If you visited our website and opened the “About SAMBO” section, it means that you are interested in it or at least curious. In any case, what you read will not leave you indifferent. SAMBO is a powerful means of self-defense, physical and spiritual education- was invented in the Soviet Union and quickly spread throughout the world. USSR Sambo wrestlers won many medals highest quality not only in SAMBO, but also in judo, freestyle and classical wrestling, and fights without rules. Having completed their sports performances and forged their character, many sambo wrestlers became prominent scientists, military and political figures. These are brave and selfless people whom the whole world knows today.
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SAMBO (an abbreviation derived from the phrase “SELF-DEFENSE WITHOUT WEAPONS”)- a type of combat sports and a comprehensive self-defense system developed in the USSR. In SAMBO, the authors (Anatoly Kharlampiev, Vasily Oshchepkov, Viktor Spiridonov) combined the techniques of many national types of martial arts, including Georgian chidaoba, Tatar, Karachay, Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, Finnish-French, Free-American, English, Swiss wrestling, Japanese judo and sumo.
History of combat sports
The struggle at the dawn of mankind helped keep people alive and provide food for themselves. The accumulated experience was passed on from generation to generation, and over time, struggle was recognized as a means physical development and developing valuable applied skills.
Primitive fights became a sport after the rules for their conduct emerged. The first information about sports fights is about five thousand years old: they are mentioned in the Babylonian and Indian epics, Chinese chronicles, their images are on ancient Egyptian bas-reliefs.
IN Ancient Greece wrestling was part of the program of the ancient Olympic Games. Besides, she was part of the system physical education children and youth, including sprinting, long jumping, javelin and discus throwing. The first rules of wrestling competitions were developed and described by the founder of Athens, Theseus.
The traditions of ancient Greek wrestling were revived in the mid-nineteenth century in France. This sport was first called French, then classical wrestling, and now it is called Greco-Roman wrestling.
Almost immediately, French wrestling came to America. Here its development takes on a new direction, which in modern sports is called freestyle wrestling.
Greco-Roman wrestling has been included from the very beginning in the program of the modern Olympic Games, revived by Pierre de Coubertin in 1886. And already in 1904, freestyle wrestling was included in the Games program.
Each nation has its own national types of wrestling. And on the territory of the former USSR there are almost as many of them as there are nations - including Georgian Chidaoba, Tatar Kuresh, Karachay Tutush, Russian wrestling. All of them, as well as the experience of European and Asian culture, became the basis for SAMBO.
Chronicle of Sambo
1936 At the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, Anatoly Kharlampiev defends thesis, in which he collected and described all the techniques he studied under the guidance of Vasily Oshchepkov and collected independently.
1938 The 1st All-Union Coaching Camp is taking place in Moscow, “which brought together coaches of various types of national wrestling - Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkmen, Kazakh, Caucasian, etc.” (“Red Sport” June 27, 1938), and a scientific and methodological conference. Oshchepkov’s student Kharlampiev was appointed as the senior coach of the training camp.
“National types of struggle of our vast Soviet Union, - Kharlampiev said at the conference, - served as the basis for the creation of a large common wrestling, which now we all call Soviet freestyle wrestling. IN Soviet struggle freestyle includes all the best elements from the following national types of wrestling: Georgian, Tatar, Karachay, Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, etc.”
He adds that the system includes the most original techniques of Finnish-French, Free-American, English wrestling of the Lancashire and Cumberland styles, Swiss, Japanese judo and sumo.
From the first moments of laying its foundation, the synthesized system assumed its openness to everything that is best and expedient, without giving priority to any one thing, and the universal rules, according to Kharlampiev, should have given the opportunity to a fighter of any nationality, using his favorite techniques from folk wrestling, and as well as others, to compete equally with everyone else.
It was then that the main conclusion was made: as long as the search continues only in the field of purely applied self-defense systems, limited in the number of techniques, there can be no real self-defense. This requires a foundation, and this foundation should be wrestling. (Kharlampiev A. A., “SAMBO System”)
November 16, 1938 All-Union Committee on physical culture and sports issued Order 633 “On the development of freestyle wrestling.” "This fight- the order says - formed from the most valuable elements of the national types of wrestling of our vast Union and some of the best techniques from other types of wrestling, is an extremely valuable sport in its variety of techniques and applications.” This day is considered to be the birthday of SAMBO.
November 25-26, 1939 The first USSR championship in “freestyle wrestling” is held in Leningrad. “Freestyle wrestling” was the name of SAMBO wrestling at that time.
1940 The first manuals on “freestyle wrestling” by N. Galkovsky and R. Shkolnikov are published. A textbook for NKVD schools is being published under the authorship of Viktor Volkov (student of Oshchepkov and Spiridonov) “Self-defense course without weapons “SAMBO””. The author tried to combine the heritage of teachers and outlined his concept of teaching the system of defense and attack. Thanks to Volkov, the word SAMBO appeared.
1941-1945. The Great Patriotic War interrupted the holding of competitions in “freestyle wrestling” (SAMBO wrestling). But it also tested the viability of SAMBO in combat conditions. Athletes and coaches, brought up on the Soviet system of self-defense, defended their Motherland with honor, participated in the training of fighters and commanders, and fought in the ranks of the active army.
1946“Freestyle wrestling” received its modern name - SAMBO. The concept of the SAMBO system is being formed as a system that combines SAMBO wrestling (a sports section) and self-defense without weapons “SAMBO” (a combat section designed to solve combat missions).
An All-Union section is being created, competitions and coaching camps are being resumed.
1947 The Rules for SAMBO wrestling competitions have been released. (Sambo wrestling: Competition rules. - M.: “Physical education and sports”, type. “Kr. Banner” - 6th type. Transzheldorizdat, 1947). The USSR SAMBO championships are being resumed, which were held regularly until the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
1948 The All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the first time approves the SAMBO wrestling program for sports sections of physical culture groups.
1949 The first edition of Anatoly Kharlampiev’s book “SAMBO Wrestling” is published. The book begins in the following words: “The techniques used in sambo wrestling are based on scientific data in their technique. In one case - the expedient use of body levers; in another - the application of the laws of motion of the chain of links of the human body; in the third - achieving lightning-fast movements by adding speeds, etc. - in all cases in sambo wrestling, success does not depend on the random discovery of a successful technique, but on the correct analysis of the movements of the human body.”
