- SYNONYMS
- (from the Greek synonymos - of the same name) - words that are identical or very close in meaning, but are not of the same root, for example: enemy, ... - SYNONYMS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from the Greek synonymos - the same name) words that are different in sound, but identical or close in meaning, as well as syntactic and grammatical ... - SYNONYMS
(from the Greek. synonymos - the same name), words related to one part of speech, the meanings of which contain identical elements; the differing elements of these values... - SYNONYMS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Synonyms - words of close, adjacent, almost the same meaning. The process of creating new forms, new, differentiated categories in thought corresponds to the creation of new ones in language ... - SYNONYMS in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from the Greek synonymos - the same name), words that are different in sound, but identical or close in meaning, as well as syntactic and grammatical ... - SYNONYMS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
[from the Greek of the same name] words that are different in sound form, but identical or very close in meaning, used to distinguish those or ... - STYLISTIC
STYLISTIC FIGURES, see Stylistic figures ... - SYNONYMS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
SYNONYMS (from the Greek syn?nymos - the same name), words that are different in sound, but identical or close in meaning, as well as syntactic. And … - SYNONYMS in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
? words of close, adjacent, almost the same meaning. The process of creating new forms, new, differentiated categories in thought corresponds in language to the creation ... - SYNONYMS in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from Greek synonymos - eponymous) - words of the same part of speech (as well as, in a broader sense, phraseological units, morphemes, ... - SYNONYMS
(Greek synonymos - the same name). Words that are close or identical in meaning, expressing the same concept, but differing ... - SYNONYMS in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gr. synonymos of the same name) words that are identical or close in meaning, expressing the same concept, but differing or shades ... - SYNONYMS in dictionary foreign expressions:
[ words that are identical or close in meaning, expressing the same concept, but differing either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic ... - SYNONYMS in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(from the Greek synonymos - the same name), words that are different in sound, but identical or close in meaning, as well as syntactic and grammatical ... - STYLISTIC FIGURES in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
stylistic (Greek schema, Latin figura - outline, appearance; turn of speech), a system of historically established methods of syntactic organization of speech, used mainly ... - SHOW in Architectural Dictionary:
, Richard Norman (1831-1912). English architect, author of many country houses solved in a free manner. In city mansions he reproduced stylistic features ... - CONNOTATION in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
- POSTSTRUCTURALISM in Dictionary of Postmodernism.
- CONNOTATION in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
(Late Latin connotatio, from Latin con - together and noto - I mark, designate) - a logical and philosophical term expressing the relationship between meaning (connotation) ... - TRIPLE ARTICULATION OF CINEMATOGRAPHIC CODE in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
- a problematic field that was constituted in the discussions of film theorists and semiotics of the structure-list orientation in the mid-1960s. In the 1960s and 1970s, the reversal (or return) of film theory... - SYNESTHESIA
(from other Greek synaisthesis - co-sensation) A concept meaning a form of perception characterized by connections between feelings in the psyche, as well as the results of them ... - GRAFFITI in the Lexicon of non-classics, artistic and aesthetic culture of the XX century, Bychkov:
(graffiti - in archeology, any drawings or letters scratched on any surface, from Italian graffiare - to scratch) This is how works are designated ... - BAKHTIN in the Lexicon of non-classics, artistic and aesthetic culture of the XX century, Bychkov:
Mikhail Mikhailovich (1895-1975) Philosopher, generalist philologist, aesthetician, culturologist. The philosophical concept of B. was mainly expressed indirectly - on the material of private humanitarian ... - ECLECTICISM
- (from the Greek eklektikos - able to choose, choosing) a combination of heterogeneous artistic elements; usually takes place during periods of decline in art. Elements… - SCHOOL IN ART in the Glossary of terms visual arts:
- an artistic direction, a trend represented by a group of students and followers of an artist (for example, the Venetian school) or a group of artists who are close in creative ... - STYLE in the Dictionary of Fine Art Terms:
- (from the Greek stylos - a pointed stick for writing), a stable unity of the figurative system, means of expression characterizing the artistic originality of those or ... - REALISM in the Dictionary of Fine Art Terms:
- (from the late Latin realis - real, real) in art, a truthful, objective reflection of reality by specific means inherent in a particular species ... - GRAPHICS in the Dictionary of Fine Art Terms:
- (from the Greek grapho - I write, draw, draw) a type of fine art, including drawing and printed works of art(engraving, lithography, monotype ... - UTAGAWA KUNIYOSHI
(1798-1861) - artist. His real name is Igusa Yoshisaburo. Kuniyoshi was born in Edo in the family of a dyer. Since childhood, the boy was well versed ... - IKEBANA in Encyclopedia Japan from A to Z:
is the traditional Japanese art of flower arranging. Literally, ikebana means "flowers that live." In European art, arranging a bouquet demonstrates skill ... - GRABTSEV NIKOLSKY CHURCH in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
open orthodox encyclopedia"TREE". Temple in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Grabtsevo, (Kaluga diocese) (inactive, being restored). … - ENZYME DEFICIENCY in the Medical Dictionary.
