: I know Alena Marchuk).
Leaning male and female surnames ending in an unstressed vowel -A. Composer Mayboroda – music by Mayboroda, figure skater Padalka – Padalka’s performance. Vasily Yarga, Olga Yarga - a story by Vasily Yarga, Olga Yarga.
Don't bow Slavic surnames ending in
-ago, -ago (Dr. Dubyago's opinion);
-s, -them (letter from Peter Sedykh);
-ko, -o (poems by Taras Shevchenko, works of professor Nikolai Durnov).
P.4. Problems of declension/non-declension of Slavic surnames arise when Slavic (and some foreign language) surnames coincide with common nouns ( Andrey Selezen, Alla Music, Stanislav Uchenik, Andre Stahl).
Note. Linguistic experts point out the need for such surnames incline. In particular, in the Handbook of Practical Stylistics of the Modern Russian Language, Dr. philological sciences, Professor of Moscow State University Yu.A. Belchikov points out: “ Indeclination male surnames like Sheremet, Hare, Wolfconsidered an error, violation of the norm." And further: “Surnames that coincide in spelling with common nouns, as well as with personal names and toponyms, are perceived as a deviation from the norm that has developed in Russian language and in the linguistic consciousness of its speakers. In accordance with this norm, in order to avoid unwanted homonymy and inappropriate associations, the surname, if possible, should be somehow different from words denoting specific objects, body parts, abstract concepts, living beings, a person’s profession, position, rank, social status, etc. .p., as well as from personal names (both passport and unofficial, e.g. Pavlik, Lyubochka). The bearers of such surnames – as required by the norm – strive to separate them from homonymous common nouns and proper names by formal features.”
change the emphasis in the surname. Alexey Berlin - city of Berlin, Irina Verba - blooming pussy willow;
when declension of surnames, leave the letter composition unchanged (in cases where letters are dropped when declension of a common noun). Pyotr Koren is a root, if there is no Peter Koren, there is no root.
Note.“When declining surnames of the named types in order to reduce the possibility of inappropriate associations and unwanted homonymy, a noun or phrase with nouns is placed before the surname as the main word denoting the position, rank, profession, social status of the bearer of this surname. Book by writer Peter Sokol. Interview with the laureate of the singing competition Boris Pavlik, visiting the composer Andrei Melnik” (Cit. Recommendation by Yu.A. Belchikov);
"In documents, business papers, in information genres of the media (especially in news materials, in newsreels), in general in official situations in order to preserve the original (passport) form of the surname of the person (in nominative case singular) male surnames of the type in question don't bow. In such situations and contexts, it is recommended to use before the surname the designation of the official, social status of the bearer of this surname and / or his first name and patronymic. In connection with the anniversary of the Institute of Linguistics, award a certificate of honor to the head of the laboratory of applied linguistics, Professor A.V. Marshal. A group of French scientists led by academician Albert Cote took part in the conference. Roberta Sherif's dissertation defense. Discussion of the story by Stefan Korzh." (Quoted by Yu.A. Belchikov);
Surnames that can cause ridicule, and therefore disrespect for the bearers of these surnames, for ethical reasons or in accordance with the family traditions of the bearers of the problematic surname, may don't bow down. I don’t hear Seryozha Poganets answer. Misha Sliznyak was not in class today.
P.5. Female surnames of Slavic origin that coincide with common nouns do not decline with a consonant (including -y). T Irina Rekemchuk's phone, the role of Elena Solovey, Alla Zaigray's address.
P.6. Double first and last names. In double names and surnames, both parts are declined if they are independent proper nouns. Novels by Mamin-Sibiryak, fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen, books by Pierre-Henri Simon. If the first part of the first or last name is not perceived as an independent proper name, then it is not declined. Meeting with Bonch-Bruevich. Laugh at Gogol's mayor Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky.
Note. In Korean, Vietnamese compound names and surnames, only the last part. Kim Il Sung – speech by Kim Il Sung. Also, the first part of double names like Ahmad Shah, Zakir Khan. Negotiations with Ahmad Shah Masud, come to Zahir_Khan Mamedov.
P.7. Surnames denoting several persons.
If non-Russian surnames refer to two or more persons; the surname can be used in the singular or plural.
Form only plural with words father And son: father and son Schlegel.
Only singular form with word sisters: Fisher sisters.
In other cases, both singular and plural variants are used. Prize of the Goncourt and Goncourt brothers. Reception of the Nixon and Nixon spouses. Album with the coats of arms of Friesengoff and Friesengoff.
Note.Preference is given singular forms and the invariability of surnames denoting female persons, including in combination with male persons. Spouses Mariengof, Husband and wife Rosenberg. Father and daughter Ulrich.
