Synonyms in Russian language
A. Signs of synonyms.
Synonyms (gr. synonymos- eponymous) - these are words,
For example: here - here, spouse - wife, look - look, homeland - fatherland, fatherland.
Synonyms, most often, denote the same phenomenon of impartial reality. The nominative function allows you to combine them into open rows, which are replenished with the development of the language, with the appearance of new meanings in words.
On the other hand, synonymous cases can fall apart, then individual words are excluded from the synonymic series, receive other semantic connections.
So, for example,
Almost always, synonyms, denoting the same thing, characterize it with various points vision.
Synonyms are recorded in special dictionaries - dictionaries of synonyms (see Useful links below).
Some linguists do not consider synonyms:
B.Synonymous line.
A group of words consisting of several synonyms is called synonymous next(or nest): doctor- doctor- doctor- Aesculapius.
Synonyms can be either multi-rooted, and from single root synonyms: face - face, get ahead - overtake; fisherman - angler, fisherman.
The first place in the synonymic series is usually taken by a word that is common in meaning and stylistically neutral - dominant(lat. dominants- dominant) (it is also called the pivotal, main, supporting word). Other members of the series clarify, expand its semantic structure, supplement it with evaluative values. For example, brave -bold,dashing,dashing,.
Yes, in last example the dominant of the series is the word brave, it more capaciously conveys the meaning that unites all synonyms - "fearless" and free from expressive stylistic colors. Other synonyms stand out in the semantic-stylistic sense and in the peculiarities of consumption in speech. For example,
Members of the synonymic series can be not only individual words, but also stable phrases (phraseological units), as well as prepositional case forms: a lot - over the edge, in the absence of an account, chickens do not peck. They all, most of all, do the same syntactic function in a sentence.
The Russian language is rich in synonyms, the rarest synonymic rows have two or three members, more often there are even more.
B. Types of synonyms.
1. Complete(absolute) synonyms, or doublets, in most cases there are parallel scientific definitions: spelling - spelling, nominative - nominal, fricative - fricative, also single-root words formed with the help of synonymous affixes: wretchedness - squalor, guard - guard. There are not many complete synonyms in the language.
2. Synonyms that differ in color in their meanings are called semantic (semantic, ideographic): wet - wet, damp reflect varying degrees manifestations of the trait - "having significant moisture, saturated with moisture"; die - perish, perish- "to cease to exist, to be destroyed (as a result of disasters, the impact of some forces, a criterion)".
3. Synonyms that have differences in expressive and emotional coloring and are therefore used in various styles speeches are called style: spouse(common) - wife(official), young(colloquial) - newlyweds(book), eyes(neutral) - eyes(vyc.), face(neutral) - erysipelas(reduced) - face(vyc.)
4. Synonyms that differ both in color in meaning and stylistically are called semantic-stylistic. For example, stray- a bookish word, meaning “to go or go in the absence of a certain direction, without having a goal, or in search of someone or something”; circling (circling) - colloquial, meaning "changing the direction of movement, often end up in the same place"; wander- everyday colloquial, meaning "to go or go in search of the right direction, a suitable road"; with the same meaning: get confused- colloquial fornicate- spacious.
The language is dominated by semantic stylistic synonyms.
5.
Words that come close in meaning exclusively in the criteria of the 1st context are called contextual(situational, occasional, author's) synonyms: For hundreds of versts, for hundreds of miles, for hundreds of kilometers, salt lay, the feather grass rustled, the cedar grove turned black.(A. Akhmatova). Contextual synonyms are not reflected in synonym dictionaries.
In the context, words are synonymized that are not actually synonyms of their own. So, the girl has the opportunity to name baby, beauty, laughter, whim, coquette; dog - bug etc.
D. Mainsynonym functions.
1. Clarification based on mismatch synonymous words: synonyms allow you to "add" the missing meanings, to reveal new sides in the designated: He ran, or rather rushed.
2. Substitution based on the fact that in a number of contexts the differences between synonyms are erased, and this allows you to avoid repetitions of the same words: He made a mistake, but his mistake was not seen.
3. Euphemia a deliberately incorrect designation of reality is called: boss is delayed (= late), he is not far (= stupid).
4. Contrasting synonyms emphasizes the differences between synonyms: She didn't walk, she walked.
Additionally:
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Synonyms are words of the same part of speech, the meaning of which is very close or completely identical, capable of replacing each other. For example: face - muzzle; version - option, child - baby.
There are no synonyms for proper names. For example, Santa Claus and Santa Claus. The names of the inhabitants, nationalities: African, American. At specific titles household items: table, pot, frying pan.
A group of words consisting of two or more synonyms is called synonymous next. For example: polite, delicate, correct. Synonymic rows can consist of both heterogeneous and single-root synonyms: face - face, overtake - overtake; fisherman - fisherman, fisherman.