Further in the chapter on tactics, Kharlampiev writes: “In such a complex sport as sambo wrestling, technique, physical and volitional qualities alone are not enough to achieve complete success in competitions. Tactics in all its diversity plays a huge role both in an individual fight and in the entire complex of competitions. Therefore, in sambo the study of the most rational ways to defeat an opponent should be given an important place.”
50s of the XX century for SAMBO were marked by its entry into the international arena. It all started with foreign students who studied in the Soviet Union.
1953 Voenizdat publishes two books by Kharlampiev for official use - “Combat SAMBO Techniques” and “Special SAMBO Techniques.”
1957 The first official meeting of USSR sambo wrestlers with Hungarian judokas. At the Dynamo stadium in Moscow, the wrestlers of the Soviet Union won a convincing victory with a score of 47:1 over the followers of Japanese wrestling. Our sambo wrestlers fought according to the rules of judo in this meeting. The first foreign sambo federation was formed - Sambo Wrestling Federation People's Republic Bulgaria.
1958 The first Sambo wrestling championship of the People's Republic of Bulgaria is taking place - this is the first tournament of this level abroad. In Belgium, at the Brussels world exhibition “Expo-58”, a demonstration of SAMBO techniques is taking place.
1962 A judo section was organized in the USSR SAMBO Federation. Sambo wrestlers continue to actively prepare for the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, where judo will make its debut.
1965 The SAMBO Federation is being created in Japan.
1966 At the FILA Congress, which took place in the American city of Toledo, SAMBO wrestling was recognized as an international sport. A team of Japanese sambo wrestlers comes to the Soviet Union for the first time. The guests failed to win any of the four matches.
1967 The first international SAMBO friendship tournament took place in Riga. Athletes from Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Mongolia, Japan and the USSR took part in the competition. Since this year, international competitions have been regularly held in different countries of the world.
1970 David Lvovich Rudman founded the SAMBO-70 school in Moscow.
1971 SAMBO was included in the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR.
1972 The first open European SAMBO wrestling championship is being held in the USSR, in Riga. Athletes from Bulgaria, Great Britain, Spain, the USSR, Yugoslavia, Iran, Mongolia, and Japan took part in the competition.
1973 The first World Sambo Championship takes place at the Farah Stadium in Tehran. Athletes from Bulgaria, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, USSR, USA, Iran, Mongolia, South Korea and Japan.
1976 A book by the legendary sambo master Evgeny Mikhailovich Chumakov, “Tactics of a sambo wrestler,” is published, where the author notes: “To successfully draw up a plan of action, a wrestler needs knowledge and experience. He must be able to assess the capabilities of himself and his opponents, otherwise he will not be able to choose the right tactics and implement it. Tactics is both an art and a science. In sambo wrestling, significant experience has been accumulated in the use of tactical actions, which in recent years has been intensively summarized and systematized.”
1977 The first World Cup is played in Spain in Oviedo. The first Pan-American SAMBO Championship takes place (Puerto Rico).
1979 The first book on sambo for children is published. Author David Rudman begins it with these words: "Dear friend! I don’t know how old you are and whether you are familiar with sambo wrestling. But you picked up this book and started reading it.” And just below: “Don’t expect supernatural recipes and mysterious secrets from me. The most super-mysterious recipe has long been revealed. Sport is work! Do you want to become a sambist? A wonderful wish. But desire alone is not enough. You can lie on the couch, read books on sambo and dream of becoming a champion. You can talk a lot and intelligently about wrestling and know the names of all the techniques. But still not able to do anything. Therefore, you need to work hard, selflessly, and wisely. Search, make mistakes, lose and win. And believe, strongly believe in yourself, in your character, in your will.”
1981 SAMBO is included in the Bolivarian Games ( South America).
1982 The first international sambo wrestling tournament “Memorial of Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiev” is taking place in Moscow. This tournament has already become traditional. SAMBO is included in the Cruz del Sur Games program (South America, Argentina).
1983 The first World Women's Sambo Wrestling Championships took place in Madrid. SAMBO is included in the Pan-American Games program.
1984 A decree on the development of SAMBO among women in the USSR was signed. At the founding Congress in Bilbao (Spain), the International Amateur Sambo Federation, International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS), was created, which in 2001 at the next Congress was renamed the World Sambo Federation (WSF). Spaniard Fernando Compte was elected as the first president of FIAS. John Henson from the United States of America was elected first vice president.
1985 FIAS has been incorporated into GAISF (AGFIS). GAISF - World Association of International Sports Federations / General Association of International Sports Federations)
1986 The first Asian SAMBO Cup is being held in Tokyo (Japan).
1987 For the first time, the World SAMBO Cup is being held in Africa, Casablanca (Morocco).
1989 First World Junior Championships in New Jersey (USA).
1997 The XXI World SAMBO Championships are being held in Russia at the International SAMBO Academy (Kstovo). For the first time in the history of the International Amateur SAMBO Federation, it is headed by Russian Mikhail Tikhomirov.
year 2001. At the next Congress of the International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS/FIAS), which was held in Russia in the city of Krasnoyarsk, it was decided to rename the International Amateur Sambo Federation, International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS/FIAS) into the World SAMBO Federation (WSF/ WSF).
Types of sambo
Although sambo initially developed as one system, currently there are three versions of sambo:
– Sports sambo is a combat sport close to judo. However, sambo wrestlers wear a jacket with “wings” and slits for a belt, shorts instead of pants, and “sambo boots” on their legs.
For a fight, a round mat is chosen instead of a square one in judo. In sambo you can do painful holds on the legs, but you cannot use choke holds, and in judo it’s the other way around. In addition, judo and sambo have completely different scoring systems.
– The art of self-defense. This form is similar to Aikijutsu, Jujitsu and Aikido. The techniques are designed to repel attacks from both armed and unarmed opponents.
– Combat Sambo is a system developed and adapted for the needs of the army and police. Combat sambo includes techniques with and without weapons.
Combat Sambo competitions resemble modern mixed martial arts (fighting without rules) matches and include extensive use of strikes, grabs and throws.
Oshchepkov Vasily Sergeevich (1892-1937
)
- the founder of domestic judo and one of the founders of sambo wrestling. Born at the end of December 1892 ( exact date birth unknown) in the village. Aleksandrovsky post on Sakhalin Island. Illegitimate son of convict M. Oshchepkova. After Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, Southern Sakhalin was torn away from Russia, and young Oshchepkov unwittingly became a subject of the Land of the Rising Sun.