P.8. When declension in the form of the instrumental case singular, foreign-language names and surnames have the ending - oh, -eat: Be friends with Karel Gott, with Bill Clinton, with George Bush.
(Compare with Russian surnames: Be friends with Ivanov, Pavlov).
Ivanov, Ozhegov, Krysin, Lopatin, Bunin, Fonvizin, Green, Tseitlin, Darwin. Male surnames -ov, -in(Russian and borrowed) are inclined: Ozhegov’s dictionary, the story belongs to Bunin, I’m waiting for Ivanov, talking with Krysin about Green.
Borrowed surnames -ov, -in which belong foreigners, in the form of the instrumental case they have an ending -ohm(as nouns of the second school declension, for example table, table): the theory was proposed by Darwin, the film was directed by Chaplin, the book was written by Cronin.(Interestingly, the pseudonym is also inclined Green, owned by a Russian writer: the book has been written Green.) Homonymous Russian surnames have the ending - th in the instrumental case: with Chaplin(from dialect word Chaplya"heron"), with Kronin(from crown).
Shukshina, Ilyina, Petrova, Fedorova, Graudina. Women's surnames -ina, -ova bow down. Surnames like Currant, Pearl Declined in two ways, depending on the declination of the male surname (Irina Zhemchuzhina and Irina Zhemchuzhina, Zoya Smorodina and Zoya Smorodina). If the man's surname is Zhemchuzhin, then correct: arrival of Irina Zhemchuzhina. If the man's surname is Pearl, then correct: arrival of Irina Zhemchuzhina(surname is declined as a common noun pearl).
Okudzhava, Globa, Shcherba, Vayda -and I unstressed, usually inflected (songs by Bulat Okudzhava, forecasts by Pavel Globa, films by Andrzej Wajda).
Gamsakhurdia, Beria, Danelia, Pihoya. Surnames starting with - ia do not bow: books by Konstantin Gamsakhurdia. In contrast, Georgian surnames start with - and I inflected: Beria's crimes, Danelia's films. Surnames starting with - oh inflected after the noun needles: about Rudolf Pihoy.
Mitta, Frying pan, Kvasha. Male and female surnames of Slavic origin in -A percussion bow (about Alexander Mitte, with Grigory Skovoroda, with Igor Kvasha).
Dumas, Zola, Gavalda. Male and female surnames of French origin in -and I drums don't bow (books by Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola, Anna Gavalda).
Korolenko, Dovzhenko, Shevchenko, Lukashenko, Petrenko. Male and female surnames -ko don't bow down.
Falcone, Gastello, Zhivago, Durnovo, Lando, Dante, Koni. Male and female surnames -o, -e, -i, -u, -yu don't bow down.
Blok, Gaft, Brockhaus, Hasek, Mickiewicz, Stirlitz, Dahl, Rosenthal, Gudziy, Macbeth. Male surnames ending in a consonant, whether soft or hard, are declined (Brockhaus encyclopedia, Mickiewicz's poetry, dictionary written by Dahl). Female surnames ending in a consonant are not declined (to Lyubov Dmitrievna Blok, memoirs of Nadezhda Mandelstam).
Black, Red, Twisted. Male and female surnames -s, -them don't bow down.
Kalakutskaya, Kalakutsky, White, White, Tolstaya, Tolstoy. Male and female surnames, which are adjective in form, are declined according to the adjective model:
I. p.: Andrey Bely, Tatyana Tolstaya
R. p.: Andrey Bely, Tatyana Tolstoy
D. p.: Andrey Bely, Tatyana Tolstoy
V. p.: Andrey Bely, Tatyana Tolstoy
T.p.: with Andrei Bely, with Tatyana Tolstaya
P. p.: about Andrei Bely, about Tatyana Tolstoy
See more...
Since school, many have learned the rule that when pronouncing and writing, women's surnames are not declined by case, but men's surnames are not declined, on the contrary, like similar adjectives or nouns. Is everything so simple, and are foreign male surnames inclined in Russian? This is the subject of this article, based on the monograph by L.P. Kalakutskaya, published in 1984.
Importance of the problem
There are many situations in which correct spelling and the correct pronunciation of surnames in different cases is very important:
- The child has started school and needs to sign his notebook or diary correctly.
- A young man or an adult man is awarded a diploma or letter of gratitude.
- At a serious event, the appearance or performance of a man with a complex surname is announced. It will be unpleasant if it is distorted.
- When preparing important documents (certificate, diploma) or preparing case materials to establish family ties(in court, at a notary).
- Knowing whether male surnames are inclined is necessary for people of many professions who deal with the preparation of personal files or other business papers.