General value synonymous series is usually expressed by one of its members, which is the core word for this series and is called dominant(lat. dominans - dominant) (it is also called the pivotal, main, supporting word). For example, the synonymic series: unpleasant, vile, repulsive, disgusting, nasty, nasty has the general meaning of “possessing negative properties". This general meaning is expressed by the word "unpleasant", which serves as a dominant.
Polysemantic words can be members of various synonymic series: outline - designate; plan - plan.
Synonyms are close in meaning, but not identical. Each word of the synonymous series differs from other words of the same series by some additional shade of meaning, which must be taken into account in order to express thoughts with the greatest accuracy. For example, in a synonymous series of adverbs, the general meaning of these words is quickly - soon - instantly highlighted - a characteristic of an action that proceeds with a certain degree of intensity. The adverb quickly indicates the speed of the action itself (My brother walks fast); soon - that the action is carried out through a short time(Wait, he will come soon); in the adverb instantly, the speed of the action is extremely high (He instantly disappeared).
Members of the synonymic series can be not only individual words, but also stable phrases (phraseological units), as well as prepositional case forms: a lot - over the edge, without counting, chickens do not peck. All of them, as a rule, perform the same syntactic function in a sentence.
Synonyms denoting a feature often differ from each other in a greater or lesser degree of manifestation of this feature. So, in the synonymous series wet - raw - wet adjectives are arranged in ascending order of the attribute: raw - more saturated with liquid than wet; wet - more abundantly saturated with liquid, moisture than raw.
Adjectives large - huge also differ in the degree of manifestation of the attribute. The common meaning that unites these words is "having a size, a value that exceeds the norm." However, in each of them the degree of this quality is different: huge is more than big.
Nouns enemy-adversary denote a person (or group of people) who is in a state of enmity with someone. In the word enemy, the concept of hostility is stronger than in the word adversary: in the latter, the meaning "one who takes the opposite position" prevails. For example: Be merciless to the enemy. Defeat an opponent in a competition.
Synonymous words may differ from each other in the breadth of their meaning (author - writer). The meaning of the word author is wider than writer. Writers are those who write literary works, and not only poetic, but by the authors - also the creators scientific papers, projects, etc.
The difference between synonyms is also manifested in the ability to combine with other words. Some of them have the ability to combine with a large, sometimes unlimited range of words; others have limited compatibility. For example, elderly is old. One can say old house, old coat, old book, etc. The synonym elderly is used only in relation to a person: old man, elderly woman.
The words brave and bold have same value: brave warrior, brave warrior, brave youth, brave youth, etc. In combination with nouns that call people, these adjectives can mutually replace each other, but with words such as decision, deed, project, etc., only the adjective bold is used (you cannot say a brave decision or a brave project).
According to the degree of dependence on the context, synonyms are:
a) contextual (speech) synonyms - words, the semantic similarity of which is manifested only in the context. For example: cheerful, good-natured laughter; stuffy, oppressive darkness; proud, brave look; deserted, inhospitable house; a stern, stubborn old man; heavy, evil feeling; hoarse, strangled voice.
b) linguistic - words, the semantic similarity of which is manifested in isolation, without context. For example: strong, durable, hard;
Language synonyms are divided into four types:
1. full (absolute) synonyms - words that are identical in meaning and use. For example: spelling - spelling, everywhere - everywhere, hippopotamus - hippopotamus;
2. semantic (semantic) synonyms - words that differ in shades of meaning, but belong to the same style of speech. For example: shine - sparkle - shine; cold - icy;
3. stylistic synonyms - naming the same object, concept, sign, action, these words are used in different styles of speech and do not always replace each other within normalized use: fall - slam (colloquial), belonging - attribute, accessory (book ).
4. semantic - stylistic synonyms - words that differ from one another in shades of meaning or stylistic shades, different sphere use. For example: contract - condition - agreement - contract - pact. Where a contract is a commercial agreement, a pact is an international agreement, a condition is an oral or written agreement about something, an agreement is an official agreement. The word contract is the broadest in meaning and usage.
Differences in quasi-synonyms necessarily implies the presence of a nominative commonality (allows them to replace each other in contexts).
FUNCTIONS:
IDIOLOGICAL:
1. Substitution(to avoid tuftology). Performed in different sentences
2. Refinements. In one sentence for a clearer transmission of thought (scarlet-red).
STYLISTIC:
3. Expressive-stylistic for stylistic coordination (invite a doctor, call a servant). They perform stylistic synonyms, and the first two functions are ideographic.
There are a lot of synonyms! Differences of synonyms in semantics are hardly perceptible.
Semantic richness is formed through borrowings and funds mother tongue.