Oshchepkov’s mother died when her son was 11 years old. Archbishop Nikolai of Japan, a man of broad views, took part in the boy’s fate and managed to create an Orthodox spiritual mission in Japan. To one of educational institutions This mission, a seminary in Kyoto, brought the fourteen-year-old orphan Vasya Oshchepkov. Among the disciplines studied at the seminary was judo wrestling. Once a year, the seminary selected the best students to study at the famous Kodokan Judo Institute, headed by the founder of judo, Jigoro Kano. On October 29, 1911, Oshchepkov was admitted to this educational institution, about which a corresponding record has been preserved in the Kodokan archives. Vasily left the seminary in Kyoto and moved to Tokyo, where the Kodokan Institute was located. On June 15, 1913, Oshchepkov received the first master's degree - sedan (first dan) - and belted his kimono with a black belt. Soon he passed the exams for second dan. Oshchepkov became the first Russian and fourth foreigner to earn a master's degree in Kodokan judo.
Returning to Russia in 1914, Oshchepkov worked as a military translator at the headquarters of the Amur Military District in Vladivostok. At the same time, under the auspices of the Vladivostok Sport Society, Oshchepkov organized the first amateur judo study group in Russia. The circle existed until 1920.
At the end of the Japanese occupation Far East Oshchepkov headed to Sakhalin Island, and then to Tokyo, where, under the cover of the film business, he conducted intelligence activities. The information he supplied was mainly assessed in the USSR as “valuable” and “very valuable.” However, in the official description of the intelligence department, his views were assessed as “Smenovekhovsky,” and in 1926 Oshchepkov was recalled to the Soviet Union.
In 1928, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, Oshchepkov was appointed as a military translator in one of the departments of the headquarters of the Siberian Military District and moved to Novosibirsk. He taught judo at the Novosibirsk police school and the headquarters of the Siberian Military District.
Soon Oshchepkov was transferred to Moscow, to the Directorate for Combat Training of the Red Army. At the end of 1929, the Directorate organized instructor courses for training military personnel in hand-to-hand combat for the commanding staff of the Moscow garrison. Oshchepkov was appointed head of the courses and author of the training program. At the very beginning of the 1930s, a physical training complex was established for the civilian population, called “Ready for Labor and Defense.” As one of the standards of the GTO of the second stage, self-defense techniques were provided for men and women. Oshchepkov was entrusted with developing this TRP standard.
In 1929 Oshchepkov became a teacher at the State central institute physical culture. Work at the Institute of Physical Education gave Oshchepkov a unique opportunity to get acquainted with the wrestling systems of the peoples of the USSR, whose representatives studied at his department. He analyzed international combat sports, Chinese wushu and a number of national types of wrestling from the point of view of their applicability in combat. Based on judo, Oshchepkov began to create more advanced applied wrestling, which later became known as sambo.
Among his students were V.G. Kuzovlev, V.V. Sidorov, N.M. Galkovsky, I.V. Vasiliev, R.A. Shkolnikov, A.A. Kharlampiev and many other masters. In 1932, Oshchepkov organized the first open judo competitions at the Institute of Physical Education. In 1935, the championship of the Institute of Physical Education and the first championship of Moscow took place. At the same time, the Moscow and All-Union sections of “freestyle wrestling judo” were organized, of which Oshchepkov became the chairman.
In 1937, judo, as a system that emerged from capitalist Japan, was excluded from the curricula of physical education institutes and technical schools. On September 29, 1937, the Lubyanka issued a resolution: “Vasily Sergeevich Oshchepkov is sufficiently exposed that, while living in the USSR, he is engaged in espionage for Japan... Citizen Oshchepkov should be brought as an accused under Article 58, paragraph 6. A measure of suppression of methods of evading investigation and the court to choose detention." On the night from October 1 to 2, 1937, Oshchepkov was arrested on charges of espionage for Japan and ten days later he died in a cell in Butyrka prison.
Spiridonov Viktor Afanasyevich
(founder of Sambo)
Before the revolution, Spiridonov was a career officer. But not a colonel, and not a guard. He began serving as a private, having joined the army at the age of seventeen - as a volunteer, in modern terminology - as a volunteer. He received non-commissioned officer badges and was sent to the Kazan Infantry School. The cadets were still mastering tactics and fortification, stabbing a scarecrow with a bayonet, and the Varyag’s guns were already thundering over the Yellow Sea near Chemulpo. In 1905, in brand new officer's uniform, Spiridonov went to where the battles of the infamous Russo-Japanese War, to Manchuria.
The newly minted officer had a very short period of front-line life, but the second lieutenant must have had a real soldier's acumen: he returned home with the cross of Anna and Stanislav. Viktor Afanasyevich was familiar with the version of jiu-jitsu, which was brought to Europe after the Russo-Japanese War, during the period of world triumph of this system of self-defense. The time of universal fascination with jiu-jitsu was not in vain for Spiridonov. He was a dexterous and strong man, a great specialist in military-applied gymnastics, knew French wrestling, English boxing, and without much difficulty thoroughly studied Japanese techniques, although, most likely, he only used descriptions in various manuals published in Russia and abroad. abroad. Despite his front-line merits, Spiridonov's career successes, like those of any army infantry officer, were small: the past ten years brought him a promotion of only one rank.
From the very first days of the world war, he was again on the front line. The second war for the infantry company commander, Lieutenant Spiridonov, ended on the very day when Austrian shrapnel exploded above his head in a battle near the Lashev settlement. Severely shell-shocked and wounded, he spent a year in hospitals, and then was “dismissed from service with promotion to the next rank and rewarded with a uniform and a pension.” The pension, however, was meager. And wasn’t it during those hungry years that the wounded officer had to learn how to sew ladies’ shoes? In general, he had the confident grip of a good Russian craftsman: on occasion he could repair a water tap, and he also took on other plumbing work.
Spiridonov met the revolution in Moscow. The times were not easy for the former officers: they were seen as potential enemies and suspected of treason. The retired staff captain had to feel this for himself... In 1919 he worked in the Main Armor Directorate of the Red Army. And soon, having recovered from the consequences of the shell shock, he became a teacher at the Moscow district courses for sports instructors and pre-conscription training, one of those educational institutions that were destined to become the founders of Soviet sports. Among the many disciplines studied by the cadets was also “defense and attack without weapons.” The position of chief leader in this subject was held by Viktor Afanasyevich.