Russian surnames
The most common surnames in Russia - with suffixes - sk (-tsk), ov (-ev), in (-yn): Razumovsky, Slutsky, Ivanov, Turgenev, Mukhin, Sinitsyn. All of them are easily declined, like ordinary adjectives, in both the feminine and masculine gender. Exception - surnames on -ov, -in, the ending of which in the prepositional case is somewhat different from the traditional one.
Foreign surnames with suffix -in (-yn) also have a discrepancy with Russians in the instrumental case. Let's look at an example:
Do men's surnames tend to th without suffix - sk, which are also found in Russia (Tolstoy, Berezhnoy, Sukhoi)? Few (in scientific works in philology there are them full list), they are easily changed by case in the same way as adjectives with similar endings.
Ukrainian surnames
The most famous Ukrainian surnames- on -enko And -ko: Bondarenko, Luchko, Molodyko. If you look at Russian literature, then in works of art(A.P. Chekhov, for example), writers are quite free with their writing in male version and in the plural: “Let’s go visit the Bondarenki.”
This is incorrect, because official writing differs from literary works and colloquial speech. The answer to the question whether Ukrainian male surnames tend to be - enko And -ko, unequivocal - no. Example:
- I am writing a letter to Oleg Bondarenko.
- She has an affair with Ivan Luchko.
And this applies to all surnames Ukrainian origin, even such rare ones as Alekhno, Rushailo, Soap, Tolokno. Surnames are never inclined to -ago, -ovo, -yago: Vodolago, Durnovo, Dubyago. What about those that end in consonants?
Surnames starting with the consonant -k
Historically, suffixes -uk (-yuk) indicated either a related or semantic affiliation: Ivan’s son is Ivanchuk, the cooper’s assistant is Bondarchuk. IN to a greater extent they are typical for the western part of Ukraine, but are widespread among all Slavic peoples. Do men's surnames tend to - uk?
According to the laws of the Russian language, female surnames do not change by case, but male surnames ending in a consonant (the exception is the ending -them, -s), bow without fail:
- I wrote a letter to Olga Dimitryuk.
- I was invited to visit Igor Shevchuk.
- I recently saw Sergei Ignatyuk.
All surnames expressed by nouns are also subject to change by case: Mole, Wolf, Wind, Pillar. There is one subtlety here: if the surname is Slavic, then the existing fluent vowel in the root is not always preserved. In jurisdictions, it is important to spell it out, although many sources do not consider pronunciation without it to be incorrect. As an example, consider the surname Hare. More often it is said: “She called Ivan Zayets.” This is acceptable, but more correct: “She called Ivan Zayats.”
Common in Ukraine and surnames in -ok, -hic: Pochinok, Gorelik. Knowing the rule that all male surnames with a consonant at the end change according to cases, it is easy to answer the question: do male surnames decline to -To:
- She came to the house of Ilya Pochinok (here the fluent vowel disappears).
- He knew Larisa Petrik well.
Exception to the rule
The Slavs often have family endings in -their(s): Chernykh, Ilyinsky. In the first half of the 20th century, men's surnames with similar endings were often changed by case. According to the norms of the Russian language today, this is incorrect.
The origin of these surnames from the plural adjective requires the preservation of their individuality:
- He greeted Peter Bela X.
Although there is a consonant at the end, this is an exception to the rule that you need to be aware of when answering the question of whether male surnames are declined.
Enough widespread ends in -h: Stojkovic, Rabinovich, Gorbach. The general rule applies here:
- Waiting for Semyon Rabinovich to visit.
- He really liked Anna Porkhach's exhibition.
Armenian surnames
Armenia is a small country with a population of barely more than 3 million people. But about 8.5 million members of the diaspora live in other countries, so they are widespread. They can often be identified by the traditional ending - an(-yang): Avdzhan, Dzhigarkhanyan. In ancient times there was a more archaic family form: -ants (-yantz), -untz, which is still common today in the south of Armenia: Kurants, Sarkisyants, Tonunts. Does an Armenian male surname decline?
It is subject to the rules of the Russian language, which have already been discussed in the article. Male surnames with a consonant at the end are subject to case declension:
- together with Armen Avjan ( wherein "together with Anush Avjan");
- watched a film with the participation of Georg Tonunts ( wherein "film with Lili Tonunts").
Ending with vowels
Male surnames remain unchanged if they, regardless of origin and affiliation with a particular country, end in the following vowels: i, s, y, yu, e, e. Example: Gandhi, Dzhusoity, Shoigu, Camus, Maigret, Manet. In this case, it does not matter at all whether the stress falls on the first or last syllable. These include Moldavian, Indian, French, Georgian, Italian and Example: “ Recently he read poems by Shota Rustaveli" But do men's surnames tend to - and I)?