- ENZYME DEFICIENCY in the big medical dictionary.
- EMPHASA in the Dictionary of Literary Terms:
- (from Greek emphasis - indication, expressiveness) 1) Type of path: the use of a word in a narrowed compared to its usual meaning, for example: ... - MAYAKOVSKY in the Literary Encyclopedia.
- GENRES in the Literary Encyclopedia:
" id=Genres.Contents> On the history of the problem. Definition of the concept. Solution of the problem in dogmatic literary criticism. Evolutionist theories Zh.. Solution of the problem ... - EPIC in the Literary Encyclopedia:
TERMIN - Russian epic songs, preserved mainly in the mouths of the northern peasantry under the name "starin? n", "starin" and "starinok". The term epic ... - UZBEK SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
- STYLE (IN LIT-RE AND ART) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
in literature and art, stable integrity or commonality of the figurative system, means artistic expressiveness, figurative techniques that characterize a work of art or a set ... - STYLISTICS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
a section of linguistics that studies the system of styles of a particular language, describes norms (see Linguistic Norm) and methods ... - NEOLOGISMS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from neo... and Greek. logos - word), new words or expressions, the freshness and unusualness of which is clearly felt by native speakers of this language. … - FIGURES in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
STYLISTIC FIGURES (stylistic figures), special turns of speech fixed by stylistics, used to enhance the expressiveness (expressiveness) of an utterance (for example, anaphora, epiphora, simplock, ellipse, ... - STYLISTIC SYNTAX in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
The doctrine of the use of syntactic constructions for stylistic purposes. This includes issues such as the synonymy of certain types simple sentence, stylistic functions ... - STYLISTICS in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
1) A branch of linguistics that studies various styles (styles of language, styles of speech, genre styles, individual style of writers, etc., see style ... - DICTIONARY LINGUISTIC in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms.
- KEEP in the Popular Explanatory-Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-n "yu, -n" ish, nsv. ; save, sov. 1) (what) Keep something somewhere, keeping it from spoilage, damage, damage. Store milk ... - HEAVY
- SOLID in the Popular explanatory-encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language.
Synonyms are divided into absolute(full) and relative(partial).
Absolute (full) synonyms are called synonymous words that are identical in meaning to the word and in stylistic coloring. Absolute synonyms have neither semantic nor stylistic differences. For example: abstract - abstract, spelling - spelling, linguistics - linguistics, bucks - greens - green. Such synonyms are most often completely interchangeable. .
Relative (partial) synonyms (quasi-synonyms) such words are called synonyms that have semantic and stylistic differences. There are three types of relative synonyms:
· semantic (ideographic) synonyms differ in shades of values ( key - spring: key - a spring where the water gushes with pressure, spring- water leaks semantic synonyms can refer to varying degrees manifestation of a sign or action: run away And rush;(bonfire) burned- (bonfire) glowing, fast(step) - impetuous(step), anxiety - confusion, hot(air) - sultry(air), etc.