In those distant years, sports, and most importantly, its teaching, were at a very low level, especially in Russia, where physical culture had not yet received sufficient development. But if in almost any of the sports that were cultivated in our country at that time there already existed, albeit a small, but nevertheless some kind of experience, then in self-defense there was not even this. Moreover: the greedy and ignorant crowd of self-proclaimed commercial jiu-jitsu experts managed to compromise this system so much that many sports specialists simply no longer took it seriously. Many, but not Spiridonov. The conspicuous shortcomings of Japanese self-defense could not prevent him from seeing its undoubted advantages and understanding its “rational grain.” And he was not intimidated by either the complexity or the amount of work that had to be done. And we had to start not just from zero, but, if you like, even from negative. He was entering an area where everything was unclear and often deliberately confusing. There was no trace of any teaching methodology. And what kind of methodology is there, when the only thing Spiridonov started with was a couple of dozen techniques, not all of which were reliable enough. Everything, absolutely everything, had to be found and decided independently: exactly what techniques he would select and show to the cadets, how he would explain it, and in what sequence he would structure the training. Chief Executive meticulously selected only the most reliable and simple techniques that could be relied upon in any alteration. He will invariably follow this rule in the future, throughout all twenty years of his activity. And it is not surprising that when looking through modern self-defense manuals you will certainly come across more of what Spiridonov once focused on. The work, of course, was carried out, as they say, by touch, almost blindly. Not everything went smoothly. There were many mistakes and misconceptions. And could they not exist under such difficult conditions?
The main thing is that from the very beginning Spiridonov manages to take the path along which development will begin the entire modern art of defense and attack without weapons: the creation of a new, “synthetic” system, composed of the best techniques of already existing systems. And then, only after the end of the second year of work, Viktor Afanasyevich already had reason to talk about the techniques he taught as “tested by experience, in life, by persons who had previously studied.” And later he recalled: “At the beginning of my work, I fell into error when determining the value of certain techniques in the sense of applying them to life, but in 1921, thanks to practical study, I managed to realize the error of the system that existed at that time. At the same time, a detailed study of all the techniques that were used in our reality indicated a new and, it seems to me, the right path.” In 1922, law enforcement officers were given the task of constantly improving their shooting skills and physical training. After all, these qualities were not only among the components that ensure the success of operations, but even guaranteed, to a certain extent, the life of a security officer in dangerous situations. (If, of course, there could be any guarantees at all during such a grueling and inhumanly intense service!)
The soon-created sports society “Dynamo”, uniting in its ranks athletes-chekists, border guards and police officers, took on a solid job of fulfilling the assigned tasks. Naturally, this society, among other things, had to lead the work in the field of such a specific applied sports discipline as self-defense without weapons. And indeed, the Dynamo defense and attack section soon became an all-Union center for the development of techniques, tactics, teaching methods and the promotion of self-defense. And it was, of course, Spiridonov who started all this activity and directed it in the future. He was among the very first sports specialists to come to work in the newborn society. And this was probably the most natural thing. In 1923, Viktor Afanasyevich was the most knowledgeable, if not the only specialist in his field. By that time he was also a member of the capital’s sports community.
All this, undoubtedly, predetermined his arrival at Dynamo, but it still seems that the main reason was different. As before, the very logic of his character led Spiridonov to the forefront. It’s not for nothing that they say that this former front-line officer, on his own initiative, more than once participated in operations to liquidate dens of thieves together with his students from the criminal investigation department. He was some kind of, maybe a little old-fashioned, but, truly, a knight without fear or reproach... Spiridonov now received a huge all-Union audience, very attentive and very much in need of his harsh science. And Viktor Afanasyevich did not disappoint her expectations. Despite the immeasurably increased volume of work, he worked with his characteristic energy and, as always, with complete dedication. Teaches combat techniques to security officers, police officers, commanders and fighters of border troops. Hands them the very “invisible weapon” that was so necessary in their dangerous work. And more than one hefty bandit has been amazed that he was pinned down by a short, seemingly weak security officer. His activities at Dynamo not only made new and increased demands, it gave Spiridonov even greater scope for the implementation of all, even his most daring plans. The task of teaching self-defense on an all-Union scale could only be solved by training hundreds of well-trained instructors. And now Spiridonov is also working on the problem of training instructors.
Within a few years, a whole line of his best students stood next to him, capable of training not only ordinary sambo wrestlers, but also skillful teachers. Two of them especially stood out: D. A. Davydov and M. I. Solomatin, whom Viktor Afanasyevich with gratitude and respect called his “constant assistants in the difficult and new task of creating a coherent system of self-defense.” One after another, three books by Spiridonov are published - about the basic principles of his system. Self-defense sections (as they were called then - self-improvement groups) begin to function not only in Moscow, but also in many Dynamo organizations: in Leningrad, Rostov-on-Don, Sverdlovsk, Ukraine, Siberia and Transcaucasia. A restless patriot of his cause, Viktor Afanasyevich traveled all over the country, promoting self-defense techniques. Always very willing to perform in security and police clubs, institutions and military units. An excellent storyteller, he knew how to be interesting to any audience. A. A. Kharlampiev, who came to Dynamo after Spiridonov, recalls: “The propagandist was very good. Wherever I had to go, everywhere I met the spark of interest in sambo, kindled at one time by Spiridonov.” Viktor Afanasyevich set himself only practical goals: the formation of a self-defense system. It happened, however, that it was this system that became the very first stage in the creation in our country of a new applied type of wrestling in clothing, in which the use of painful holds was allowed. The type that we today call sambo wrestling. The fact is that the combat skills acquired in training were best consolidated and improved in freestyle combat. “The competition is like the highest degree of training and the last stage of a fighter’s improvement in the study of self-defense,” this was the opinion of Viktor Afanasyevich. And his students went out onto the mat in jackets, wrestling boots (and more often just in tunics and socks) and held training bouts. The sport that accidentally appeared turned out to be very interesting and exciting. Gradually, competitions and even championships began to be organized according to specially developed rules by Spiridonov. The wrestlers were divided into seven “weight groups”, and painful holds were allowed not only as now, when wrestling while lying down, but also in a standing position. In addition, various chokeholds were used. All this, of course, made the fights relatively dangerous and determined high demands on composure and self-control of athletes. “Competitors are strictly forbidden to get excited during a fight, no matter how fast it happens,” the rules prescribed and threatened violators with immediate disqualification. It is worth noting that this warning, formulated with naive straightforwardness, to the “hot ones” was subsequently included in the very first all-Union rules of sambo wrestling. In February 1929, the Dynamo Moscow championship in a new type of wrestling was held for the first time. The posters, however, for greater accessibility indicated: “jiu-jitsu.” Due to the limited number of participants, the championship was played in only four weight categories. And although it was believed that these competitions were closed, during all three days while stubborn fights took place on the mat, the gym of the Higher Border School and the old Dynamo hall on Tsvetnoy Boulevard were crowded. The self-defense masters could not complain about the lack of attention from the fans.