Both options occur here, so it is better to present them in a table:
| Leaning | Don't bow | |
| Letters -and I) not under stress | The last letters follow the consonants: Pie Ha, Kaf ka.
| If the last letters follow a vowel - And: Pestilence ia, Gars and I.
|
| Letters -and I) are under stress | The last letters follow the consonants, but have Slavic roots: Loza, Mitta.
| The last letters follow consonants or vowels and are of French origin: Dumas, Benoit, Delacroix, Zola.
|
To consolidate knowledge of whether male surnames tend to - A, we offer you an algorithm that can always be at hand.
German surnames
The origin of Germanic surnames is similar to their history in other states: most are derived from personal names, place names, nicknames or occupations of their bearers.
Because German surnames change according to cases, they should be distinguished from Slavic ones. In addition to the common ones, such as Müller, Hoffman, Wittgenstein, Wolf, there are those ending in -their: Dietrich, Freundlich, Ulrich. In Russian surnames before -their rarely happen soft consonants, having solid vapors. This is explained by the fact that adjectives with similar stems are almost never found in the language. Slavic surnames, unlike German ones, are not declined (Pyatykh, Borovsky).
If the end is -ь or -й
The rule by which male surnames that have consonants without an ending as their basis are declined also applies to those cases when they are put at the end -ь or th. They change by case as nouns belonging to the second declension. However, in the instrumental case they have a special ending - om (eat). They are perceived as foreign. To answer the question whether male surnames tend to -ь And th, an example should be considered:
- Nominative (who?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Genitive (whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Dative (to whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Accusative (of whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Creative (by whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Prepositional (about whom?): about Vrubel, about Gaidai.
There are exceptions to the rule. Thus, discordant surnames (Pelmen), as well as those coinciding with geographical name(Uruguay, Taiwan). Even if it comes after a hissing word (Night, Mouse), the surname is inclined to be masculine.
Double and compound surnames
China, Vietnam and Korea are distinguished by the fact that their residents have compound surnames made up of several words. If they end in a consonant, then they are declined according to the general rules, but only their last part. Example:
- We listened to Kim Jong Il's speech.
Russian double surnames are declined in both parts according to general rules:
- painting by Petrov-Vodkin;
- Nemirovich-Danchenko Theater.
If the first part is not a surname, but serves integral part, it does not change by case:
- Ter-Ovanesyan's jump;
- work by Demut-Malinovsky.
Do men's surnames bow to others? foreign countries, completely depends on the rules of Russian grammar discussed in the article. The question of using the plural or singular when listing two persons remained unclear.
Singular and plural
In which cases the plural is used and in which the singular is used, it is best to see from the table:
Men's surnames, unlike women's, are declined, but there are many cases discussed in the article when they also cannot be changed. The main criteria are the ending of the word and the country of origin of the surname.
Declining:
1. Male non-Russian surnames ending with a consonant (Schmidt, Remchuk, Mayer, etc.). In double foreign-language surnames, the last part is declined (Conan Doyle, Ter-Ghevondyan, etc.).
2. Non-Russian surnames with an unstressed vowel -а/-я
(Creations of Pablo Neruda, songs of Bulat Okudzhava).
Do not bow:
1. Female non-Russian surnames ending with a consonant (Schmidt, Remchuk, Mayer, etc.).
2. Non-Russian surnames ending in the stressed vowel -а/-я (novels by Dumas).
3. Foreign surnames ending in vowels (Massenet, Rustavelli, Verdi, Ananiashvili, Donizetti, Mascagni, Bul-Bul ogly, etc.).
4. Surnames starting with -ago, -yago, -yh, -ikh, -ovo, -ko (Dubyago, Sedykh, Dolgikh).
5. Male and female surnames that coincide with common nouns (Rooster, Lynx, Wolf, Rat, Salo, Shilo, Throat, etc.).
The surname is used in the plural:
- with two male names (Peter and Andrey Makarevich),
- with the words husband and wife (husband and wife of Birikha),
- with the words father and son (father and son Weinermans).
- with two female names(Svetlana and Nina Kim),
- with female and male names (Olga and Oleg Bauer),
- with the word wife (wife Schmidt),
- with the words brother and sister (brother and sister Wulf).
Morphological norms of the adjective name
Education of degrees of comparison
1. When forming the degree of comparison of an adjective, the combination of simple and compound degrees of comparison should not be allowed (For example, the forms are erroneous: brighter, the whitest).