The means of the native language allow enriching due to:
1. Domestic borrowing.
2. Paraphrases (to win - to win).
3. Different motives for naming denotations (salary - salary).
4. Synonyms of derivational means (deviate - evade).
5. Taboo (sly, devil, tempter).
Synonyms have multiple meanings:
Words with identical meanings.
Words that necessarily have differences in semantics.
Words with similar or identical meanings.
According to Rosenthal: - these are words that are different in sound, but identical or close in meaning, often differing in stylistic coloring.
Synonyms (nest)- a group of words consisting of several synonyms. These rows can consist of heterogeneous and single-root synonyms.
The first place in the synonymic series is usually taken by the defining and stylistically neutral word - DOMINANT- core word. Other members of the series clarify, expand its semantic structure, supplement it with evaluative values.
Members of the synonymic series can be not only individual words, but also stable phrases (phraseological units), as well as prepositional case forms: a lot - over the edge. All of them perform the same syntactic function in a sentence.
The Russian language is rich in synonyms, so it is very rare for a synonymic series to have only 2-3 members, usually there are more. However, compilers of synonym dictionaries use different criteria for their selection. This leads to the fact that the synonymic rows of different lexicographers often do not match. The reason for the discrepancies lies in the unequal understanding of the essence of lexical synonymy.
DICTIONARIES:
They are presented in the dictionaries of synonyms: Fonvizin 1783. "The experience of the Russian classmate" - 32 synonymous rows. In 1818 P. Kolaidovich's dictionary "The Dictionary Experience ..." has been released - 77 synonymic rows. In 1840 - " Big Dictionary Russian synonyms ", Dictionary of Alexandrova (9000 synonymic rows), Dictionary of Evgenieva.
The working unit in the study of synonymy is not a word, but a separate LSV. Because the different meanings polysemantic word have different synonyms.
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Currently, there are different points of view on the definition, types and use of synonyms in speech. Let's take a closer look at the topic different sides. Some of the information will be familiar school curriculum some of which you will hear about for the first time.
What are synonyms?
Synonyms of the Russian language are words of the same part of speech, different in spelling and sound, having the same or close lexical meaning. In short: synonyms are words with a similar meaning.
The developed ability to use the riches of the Russian language, including synonyms, speaks of the high professionalism and skill of a person as a writer.
Synonym examples
Let's give examples of synonyms for words different parts speech.
- Wanderer (noun) - pilgrim, traveler, wayfarer, pilgrim;
- Cheerful (adjective) - joyful, festive, jubilant, iridescent;
- Run (verb) - rush, rush, hurry;
- Quickly (adverb) - very fast, lively, agile, smart, dashing, greyhound;
- Drawing (general participle) - depicting, painting, drawing, imagining, outlining;
- Ah (interjection) - so hot, oh, wow.
In the website dictionary you will find even more examples - use the search form or alphabetical index.
Synonymous series
A group of words from several synonyms is called a synonymic row, which can consist of both heterogeneous and single-root words: face - face, fisherman - fisherman, fisherman.
In the synonymic row, the first word is the dominant. It is basic and stylistically neutral. Other words can be of different expressive and stylistic shades: brave (neutral) - daring (folk poetic), fearless (bookish), dashing (colloquial). Phraseological units may be present in the synonymous series: A lot - over the edge, darkness is dark, chickens do not peck.
Types of synonyms
Consider the points of view of famous linguists on the topic of dividing synonyms into types.
Division of Rosenthal D.E.
Since there are few completely identical words in the Russian language, they say that synonymy can manifest itself in a greater or lesser degree. lesser degree. There are several types of synonyms:
- Absolute or complete;
- semantic;
- Stylistic or expressive-stylistic;
- Semantic-stylistic.
Absolute or complete synonyms are usually called words that can be fully interchanged, their meanings are completely the same: battle - battle, throw - throw, huge - huge. Absolute synonyms are often found among scientific terms: spelling - spelling, linguistics - linguistics, linguist - linguist.
Semantic synonyms are also called conceptual, ideographic. These are words that differ in shades of meaning. Semantic synonyms are able to convey the subtlest nuances in the designation of facts. They make our speech richer, deeper, more accurate, allow us to describe in detail the phenomena of reality. For example, wet - wet, damp (indicates the degree of moisture saturation).
Stylistic or expressive-stylistic - synonyms that have differences in expressive-emotional coloring and are used in different styles of speech. For example, an infection (special) is an infection (colloquial), a wife (general use) is a spouse (official), parents (common use) are parents (slang).
Synonyms with expressive-emotional coloring help to use in speech exactly those words that are appropriate in a given speech situation. This creates excellent opportunities for creativity, which is very much appreciated by word artists.