· stylistic synonyms differ in their style affiliation, i.e. used in different functional styles speech. For example, synonyms eyes - eyes, beauty - beauty differ from each other only in a stylistic sense: the first words are stylistically neutral, the second ones are bookish. In the synonymy run away - run away the first word is stylistically neutral, the last word is colloquial.
· semantic-stylistic synonyms differ in shades in meaning and stylistic affiliation. For example, synonymous adjectives interesting And amusing differ in shades of meaning: the word interesting used in the sense of ‘exciting attention with something significant’, and amusing– ‘exciting only external interest’. Besides, interesting- the word is stylistically neutral, and amusing- colloquial. ( Walk - drag, cough - thump, breathe).
Synonyms are divided into occasional And general language.
Common language (usual) synonyms synonyms are called, which are characterized by relative independence from the context, sufficient frequency of use. These synonyms are reflected in modern dictionaries and, as a rule, lend themselves to literal translation into another language (if they do not denote special, nationally limited concepts, phenomena, realities, etc.). For example, cheerful - joyful.
occasional (usual,contextual speech, contextual, situational, individual, author's ) synonyms such words-synonyms are called, which, taken separately, are not synonyms, but, lined up in a row by the speaker in a certain context, seem to converge in a common sense, tk. become expressions of the author's intention. For example, " They are tired of dual power, polyarchy, to be more precise - anarchy "(Ros. newspaper. 1994). Dual power and multiple power are equated to anarchy only in this context.
Contextual synonyms approach their meanings only in context. Distinctive features of such synonyms are clearly expressed contextual conditionality and fixation, a single (usually individual) nature of semantics (and often word formation), irreproducibility, i.e. obvious limited use, absence in dictionaries and difficulty literal translation into another language.
Stylistic synonyms
Terminological dictionary-thesaurus in literature. From allegory to iambic. - M.: Flinta, Nauka. N.Yu. Rusova. 2004
See what "stylistic synonyms" are in other dictionaries:
stylistic synonyms- see stylistic synonyms (synonyms in the article) ...
stylistic synonyms- 1. Synonyms that differ only stylistically. 2. Synonyms that match in meaning, but differ in belonging to different styles speech, the degree of usage, expressive coloring etc … Explanatory Translation Dictionary
Stylistic resources of vocabulary, or lexical stylistics- - 1) a section of linguistic stylistics, focused on the description of the stylistic resources of modern. Russian lit. language at the lexical level of the language structure (see the works of L.V. Shcherba, G.O. Vinokur, A.N. Gvozdev, A.M. Efimov, D.I. Rozental, D.N. ... ...
- (Greek synonymos eponymous) words that are close or identical in meaning, expressing the same concept, but differing either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring, or in both. They can also be synonymous... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism
Synonyms- (from Greek συνώνυμος eponymous) words of the same part of speech (as well as, in a broader sense, phraseological units, morphemes, syntactic constructions) having completely or partially identical values. As a unit of semantic ... ... Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary
synonyms- (Greek synonymos of the same name). Words that are close or identical in meaning, expressing the same concept, but differing either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring, or in both. Synonyms usually belong to ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Stylistic resources of syntax, or syntactic stylistics- - stylistic possibilities of syntax means, their role in generating stylistically marked statements; ability syntactic units act as expressive stylistic means, i.e. associated with the achievement ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
Synonyms- This term has other meanings, see Synonym (meanings). Synonyms of a word of one part of speech, different in sound and spelling (cf. homonyms), but having the same or very close lexical meaning (cf. antonyms). Examples ... ... Wikipedia
Synonyms- (from Greek synônymia - same name) - identical or similar in meaning (but different in sound) language units of the same level (morphemes, words and phrases, syntactic constructions). S. is most often called close or identical in ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
Synonyms- (from Greek synonymos eponymous) words related to one part of speech, the meanings of which contain identical elements; the differing elements of these values are stably neutralized in certain positions. Thus, S. can be recognized ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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- School explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Active vocabulary of the literary language. Interpretation. Pronunciation. Usage examples. Synonyms. Antonyms. Grammatical and stylistic characteristics, Skorlupovskaya E .. The dictionary contains more than 8000 words and phrases, which are the active vocabulary of the modern Russian language. . Each dictionary entry contains grammatical and stylistic ...