2. Three adjectives form a simple form comparative degree in a suppletive way. Bad is worse, good is better, small is less.
3. The unproductive suffix -e is characteristic of adjectives with a base on g, x, d, t, st, which alternate to a comparative degree with zh, sh, ch, sh (tight - tighter, dry - drier, thick - thicker, young - younger , steep - steeper). The suffix -she is also unproductive; only a few forms are found with it: further, thinner, earlier, older, longer.
4. Simple form the comparative degree cannot be formed from adjectives with the suffix -sk-: friendly, comic, childish, tragic, suffering; from many adjectives with the suffix -l-: emaciated, faded, dilapidated; from some adjectives with the suffixes -n- and -k-: manual, bloody, cumbersome; from adjectives with the suffix -ov-: business, ordinary; from adjectives with the suffixes -enk- (-onk-), -ovat-: plump, thin, rude; from adjectives with prefixes of subjective assessment: cheerful, stupid, cunning. Many of these adjectives are relative in origin. In this case, the compound form of the comparative degree is used.
5. Limitations in the formation of a simple comparative degree may also be due to the peculiarities of the semantics of adjectives. Among them are:
- adjectives denoting animal colors: dun, black, bay;
- adjectives of relative origin denoting colors: apricot, pomegranate, peach, cherry;
- words whose lexical meaning contains an element of comparison: equal, identical, analogous, identical, similar;
- adjectives, lexical meaning which does not allow the element of comparison: barefoot, blind, dumb, dead, deaf.
7. The simple form of the comparative degree can be complicated by the prefix po-, which enhances the degree of predominance of quality in one of the objects being compared: this room is larger; These threads are shorter. Such forms are typical for colloquial speech.
8. B literary language the following forms of the comparative degree of adjectives are accepted: more brisk, louder, more agile, sweeter, more trenchant, etc. (and not more lively, louder, more agile, sweeter, more trenchant).
9. In the form of a comparative degree (darker), the subject of comparison (darker than ...) must be indicated or an intensifying word must be added.
More on topic VI. Declension of surnames:
- § 10. The process of transition of words with expressive suffixes of the neuter gender -ishko, -enkov to the feminine declension paradigm
- §10. The process of transition of words with expressive suffixes of the neuter gender -ishko, -enko into the paradigm of feminine declension
Male surnames ending with stressed and unstressed sounds - o, - e, - e, - c, - u, - yu, as well as ending with a sound - a, with a vowel in front - do not decline, for example: the work of Daniel Defoe , literature review S.S.
Kurnogo, Gastello street. Russian male surnames that end in syllables - them, - yh, for example: under the leadership of Sedykh, practiced with Kovchikh, said P.P. Novoslobodskikh, are not inclined. In Russian and fiction
it is permissible to declension of male surnames ending in the syllables - them, - ы, for example: in Repnykh’s work, Zelemnykh’s lecture.
The majority, one might even say the overwhelming majority, of Russian male surnames have the suffixes - ev - (- ov -), - sk -, - in -: Zolotov, Kulenev, Mushkin, Zalessky, Primorsky, Kostolevsky, Kramskoy, Volonskoy. Absolutely all such male surnames are inclined.
There are very few Russian male surnames that decline according to the principle of adjectives and do not have an indicator; these include such surnames as: Stolbovoy, Tolstoy, Beregovoy, Lanovoy, Tenevoy, Sladky, Zarechny, Poperechny, Kolomny, Bely, Grozny, etc...
Declension of male surnames (based on the principle of adjectives)
I. p.: Andrey Bely, Sergey Sladky, Ivan Lanovoy, Alexey Zarechny.
R. p.: Andrey Bely, Sergei Sladky, Ivan Lanovoy, Alexey Zarechny.
D.p.: Andrey Bely, Sergei Sladky, Ivan Lanovoy, Alexey Zarechny.
V. p.: Andrey Bely, Sergei Sladky, Ivan Lanovoy, Alexey Zarechny.
Male surnames with endings - in - and - ov - have a special declension that is not found among common nouns and personal names. Here we see the combination of the endings of adjectives and nouns of the second declension male and divisions such as fathers, forefathers. The declension of male surnames differs from the declension of similar nouns mainly in the ending of the instrumental case, for example: Sizov-ym, Akunin-ym - Borov-ym, Ston-om, Kalugin - ym, Suvorov - ym, the ending differs from the declension based on the principle of possessive adjectives prepositional case, for example: about Sazonov, about Kulibin - about the forefathers, about my mother. The same applies to the declension of male surnames ending in - ov and - in in the plural (Sizovs, Akunins are declined as forefathers, mothers). To declension of such male surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names.