Semantic-stylistic - synonyms that differ in shades in meaning and stylistically. Most of them are in Russian. For example, wander (book) - move without a specific direction; circle (colloquial) - change direction, but always come to one place; stray (colloquial) - look for the right direction; to fornicate (colloquially) - to go in search of the right path.
Contextual synonyms
Words that are not in the same synonymous series can act as synonyms in the context. They can be called contextual (situational, occasional (random), author's).
The girl sang and danced happily. The beauty and coquette was the favorite of dad and mom. The words "girl", "beauty", "coquette", "darling" are contextual synonyms.
We brought a bug to the village. Our husky became an assistant to my grandfather on the hunt. The dog showed itself better side. The words "bug", "like" and "dog" are contextual synonyms.
This type of synonymy is limited only by the scope of the context, is of an individual nature and is not considered in the dictionaries of synonyms. The distinction in Russian should be strict, not exemplary. This calls into question the legitimacy of singling out these words as contextual synonyms.
The division of Lekant P.A.
Lekant P.A. highlights absolute, stylistic synonyms and considers them in much the same way as described above. But he rightfully calls semantic synonyms quasi-synonyms (from Latin “quasi” “almost, approximately”, Greek “synonymos” “of the same name”) or imaginary / partial synonyms. Quasi-synonyms have lexical meanings that coincide, but not completely. They, unlike absolute synonyms, are not interchangeable in all contexts.
Lekant P.A. divides quasi-synonyms into 2 types.
- Words that partially coincide in lexical meaning: road - path, carry - drag, day - day. They are in species-specific relationships. Each synonym is distinguished by its peculiarity in the lexical meaning. The two words "greedy" and "stingy" in one context can replace each other as full-fledged synonyms, but not in another.
He distributed his money to the poor, he is considered not greedy (that is, "not stingy").
For comparison, another context.
He is greedy: he wants to grab more. (Here it can not be replaced by "stingy").
Or one more thing: in the synonyms of “run” and “rush”, the first word has a wider meaning, and the second emphasizes the peculiarity. - Synonymous words, interchangeable only within the context, are in genus-species relations, that is, they denote species and generic concepts: dog - shepherd dog - Druzhok, minerals - metal - iron.
Phraseological synonyms
All linguists consider phraseological synonyms as separate view within the framework of a large topic about phraseology. Phraseologisms also form synonymous series and have the same properties as ordinary synonyms.
Phraseological synonyms may differ from each other in stylistic coloring.
Don’t leave a stone unturned (bookish) - inflict reprisals (common use) - cut it like a nut (colloquial) - ask pepper (colloquial).
Phraseological synonyms may differ in the degree of intensity. Each next phraseological unit names a more intense action compared to the previous one.
Shed tears - shed tears - drown in tears - cry out all the tears.
Some phraseological synonyms may have repeated components.
The game is not worth the candle - the game is not worth the candle; set a bath - set a pepper; hang your head - hang your nose; chasing dogs - chasing a loafer.
The richness of phraseological synonyms, as well as lexical ones, create huge expressive possibilities of the language.
Using synonyms in speech
AT in general terms synonyms are used in speech for:
- More accurate and correct expression of thought (compare: alien and foreign);
- Giving emotional coloring(more accurate and vivid expression of thought);
- Avoidance of tautology (repetitions);
- Links of related sentences in the text.
Rosenthal D.E. describes this topic in great detail.
Synonyms in Russian perform important function expressiveness of speech. They create unlimited possibilities for their more precise use. While working on the text, we Special attention we devote to the selection of synonyms in order to avoid tautologies. We use the only word that is most appropriate. At the same time, the choice of the exact word is determined by the peculiarities of the individual style.
Synonyms in the text can perform different functions:
- Refinement function;
- Mapping function;
- opposition function;
- Substitution function;
- Gain function.
The refinement function is used to refine a single concept.
Before me was a simple man, ordinary and unremarkable.
The matching function assumes that synonyms in the same context can have different shades of meaning.
I believe in goodness, no, rather I even believe in it.
opposition function
She did not speak, but whispered so that no one could hear her.
He didn't laugh, he laughed out loud.
The substitution function is used to avoid tautologies.
Mom gave her daughter a casket of heavenly color. Surprisingly, this chest was very suitable for the eyes of a little girl.
The amplification function suggests that synonyms can be used as homogeneous members sentences and help enhance expression.
The soldiers in battle were brave, courageous and unusually persistent.
The stringing of synonyms often creates a gradation.
Our river was big, even huge.
Synonyms and associations
Do not confuse synonyms with associations, which sometimes have a close lexical meaning. For example, for the word summer, associations can be "holidays" and "Egypt", which are not synonymous (not everywhere and not everyone has summer - it's vacation or Egypt).