Plan.
1. The concept of synonyms. Types of synonyms (semantic, stylistic and semantic-stylistic; absolute, linguistic and speech (contextual)).
2. Synonymous series.
3. Compatibility of synonymous words with other words. Synonyms and polysemy.
4. Ways of occurrence of synonyms. Morphological categories of synonyms.
5. The stylistic role of synonyms. Synonym functions.
1. The concept of synonyms.
Different-sounding words of the same part of speech denoting the same phenomenon objective reality, but differing in shades of meaning, stylistic coloring, or both at the same time, are called synonyms (Greek synonymos - the same name).
For example, words round, steep, sheer they call the same sign, but with different shades in meaning: steep - falling sharply; abrupt - steep and uneven; sheer - very cool. words forehead and forehead represent the same object upper part faces, but differ in stylistic respect: forehead - common word, stylistically neutral, a personarchaism used in poetic style.
Words object, protest, argue denote the same action, but differ in shades of meaning and stylistic usage: object used in all styles of speech in the sense: to express disagreement with someone, something, the word protest - bookish, has the meaning: to express a sharp disagreement with something; contradict used in colloquial speech in the meaning: to speak contrary.
Synonym types. Semantic and stylistic differences make it possible to single out the following types of synonyms: semantic, stylistic, and semantic-stylistic.
Semantic synonyms are words that differ in shades of meaning.
Shades may refer to:
a) the degree of manifestation of the trait: uplift, inspiration; hobby, passion; friend, friend; fast, lightning fast; hot, hot; quickly, swiftly; run, rush; get angry, get angry;
b) scope of phenomena covered- expansion or contraction of meaning: contract, agreement; adult, adult; pedagogical(work), teacher's(work); cook, cook; overtake, overtake(in the given pairs of synonyms, the first words are wider in meaning than the second ones);
c) penetration into literary language dialectisms, professionalisms, jargon, colloquial words: stubble, stubble; steering wheel, steering wheel, steering wheel; vop, swindler, mazurik; restore, restore, rebuild;
d) development of new meanings of the word: suspicious, dubious, obscure- cf.: dark, gloomy, unlit; location, location, geography(mineral).
Morphological ranks of synonyms.
Synonyms are common among words of all parts of speech. They can be nouns: anger, rage; diligence, diligence; slope, slope; wolf, biryuk; adjectives: kind, kind-hearted, humane, sympathetic, humane; adverbs: literally, literally; casually, lightly, casually; often, often; cold, chilly; Verbs: determine, find, recognize, diagnose, establish, measure, measure, fix; pronouns: everyone, everyone; someone, someone; anything, anything; this, this; official parts of speech: because; because; than, than; how, exactly; and, yes; in order to.
It should be noted that not all words enter into synonymous relations. Synonyms do not have a) most of the words denoting very specific objects, signs and actions: water, hair, goose, bone, leaf, ice, book, leg, window, sheep, sand, glass, chair, notebook, white, pink, lie, sit, melt and under.; b) proper names: TO irill, Odessa, Carpathians, Danube and etc.; c) words-terms (as a rule): atom, affix, analgin, benoir, bassoon and others
5. The stylistic role of synonyms.
Synonyms are widely used in our speech as a stylistic means. They can be used to transfer subtle shades meaning and thus more accurately express their thoughts, as well as diversify their speech, avoid repeating the same words.
Language synonymy, skillfully used by writers and publicists, is a means of vivid and colorful reflection of life, creating comic situations, figurative speech, for example: We sometimes have discipline, to put it in a homeless language, "boring", boring, the discipline of ranting, prodding, annoying chatter. The question of how to make discipline enjoyable, exciting, and touching is simply a matter of pedagogical technique.(Poppy.).