Russian male surnames with endings in the syllables: - ovo, - ago, - yago, which have their origin in the image of frozen forms of the genitive case in the singular: (Burnovo, Slukhovo, Zhivago, Sharbinago, Deryago, Khitrovo), and with endings in syllables: - them, - х - plural (Kruchenykh, Kostrovsky, Dolsky, Dovgikh, Chernykh), where some of them are declined in common parlance (Durnovo - Durnovovo).
It is imperative to decline by gender and case male surnames ending in soft sign and a consonant sound.
(Institute named after S. Ya. Zhuk, poetry of Adam Mickiewicz, conduct Igor Koval).
If at the end of the surname there is a consonant before the sound - a, then the endings of the surnames in the form of cases will be: sounds - a, - ы, - e, - y, - oy, - e.
If at the end of a man's surname there is one of the letters (g, k, x) or a soft hissing letter (ch, sch) or w before the sound - a, then the ending of the surname in the genitive case form will be the sound - i.
If at the end of a man’s surname there is one of the hissing words (ch, sch, ts, sh) or zh before the sound -a, then the ending of the surname in the form of the instrumental case when stressing the end of the word will be - oh, and - her. The surname as a family name assumes the presence of a plural form: Ivanovs, Pashkins, Vedenskys. If people getting married take a common surname, it is written in the plural: Vasiliev, Vronsky, Usatiye, Gorbatye, Lyubimye. Non-standard male surnames, except for surnames formed in the form of adjectives, written in They have no plural forms.
Therefore they write: Maria Petrovna and Nikolai Semenovich Cherry, spouses Parus, husband and wife Syzran, brother and sister Astrakhan. Despite the difficulties that arise when declension of Russian and foreign male surnames that exist in the Russian language, it is still advisable to correctly declension a person’s first name and surname if they can be declinated. The current system of rules in the Russian language rules case endings in the Russian language, quite harshly proposes to accept the inflected word left without declension as being in the wrong case or not belonging to the gender to which it is in in this case
actually applies. For example, Ivan Petrovich Zima, in the genitive case there should be Ivan Petrovich Zima. If it is written: for Ivan Petrovich Zima, this means that in the nominative case this surname will look like Zim, not Zima. Left without declination, male surnames like Veter, Nemeshay will be mistaken for women’s names, because similar surnames for men are indeclined: with Vasily Sergeevich Nemeshay, from Viktor Pavlovich Veter.
To declension of such male surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names.
Below are some examples of declensions of male surnames existing in the Russian language:
Declension of male surnames (standard)
Singular
I. Smirnov, Kramskoy, Kostikov, Eliseev, Ivanov,
R. Smirnov, Kramskoy, Kostikov, Eliseev, Ivanov,
D. Smirnov, Kramskoy, Kostikov, Eliseev, Ivanov,
V. Smirnov, Kramskoy, Kostikov, Eliseev, Ivanov,
T. Smirnov, Kramskoy, Kostikov, Eliseev, Ivanov,
P. about Smirnov, about Kramskoy, about Kostikov, about Eliseev, about Ivanov.
Plural
I. Smirnovs, Kramskoys, Kostikovs, Eliseevs, Ivanovs,
R. Smirnovs, Kramskoys, Kostikovs, Eliseevs, Ivanovs,
D. Smirnov, Kramskoy, Kostikov, Eliseev, Ivanov,
V. Smirnovs, Kramskoys, Kostikovs, Eliseevs, Ivanovs,
T. Smirnov, Kramskoy, Kostikovs, Eliseevs, Ivanovs,
With the exception of those surnames where the first part does not mean the surname, such male surnames are never declined, for example: stories by Mamin-Sibiryak, painting by Sokolov, sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky, research by Grem-Brzhimailo, in the role of Pozdnik-Trukhanovsky
It is recommended to use non-standard male surnames ending in sounds - a (-z), such as Winter, Loza, Zoya, Dora, in the plural exclusively for all cases of the form that coincides with the original form of the surname.
For example: Ivan Petrovich Zima, Vasily Ivanovich Loza, with Semyon Semenovich Zoya, and for the plural - the forms Zima, Loza, Zoya in all cases. To declension of such male surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names.
It is difficult to decline the plural of male surnames Zima and Zoya.