It is interesting that even six months before this championship, Spiridonov’s students, by that time already quite good wrestlers, managed to receive a baptism of fire in the first and only international meeting in jiu-jitsu. On the fine autumn days of 1928, all of Moscow lived with sports competitions. On the busy, crowded streets, colorful national costumes of envoys from all republics glowed like bright spots. Every now and then foreign speech was heard: workers-athletes from many countries arrived in the red capital to participate in the Spartakiad. The German delegation included several jiu-jitsu specialists. The Germans performed exhibition fights in Moscow parks, demonstrating lightning-fast throws and irresistible grabs. The Japanese system was then a novelty even for those who set the tone in sports European countries. And of course, the German athletes were very surprised that in distant and still experiencing difficulties Moscow, there were their own masters of self-defense. And not only did they appear, but they even dared to challenge them. However, the biggest surprise awaited the guests ahead. Although they strictly followed all the instructions of the Japanese professors with purely German accuracy, the Moscow boys still managed to defeat them in this significant friendly match. Spiridonov carefully agreed on the terms of the meeting with the Germans.
The only surviving participant in this historic match, honorary Dynamo player V.S. Kharitonov, recalled with what excitement they prepared for the competition. The fight continued until the first successful move. Partners were selected of approximately equal weight. Only three pairs competed - from light to heavier weights. The first of the Dynamo players to enter the mat was the short, energetic Pronin and, despite understandable excitement, managed to perform a winning painful hold. The second to enter the competition was Kharitonov, whose outwardly leisurely style of fighting was jokingly called “melancholy” by his comrades. This “melancholy style” determined the victory of its owner and the victory of the entire Soviet team. All the guests could do now was to escape the defeat with a clean sheet, and they realized this opportunity: the third member of the Dynamo team - Vasilenko - left the mat defeated. The style of wrestling that the German athletes encountered in Moscow, although far from becoming Sambo wrestling as we see it today, was no longer Japanese jiu-jitsu in the strict sense of the word. Spiridonov’s eight years of hard work were not in vain. This man could not remain an orthodox copyist. Knowing well all the advantages of jiu-jitsu, Spiridonov, however, was never a thoughtless adherent of this famous system. His opinion is categorical and unequivocal: “The art of self-defense helps to win victory by all available means, therefore, in self-defense, one cannot adhere to any one system, which never covers all the numerous and varied situations in life’s collisions, but it is necessary to use everything useful from other systems, since it leads to victory.”
And Spiridonov boldly introduces into practice the best techniques from free and classical wrestling, including dangerous ones - prohibited ones, adopts blows from English and French boxing, painstakingly searches for original techniques born from combat and everyday practice. Understanding very well that any technique “works” only with the required speed of execution, he begins (almost for the first time in the practice of domestic wrestling in general) to time the time spent on their implementation. With all this, he creates not some abstract system, not self-defense “in general,” but one clearly oriented specifically to our conditions.
For this reason, in particular, the Japanese’s favorite pressing on “sensitive points” turned out to be mostly mercilessly thrown out. Significantly different from Japanese type our clothing negated the effectiveness of such techniques. And so, as a result of Spiridonov’s many years of work, an original self-defense system was born, which had only the name in common with jiu-jitsu. Naturally, it also had to be abandoned in the end. At first, Viktor Afanasyevich simply called his system “self-defense.” Subsequently, paying tribute to the then fashionable abbreviations, he called the system “Sam”. But, probably, this name was not the most successful. Among Spiridonov’s students, new variants of it are born: “samoz”, and, finally, the ringing abbreviation “sambo” - “self-defense without weapons”, which replaced all the others. But although the prehistory of sambo begins precisely with Spiridonov, he himself hardly ever thought about it. He considered the “Sam” system of self-defense without weapons to be his life’s work. For the Dynamo veteran, this system was like his personal contribution to the fight against crime. One of Spiridonov’s students said that Viktor Afanasyevich died right on the sambo mat, when, during the most difficult war years, he taught the techniques of our saboteurs before throwing them into the German rear. The narrator named the city where this supposedly happened. And although everything was wrong, although in reality Spiridonov died at home from incurable disease, but didn’t the birth of such a legend show that the old sambo wrestler, despite death itself, remained in service, like a soldier forever included in the lists of his company.
Sambo (wrestling)
Emblem of the All-Russian Sambo Federation.
Sambo(a compound word derived from the phrase “ myself protection b without O guns") is a type of martial arts, as well as a comprehensive system of self-defense, developed in the USSR as a result of the synthesis of many national types of martial arts and, in particular, judo. It is one of the types of wrestling in clothes. The official date of birth of this sport is considered to be November 16 of the year in which it was published. Order of the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 633 “On the development of freestyle wrestling” ("freestyle wrestling" was the original name of the sport, later renamed "sambo").
Sambo is divided into two types: sambo sports And combat.
History and philosophy of sambo
Founders of Sambo
At the moment there is no consensus on who is the founder of sambo. Officially, the founder of sambo wrestling is Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiev, whose book “Sambo wrestling” was published many times in the Soviet Union. Anatoly Arkadyevich chaired the scientific and methodological conference of the “1st All-Union Coaching Camp”, held in May 1938, at which the main issues of the creation and development of “freestyle wrestling” were discussed, and was also appointed senior coach of the camp. He was the first to head the “All-Union Freestyle Wrestling Section” organized in 1938 (the future Sambo Federation).
Most sources believe, however, that the foundations of the struggle were laid even before Kharlampiev. The foundation was laid by Vasily Sergeevich Oshchepkov (whose student was Kharlampiev) and Viktor Afanasyevich Spiridonov (1881-1943).
Oshchepkov was an excellent judoka, a student of Jigoro Kano, the third European to receive second dan in judo at the Kodokan (personally from Jigoro Kano). Oshchepkov fell victim to general spy mania, was arrested, accused of spying for Japan along with other intelligence officers of the 4th Directorate of the NKVD, and died in prison 10 days after his arrest from a heart attack. Oshchepkov was rehabilitated this year.