Synonymy is a common phenomenon in almost every language. different types synonyms enrich the language and give speech a certain stylistic character. Synonymy allows you to choose the best words for different communication styles, as well as more accurately describe a specific situation.
Synonym concept
Synonyms are words that belong to the same part of speech, and whose meaning is identical or very close. Synonyms can be replaced with each other. In this case, the proposal does not lose its meaning. For example, the word "option" can be easily replaced by the word "version", while the sentence will carry identical information.
Synonymic series
Choosing the best synonym for specific situation or sentences are made from a group of words that are in synonymous relations. In this case, these words are called synonymous series. Such a group may include different types of synonyms. A synonymic series has one central or main word, which more accurately conveys and generalizes the meaning of all words in a particular group. This word acts as a dominant, and it can be easily applied in absolutely any style of speech and situation. For example, dare - dare - dare. All the words in this synonymous series have almost identical meanings, but it is the word “decide” that generalizes them. For example, in the synonymic series: loud - sonorous - deafening - thunderous, the dominant word is loud, since it does not have additional meanings.
Synonym types
Depending on the features and basic characteristics distinguish the following types of synonyms in Russian:
- Complete or absolute. In this case, the synonyms are absolutely interchangeable, and they can be safely used in the same situations without losing their meaning. For example, a hippopotamus is a hippopotamus, spelling is spelling, etc.
- Semantic or semantic. The semantic types of synonyms belong to the same style of speech and can be interchangeable, but differ in additional shades of meaning. For example, shine - sparkle - shine.
- Stylistic. In this case, we are talking about situations where there is interchangeable synonymy. The types of synonyms then describe the same object or phenomenon, but they cannot replace each other in the same style of speech. For example, fall - slam. The second word is used in a colloquial style and cannot be used in official speech.
- Semantic-stylistic. These synonyms differ from each other in the presence of additional semantic or stylistic nuances, as well as in a diverse scope of use. For example, contract - pact - contract - condition - agreement. Despite the obvious closeness, these words have different meanings. A contract is an agreement of a commercial nature. Covenant - means an international treaty. A condition is an agreement on something, either orally or in writing. An agreement is a formal contract. The very word "contract" is broad and universal.
Features of absolute synonyms
Synonyms, their types and role in the language depend on how much they can enrich the language and give speech an additional meaning. As for absolute synonyms, since they are completely interchangeable, they do not have such a function. In this regard, the number of absolute synonyms in almost any language is small. It's about about such words as prefix - prefix, fricative - fricative, etc.
The existence of such synonyms is not eternal. Over time, absolute synonyms begin to receive additional meanings and semantic or stylistic shades and cease to be absolute. For example, in the 19th century, words such as "believe" and "believe" were absolute synonyms, but today these words have different meanings.
Value types of semantic synonyms
The semantic types of lexical synonyms may have additional shades that indicate:
- The scope of actions or phenomena. In this case, the synonym may have a broader or narrower meaning. For example, "cook - cook" or "catch up - catch up." In these variants, the first words have a broader meaning than the second.
- The degree of manifestation of a particular symptom. For example, "hobby - passion" or "fast - lightning." In these pairs, the words are close in meaning, but have different level their manifestations.
- Description of the category of concreteness or abstractness. For example, "way - road" or "exist - live." The first words in pairs describe abstract meanings, while the second words describe more concrete ones.
Semantic synonyms can also give other additional meanings to words. For example, the words "guarantee" and "provide". The second option means not only a guarantee, but also involves the creation of conditions for the implementation of these guarantees.
Groups of stylistic synonyms
The types of synonyms of this series have a heterogeneous meaning. The environments of these synonyms are divided into the following groups:
- Words that describe categories from different historical periods. For example, this one, this one; airplane, plane; velmy, very, etc.
- Words that have different stylistic connotations. The shade can be bookish, official, generally accepted, colloquial, colloquial, etc. For example, sleep, rest; face, muzzle; smart, smart, etc.