There is a problem of dividing into “Russian” and “non-Russian” surnames ending in the syllables - ov and - in; Such male surnames include, for example: Gutskov (German writer), Flotov (German composer), Cronin (English writer), Franklin, Goodwin, Darwin, etc. From the point of view of morphology, the “non-Russianness” or “Russianness” of a male surname is determined whether the ending with (-ov - or - in -) is expressed or not expressed in the surname. If such an indicator is expressed, then the surname in the instrumental case will have the ending - й
Non-Russian male surnames, which when mentioned refer to two or more persons, are in some cases placed in the plural, in others - in the singular, namely:
if the surname consists of two male names, then such a surname is put in the plural form, for example: Gilbert and Jean Picard, Thomas and Heinrich Mann, Mikhail and Adolph Gottlieb;
But, if before the ending - theirs in the male surname there is a hissing or velar consonant, such male surnames, as a rule, are not declined, only when the name of the adjective is related (for example, Kodyachikh., Sladkikh); in the absence of this condition, such surnames are usually perceived ambiguously from the point of view of morphology; such surnames include, for example: Valshchikh, Khaskachikh, Trubatsky, Lovchikh, Stotsky. Despite the rarity of such cases, one should not forget this fundamental possibility.
In slightly rare cases, surnames whose original forms end with the letter - й before vowels and or - o are perceived ambiguously. Let's say that surnames such as Lopchiy, Nabozhy, Dopchiy, Borkiy, Zorkiy, Dudoy can also be understood as ending in the syllables - ii, - oi. Such male surnames are declined according to the rules of adjectives: Lopchy, Lopchy, Nabozhy, Nabozhy, Dopchy, Dopchy, Borky, Borkomu, Zorky, Zorky, and as having null ending with declension modeled on nouns (Lopchiya, Lopchiyu...,) To clarify such confusion, you need to consult a dictionary of surnames.
Male surnames that end with the sounds - e, - e, - i, - ы, - у, - у, do not decline. For example, the following: Daudet, Dusset, Manceret, Fourier, Leye, Dabrie, Goethe, Nobile, Maragiale, Tarle, Ordzhonikidze, Maigret, Artmane, Bossuet, Grétry, Devussy, Navoi, Stavigliani, Modigliani, Guare, Gramsci, Salieri, Galsworthy, Shelley, Needly, Rustaveli, Kamandu, Chaburkiani, Gandhi, Jusoity, Landu, Amadou, Shaw, Manzu, Kurande, Nehru, Colnu, Endescu, Camus, Colnu, etc.
Foreign-language male surnames ending with a vowel sound, excluding unstressed ones - a, - i (Hugo, Daudet, Bizet, Rossini, Mussalini, Shaw, Nehru, Goethe, Bruno, Dumas, Zola), ending with the sounds - a, - i , with a leading vowel - and (poems by Garcia, sonnets by Heredia, stories by Gulia) do not decline. The exception may be in common parlance. Male surnames of French origin that end in an accent are inflexible - I: Zola, Broyat.
All other male surnames ending in - i are declined; for example Golovnya, Zabornya, Beria, Zozulya, Danelia, Syrokomlya, Shengelaya, Gamaleya, Goya.
When foreign male surnames are declined and forms of the Russian declension rules are used, the main features of the declension of such words are not preserved in the language of the original itself. (Karel Čapek - Karela Čapek [not Karl Čapek]). Also in Polish names (in Vladek, in Edek, in Janek [not: in Vladek, in Edk, in Jank]).
The most complex picture in declension is represented by male surnames ending with the sound - a. Unlike the previously considered cases, here there is a large matters, ending - a stands after a vowel or after a consonant, and if it is a vowel, then does the stress fall on this vowel and (in certain cases) what origin does this male surname have?
All male surnames ending in the sound -a, standing after vowels (most often y or i), are not declined: Balois, Dorois, Delacroix, Boravia, Edria, Esredia, Bulia.
Male surnames that are of French origin with the ending of a stressed sound are not declined - I: Zola, Troyat, Belacruya, Doble, Golla, etc.
All male surnames, ending in an unstressed word - and after consonants, are declined according to the rule of the first declension, for example: Didera - Dider, Didere, Dideru, Dideroy, Seneca - Seneca, Seneca, Seneca, Seneca, etc.; Kafka, Petrarch, Spinoza, Smetana, Kurosawa, Gulyga, Glinka, Deineka, Olesha, Zagnibeda, Okudzhava and others are inclined to the same principle.
The declension of male surnames (singular and plural) due to the fact that it is not clear whether they should retain a fluent vowel in the manner of common nouns similar in appearance, the declension can be difficult (Travetsa or Travetsa - from Travets, Muravel or Ant - from Muravel, Lazurok or Lazurka - from Lazurki, etc.).