Spiridonov was an officer of the Russian imperial army, later worked in the NKVD system. He studied jujutsu even before the 1917 revolution. He headed the work in the field of applied sports discipline “self-defense without weapons” in the Dynamo society.
After the death of Oshchepkov, Kharlampiev became the head of the All-Union Freestyle Wrestling Section, since Spiridonov could not be a public figure. The study of the struggle of the peoples of the USSR began under Oshchepkov. Spiridonov, in addition to jujutsu, was an expert in boxing and savat (although these techniques were not included in sports sambo as they were dangerous).
Combat Sambo
Unlike sambo wrestling, the task of a sports match is not only to demonstrate the throwing technique of wrestling in clothes or the technique of painful holds. In a combat sambo match, it is the effectiveness of technical actions to eliminate physical aggression that is important.
The solution to the problem of a sports match is the voluntary recognition of one of the participants as being defeated, or through his obvious inability to fight. That is why in combat sambo it is possible to use a technical arsenal from any type of combat sports. For example: throws and holds by means of grabbing clothes, painful effects on ligaments and joints (typical of sambo and judo), throws by means of classical body holds (typical of freestyle and classical wrestling), suffocating effects by means of grabbing clothes (typical of judo) and parts of the body (this is closer to mixed martial arts), all kinds of punches and kicks (characteristic of various types of striking martial arts).
Sambo rules
There are seven age groups in sambo competitions:
| Group | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|
| Teenagers | 11-12 years old | 11-12 years old |
| Younger age | 13-14 years old | 13-14 years old |
| Average age | 15-16 years old | 15-16 years old |
| Older age | 17-18 years old | 17-18 years old |
| Juniors | 19-20 years old | 19-20 years old |
| Adults | 19 years and older | 19 years and older |
| Veterans | 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60 and older |
Sambo is divided into weight categories depending on age and gender.
Dress
Modern rules provide for the following participant costume: special red or blue colors, belt and panties (shorts), as well as sneakers for sambo wrestling (or sambo wrestling). In addition, participants are provided with a protective bandage (swimming trunks or non-metallic shell), and participants are provided with a bra and a one-piece swimsuit.
Sambo jackets and belts are made from cotton fabric. The sleeve of the jacket is wrist-length, and has a width that leaves at least 10 cm of clearance to the arm. The jacket's tails are not long, 15 cm below the waist.
Wrestling shoes are made from soft skin boots with soft soles, without protruding hard parts (for which all seams must be sealed inside). The ankles and feet in the area of the big toe joint are protected by leather-covered felt pads.
Briefs are made of wool, half-woolen or synthetic knitwear, must be one color and cover the upper third of the thigh.
Famous sambo wrestlers
Today, the most famous sambo wrestler in the world is Russian Fedor Emelianenko, a multiple World Champion in mixed martial arts, who is currently considered the strongest heavyweight in this sport according to many publications.
First Vice-President of the Russian Sambo Federation Vladimir Pogodin. Died on September 14, 2008 in a plane crash in Perm.
Honored Master of Sports in Sambo, World Champion in Sambo, six-time USSR Champion in Sambo, Honored Trainer of the USSR, creator and Honorary President of the Russian vocational school“Sambo 70”, President of the International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS) - Rudman, David Lvovich
Head of the SAMBO and JUDO team of CSKA (early 60s), head coach of the USSR Armed Forces team, coach of the USSR national team Georgy Nikolaevich Zvyagintsev
Literature
- Kharlampiev A. A. SAMBO system (collection of documents and materials, 1933-1944). - M.: Zhuravlev, 2003 - 160 p., ill. ISBN 5-94775-003-1. For the first time, documents on the history of the emergence and development of sambo have been published, previously unpublished, or published in small-circulation departmental publications more than 70 years ago. The compiler of the collection is the son of Anatoly Kharlampiev. Contents of the book on sambo.spb.ru.
- Kharlampiev A. A. SAMBO wrestling. M.: “Physical Culture and Sports”, 1964. - 388 pp. Scanned version of the book on the website sambo.spb.ru
- Rudman D. L. SELF-DEFENSE Without Weapons from Viktor Spiridonov to Vladimir Putin. - M.: 2003 - 208 pp., ill. ISBN 0-9723741-8-3 (English), ISBN 5-98326-001-4 (Russian)
- Rudman D. L. SAMBO. Lying wrestling technique. Protection. -M.: “Physical Education and Sports”, 1983. - 256 p., ill.
- Lukashev M. N. Pedigree of SAMBO. - M.: “Physical Culture and Sports”, 1986. - 160 p.
- Kolodnikov I. P. SAMBO wrestling. - M.: Military Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, 1960. - 80 p., ill.
- Zezyulin F. M. SAMBO: Educational and methodological manual. - Vladimir, 2003. - 180 p., ill. 1000 copies ISBN 5-93035-081-7
- Shulika Yu. A. Combat SAMBO and applied martial arts. - Rostov n/a: “Phoenix” 2004 - 224 p., ill. ISBN 5-222-04657-5. Contents and introduction on sambo.spb.ru.
Links and notes
Links
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
The history of the development of sambo wrestling began with the founding of the first wrestling section based on the Dynamo society. It was headed by Viktor Spiridonov in 1923. In his classes, he teaches law enforcement officers and border troops soldiers combat techniques.
It was Spiridonov who singled out two directions for the development of sambo - sports sambo and combat sambo. Viktor Afanasyevich not only taught wrestling, he actively promoted its spread throughout the country. He opened sports sections in Leningrad, Rostov-on-Don, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk and a number of other cities.
He proposed rules for holding competitions, the first of which was a categorical prohibition of “getting excited during a fight, no matter what the pace of it.”
Another enthusiast in the development of sambo was Vasily Oshchepkov, who in 1913. He graduated from the Kodokan Judo Institute in Japan. From 1918 to 1926 he was a resident of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army in Japan. Before moving to Moscow, he worked as a self-defense instructor in the Novosibirsk branch of Dynamo, teaching cadets at the local police school. Spiridonov’s closed system “SAM” was already being implemented there. In Moscow, Oshchepkov organizes study groups at the CDKA hand-to-hand combat among military personnel, conducts classes for higher command staff Red Army. Works at the Moscow Institute of Physical Education and teaches judo wrestling. Oshchepkov’s idea is to develop a system of techniques available not to a limited number of “initiates,” but to everyone. For this, he prepared a course of lectures and in 1932 recruited the first group of students to train from among them coaches and sports promoters. Already in those years, Oshchepkov moved away from the rules of judo and actively supplemented Japanese wrestling with techniques taken from the rich arsenal of national types of wrestling of the peoples of the Soviet Union. He began to add the most spectacular techniques from national types of wrestling to judo, changed the cut of the jacket, the rules of competitions, and introduced protective shoes - wrestling shoes. This is how it arose the new kind sport, which was called “free style wrestling” at that time.
Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiev is often considered the founder of sambo wrestling. Kharlampiev traveled a lot collecting and systematizing techniques and methods of training national sports. In 1983, a film was made about the creation of sambo - “Invincible”.
Kharlampiev is the author of the first textbook “Sambo Wrestling”. While still a student, in 1936 he defended his thesis, which collected and described the techniques he learned under the guidance of Oshchepkov. Over the course of many years, he systematized the techniques and methods of struggle of the peoples of the USSR. Kharlampiev is the author of many books on the theory and practice of Sambo training, the organizer of numerous referee seminars and training camps for athletes. He founded schools for training athletes in such sports societies as “Wings of the Soviets”, “Dynamo” and the Moscow Energy Institute, having trained more than a hundred masters of sports, candidates for master of sports and thousands of dischargers.
In July 1938, being the senior coach of the training camp, Anatoly Kharlampiev proposed cultivating his own, original type of wrestling and gave a report “Basics of freestyle wrestling”: “... Soviet freestyle wrestling includes all the best elements from the following national wrestlings: Georgian, Tatar, Karachay , Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen... Our struggle should be the most extensive in terms of means of victory, so we are not limited to the struggles that are cultivated in the Soviet Union, we borrow wrestling techniques from other countries...” Kharlampiev proposes to systematize the experience accumulated over time and peoples. He says that the basis for victory should be a throw from a standing position on the entire back - “with this throw you can stun the enemy so much that he will not get up.” The main advantage of the emerging struggle is its “application”.
Sambo's birthday - or official recognition.
On November 16, 1938, the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports issues Order No. 633 “On the development of freestyle wrestling.” This day is considered to be the birthday of Sambo.
First All-Union competition
1938 The complex of standards of the GTO II degree includes wrestling (for men) and self-defense (for women) as qualifying disciplines.
First competitions and first champions
1938, Baku All-Union freestyle wrestling competition - match of five cities. Teams from Baku, Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv and Saratov are participating. The Leningrad team takes first place.
1939, Leningrad. USSR personal championship in freestyle wrestling. 56 people are participating in eight weight categories.
1940 The first 16 people receive the title “Master of Sports of the USSR”.
The first heroes
1941-1945. Many athletes go to the front, the most experienced remain in the rear: Leningrad resident Ivan Vasiliev teaches self-defense skills to paratroopers, Muscovite Nikolai Gladkov trains airborne troops. Prize-winners of the first USSR championships E. Baev, N. Sazonov, V. Sheinin, V. Salmin die during battles. The first USSR champion Evgeny Chumakov and Leningrader Ivan Vasiliev go through the entire war. They founded sambo schools that made waves throughout the country. Permyak Leonid Golev returns from the front as a Hero of the Soviet Union.
The first popular book about sambo
1949 "Sambo wrestling". Author - Anatoly Kharlampiev. The book has been reprinted several times. The only textbook of that time. In the chapter “Advice to Beginner Sambo wrestlers,” Kharlampiev writes: “Sambo wrestling classes should serve, first of all, the education and training of young people - healthy, politically literate, devoted to the party of Lenin-Stalin and ready for work and the defense of our great Motherland. Therefore, it is important that there are more people involved. Set yourself a task: to attract at least three of your comrades to the sambo section.”
First statistics
1952 According to statistical reports, 4 thousand 437 people are engaged in sambo wrestling in the USSR, and 47 coaches work.
1965 The popularity of sambo is growing. More than eighty thousand people are engaged in wrestling.
First international starts
1957 A friendly meeting is being held in Moscow between Soviet sambo wrestlers (Dynamo, Burevestnik) and Hungarian judokas (Dozsa). Our wrestlers win a convincing victory with a score of 47:1.
1967 The 1st International Sambo Wrestling Tournament starts in Riga. Representatives of five countries take part in the competition: Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Mongolia, Japan, and the USSR.
First official world recognition
1966 The International Amateur Wrestling Federation (FILA) has officially recognized sambo as an international sport.
The first performance of sambo wrestlers at the Olympics
1961 Judo is included in the program of the XVIII Olympic Games in Tokyo. The Sambo Wrestling Federation receives the task of preparing a team of wrestlers. The team is made up entirely of sambo wrestlers.
1964 Olympics in Tokyo. The performance of Soviet wrestlers becomes a sensation. Bronze medals were won by Aron Bogolyubov, Oleg Stepanov, Anzor Kiknadze, Parnaoz Chikviladze.
First European and World Championships
1972 The first European Championship starts in Riga. A decree was issued on the separate cultivation of sambo and judo wrestling in the USSR. The first European champions are V. Kyllenen, A. Hosch, K. Gerasimov, V. Nevzorov, A. Fedorov, Ch. Ezerskas, N. Nishinaki, N. Saito, S. Novikov, V. Kuznetsov.
1973 The first world championship in Tehran. The USSR team wins nine gold medals out of ten. The first world champions are G. Georgadze, A. Shor, M. Yunak, D. Rudman, A. Fedorov, Ch. Ezerskas, L. Tediashvili, N. Danilov, V. Klivodenko.
First women's competition
1981 The first Women's World Cup is taking place in Madrid. Soviet athletes do not take part in competitions.
1987 The USSR State Committee for Physical Culture and Sports issues an order “On the development of sambo among women.” Nizhny Tagil hosts the first women's All-Russian tournament.
The first film about sambo
1983 Yuri Boretsky is making the film “Invincible” about Anatoly Kharlampiev. After the film is released, the number of people wishing to sign up for Sambo increases significantly.
First starts of the new millennium
year 2001. The first International Youth Tournament “Victory” opens in Moscow. The first Russian Combat Sambo Championship is taking place.
National and priority
On April 23, 2003, a meeting of the board of the State Sports Committee of Russia took place. The decision made at this meeting changed the fate of sambo. Sambo was recognized as a national and priority sport.
In 2007. The first President's Cup is being held in Moscow Russian Federation.