- Words that are used in different speech areas. Words can be general, professional, slang and dialect. For example, cook, cook; parents, ancestors, etc.
- Words that do not mean the direct name of an object or action, but its euphemism. For example, restroom, toilet; crazy, mentally ill, etc.
- Words with different lexical origin - Russian and foreign. For example, agricultural, agrarian; thought, idea; lack, deficiency, etc.
Similar additional value words concretizes the scope of their use and makes speech richer and more focused.
Features of semantic-stylistic synonyms
Semantic-stylistic types of synonyms are characterized by the presence of words with different stylistic coloring and semantic meaning. This is expressed as follows:
- The presence of a common meaning, but a different style. For example, take out and take out. The first word is generally accepted, while the second is more bookish, and at the same time it additionally means that something is obtained with some difficulty.
- General style, but presence various meanings. For example, long and long. Two words can be used in different styles of speech, but the second word has an additional semantic meaning - very long.
- Having a positive or negative connotation. For example, a poet and a poet. The meaning of the words is identical, however, the second has a clear negative connotation.
Semantic-stylistic synonyms make speech more figurative and artistic.
Synonymy in English
English, like almost any language, is characterized by the presence of synonyms. They can appear in the language both accidentally and with the aim of giving the word additional stylistic and semantic meaning. As for the synonyms of the English language, they can:
- Match not in all meanings of the word. This is especially true if the word is ambiguous and only one of its meanings can be synonymous with another word.
- It does not coincide in all combinatorial values. This means that a word can act as a synonym only if it is combined with other words or stands in a specific context.
- Vary in place, sphere and time of use.
It is on these characteristics that the types of synonyms in English language.
Types of English synonyms
In English, there are the following types of synonyms:
- Full and partial. Full synonyms have the same dictionary meanings. For example, scriptwriter and screenwriter. As for partial synonyms, we are talking about polysemantic words, in which only some meanings of the word are synonyms. For example, the words convince and convince. Two words have general meaning- to make someone believe in something. The second word, however, has yet another meaning - to persuade, which the first word does not have.
- Combinatorially identical and combinatorially non-identical. It is about the fact that some words may coincide in lexical meanings, but do not coincide in combinatorial ones, i.e. they cannot replace each other in different contexts. For example, the words prison and jail. The two words mean "prison". They can be replaced in the phrases in prison and in jail, but the phrase jail bird, which colloquially describes a prisoner, cannot be replaced by the same phrase with the word prison.
- Words with the same meaning but different emotionality. For example, the phrases get arrested and get nailed. Both phrases mean "to be arrested", but the second has a rude connotation.
There are also structural types synonyms for English. We are talking about simple and complex words. Simple ones consist of one word, complex ones - from several. For example, flyer and flying man.
The emergence of synonymy in the language
Both in Russian and in English, synonyms can appear for various reasons:
- "Split" the meaning of the word. In this case, the unambiguous word becomes polysemantic, and the new meanings of the word can be synonyms in relation to other words. For example, the word "layer", which now also means "group".
- "Divergence" of the meanings of the word. This means that the meanings of the word are so far apart that they can be included in different synonymous rows. For example, the word "dashing", which can serve as a synonym for the word evil, as well as a synonym for the word brave.
- Borrowing from other languages. In this case, the language contains both native words and words of foreign origin. For example, area - sphere, general - global, etc.
These processes in the language do not stop, which leads to the disappearance of the meaning of some words and the appearance of others.
Synonym functions
In any language, synonyms perform the following functions:
- Substitution. With the help of synonyms, a person can avoid repetition.
- Refinement and specification. The ability of a person to more accurately convey his thought.
- Expression. Synonyms allow you to give speech an emotional and stylistic connotation.
- Grade. With the help of synonyms, you can demonstrate your attitude to objects or events.
- Explanation. Synonyms can be used to explain specific terms.
- Comparison and opposition. With the help of synonyms, the author can demonstrate the differences between objects and phenomena.
Synonyms make a language richer and more varied. Different types of synonyms allow you to clarify, concretize, evaluate and give emotionality to speech.