To avoid difficulties, it is better to use the reference book. If a man's surname is accompanied by a woman's and male names, then it remains in the singular form, for example: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Jean and Eslanda Rodson, August and Caroline Schnegel, associates of Richard Sorge, Dick and Anna Krausen, Ariadne and Steve Tur; also Sergey and Valya Bruzzhak, Stanislav and Nina Zhuk;
A man's surname is also written and spoken in the singular if it is accompanied by two common nouns of different genders, for example: Mr. and Mrs. Rayner, Lord and Lady Hamilton; but if in such combinations as husband and wife or brother and sister, the surname is most often used in the plural form: husband and wife Budstrem, brother and sister Wieringa;
When using the word spouse, the surname is presented in the singular form, for example: spouses Dent, spouses Thorndyke, spouses Loddak;
When using the word brothers, a man's surname is also usually presented in the singular form, for example: the Grimm brothers, the Trebel brothers, the Hellenberg brothers, the Vokrass brothers; When using the word family, the surname is usually presented in singular form, for example: Doppfenheim family, Gramal family.
In combinations of Russian surnames with numerals in declension, the following forms are used: two Ivanovs, both Ivanovs, two Ivanovs, both brothers Ivanovs, two friends Ivanovs; two (both) Perovskys. This rule also applies to combinations of numerals with foreign-language surnames;
both Schlegels, two brothers of Manna. Declension of male surnames of East Slavic origin, having fluent vowel
with declension, such male surnames can be formed in two ways - with and without loss of a vowel during declension: Zayats - Zayatsa - Zayatsem and Zayatsa - Zayets. It must be taken into account that when filling out legal documents, such male surnames must be declined without losing the vowel.
Male surnames of Western Slavic and Western European origin, when declined, having a fluent vowel, are declined without losing the vowel: Slaszek Street, Capek's novels, performed by Gott, Zavranek's lectures. Male surnames, which are adjective names in form (with a stressed or unstressed ending) are declined in the same way as adjectives. Slavic male surnames ending in accented sounds - a, - ya are inclined (from director Mayboroda, with psychologist Skovoroda, to screenwriter Golovnya).
Awarding People's Artist of the USSR Kharava; 120th anniversary of the birth of Sen-Sekatayama, Kurosawa's film; works of A. S. Chikobava (and Chikobava); creativity of Pshavela; at the Ikeda residence; Hatoyama Report; films by Vittorio de Sica (not de Sica).
It is recommended to decline Slavic male surnames ending in - and, - y according to the model of Russian male surnames ending in - й, - й (Dobrovski - Dobrovsky, Pokorny - Pokorny). At the same time, it is allowed to design similar male surnames according to the Russian model and according to the rule of the nominative case (Dobrovsky, Pokorny, Der-Stravinsky). Male surnames that have a stressed ending - a are declined according to the rules of the first declension, that is, the stressed ending disappears in them - a: Pitta - Pitty, Pitt, Pittu, Pittoy; This also includes: Frying pan, Para, Poker, Kvasha, Tsadasa, Myrza, Hamza and others. Czech and Polish male surnames with – tskiy, – skiy, and – y, – y should be declined with full endings
in the nominative case, for example: Oginsky - Oginsky, Pandovsky - Pandovsky. Ukrainian male surnames ending in -ko (-enko), as a rule, are declined according to various types declensions only in fiction or in colloquial speech, but not in legal documents, for example: command to the head of Evtukh Makogonenko; the nobleman killed by Kukubenko rested, a poem dedicated to Rodzianka; Male surnames do not end with either a stressed or unstressed ending - ko (Borovko, Dyatko, Granko, Zagorudko, Kiriyenko, Yanko, Levchenko’s anniversary, Makarenko's activities
, works by Korolenko), where some of them are inclined in colloquial speech, (Borovko Borovki, letter to V. G. Korolenko - letter to V. G. Korolenka). Or: “In the evening Belikov... headed towards Kovalenki.” Male surnames do not incline toward - ko with an emphasis on the last one - oh, for example: the Franko Theater, Bozhko's legacy.
In complex multi-word surnames of Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, the last part of the surname ending in a consonant is declined, for example: Di Wen's speech, Pam Zan Gong's statement, conversation with Ye Du Sing.
Georgian male surnames can be inflected or indeclinable, depending on the form in which a particular surname is borrowed into the Russian language: surnames ending in - ia are indeclinable (Daneliya, Gornelia), those ending in - ia are indeclinable (Gulia). Particular attention should be paid to the fact that in ordinary communication, if the carrier is rare or difficult declining surname incorrect pronunciation your surname, this is not considered a gross violation general rules declination. But when filling out legal documents, media publications and works of art, if you are unsure of the correct declension, it is recommended to turn to the directory of surnames, otherwise you can find yourself in an unpleasant situation, which entails a number of inconveniences, loss of time to prove the authenticity, belonging of the very person about whom it was written this document.