Sambo is a unique domestic martial art, popular all over the world.
Sambo is an international sport worthy of becoming an Olympic sport.
Sambo is the only sport in the world where the Russian language is recognized official language international communication.
Traditions and philosophy of sambo
Sambo is not only a type of combat sports, it is an educational system that promotes the development of a person’s moral and volitional qualities, patriotism and citizenship.
Sambo is the science of defense, not attack. Sambo not only teaches self-defense, but also gives rich life experience, forming solid male character, stamina and endurance, which are necessary in work and social activities.
Sambo promotes the development of self-discipline, forms internal moral support and a strong personal position in achieving life goals. Sambo forms the social support of society, people who are able to stand up for themselves, for their family, for their Motherland.
Sambo traditions are rooted in the culture of the peoples of Russia, in folk species struggle.
Sambo includes best practics national martial arts: fist fighting, Russian, Georgian, Tatar, Armenian, Kazakh, Uzbek wrestling; Finnish-French, free-American, English wrestling of Lancashire and Cumberland styles, Swiss, Japanese judo and sumo and other types of martial arts.
Such a system, aimed at searching for everything that is advanced and expedient, formed the basis of the philosophy of sambo - the philosophy of constant development, renewal, openness to everything better. Along with wrestling techniques, sambo also absorbed the moral principles of the peoples who passed on part of their culture to sambo. These values gave Sambo the strength to go through the harsh tests of time, to survive and become stronger in them. And today, when children engage in Sambo, they not only learn to defend themselves, but also gain experience in worthy behavior based on the values of patriotism and citizenship.
The history of sambo is closely connected with the history of the country, the history of victories. This is a living symbol of the continuity of generations.
The history of sambo - the history of Russia
The formation of sambo took place in the 1920s-1930s, when the young Soviet state was in dire need of social institution, ensuring its protection, uniting active members of society, and also capable of becoming an effective tool of socialization huge amount street and neglected children and adolescents.
From the very beginning, sambo developed in two directions: as a mass sport and as an effective means of training personnel for law enforcement agencies.
Since 1923 in the Moscow sports society "Dynamo"V.A. Spiridonov cultivates a specific applied discipline - “self-defense”. At the Dynamo base, various martial arts were studied, including national types of wrestling of the peoples of the world, boxing and other striking techniques. This direction was closed and intended exclusively for the training of special forces.
During the same period, sports sambo, initially known as “freestyle wrestling,” was actively developing. Graduate of the Kodokan Judo Institute, holder of the second danV.S. Oshchepkov begins teaching judo as an academic discipline at the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, but gradually moves away from the canons of judo in search of the most effective techniques, is engaged in enriching and improving self-defense techniques, forming the foundations of a new type of martial arts. Over time, Spiridonov’s self-defense system merged with Oshchepkov’s system, and with the direct participation of other founders (A.A. Kharlampieva, E.M. Chumakova ) modern sambo was formed, which retained two directions: sports and combat.
Since its foundation, sambo has been considered as an effective means of comprehensive physical development of a person, increasing his agility, strength, endurance, nurturing tactical thinking, and developing civic and patriotic qualities. Already in the 1930s. Sambo is included in the standards of the GTO complex, developed with the active participation of V.S. Oshchepkova. Millions of Soviet citizens from an early age were introduced to the basics of self-defense without weapons, strengthened their health, and developed character.
On November 16, 1938, the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports issued Order No. 633 “On the development of freestyle wrestling (sambo).” “This wrestling,” the order says, “formed from the most valuable elements of the national types of wrestling of our vast Union and some of the best techniques from other types of wrestling, is an extremely valuable sport in its variety of techniques and applications.” A decision was made to organize a system of training sambo wrestlers in all republics of the USSR, and the “All-Union Section of Freestyle Wrestling (Sambo)” was created, which later became the Sambo Federation. Next year the first national championship in the new sport will take place.
The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War interrupted the holding of the USSR championships. But the war became a tough test of the viability of sambo in combat conditions. Athletes and coaches trained in Sambo defended their Motherland with honor, participated in the training of fighters and commanders, and fought in the ranks of the active army. Sambo wrestlers were awarded military orders and medals, many of them became Heroes of the Soviet Union.
In the 1950s, sambo entered the international arena and repeatedly proved its effectiveness. In 1957, fighting against Hungarian judokas, Soviet sambo wrestlers won a convincing victory in two friendly matches with a total score of 47:1. Two years later, the sambo wrestlers repeated their success, already in meetings with judokas of the GDR. On the eve of the Olympic Games in Tokyo, Soviet sambo wrestlers, fighting according to the rules of judo, defeated the Czechoslovakian team, and then defeated the European judo champions, the French team. In 1964, Soviet sambo wrestlers represented the country at Olympic Games in Tokyo, where judo makes its debut. As a result of the triumphant performance of the USSR national team, which took second place in the team competition, Japan’s own sambo federation was created the following year. An exchange of coaches and athletes is organized, transferred to Japanese methodological literature on sambo. The process of actively using methods of training sambo wrestlers and methods of conducting a fight in sambo to improve judo begins.
In 1966, at the congress of the International Amateur Wrestling Federation (FILA), sambo was officially recognized as an international sport. The popularity of sambo began to grow steadily around the world. The very next year, the first international sambo tournament took place in Riga, in which athletes from Yugoslavia, Japan, Mongolia, Bulgaria and the USSR took part. In 1972, the first European Open Championship took place, and in 1973, the first World Championship, in which athletes from 11 countries took part. In subsequent years, European and world championships and international tournaments are regularly held. Sambo federations are being created in Spain, Greece, Israel, the USA, Canada, France and other countries. In 1977, sambists competed at the Pan American Games for the first time; In the same year, the World Sambo Cup was played for the first time. In 1979, the first World Youth Championships were held, followed two years later by the first World Women's Championships. Also in 1981, sambo entered the Bolivarian Games of South America.
Despite all the active development and growth of international popularity in the 70-80s, sambo was not included in the program of the Olympic Games.
In the 70-80s, continuing the traditions of mass development, sambo was widely spread in the country's universities. A large number of students passed through the sambo sections of universities and institutes of the Soviet Union, the sports society "Burevestnik", who now, having become successful statesmen, athletes, military men, scientists, form an active part of the all-Russian sambo community. At the same time, active work was carried out to develop sambo at the place of residence and in institutions additional education sports orientation, training of highly qualified athletes.
In 1985, the USSR State Committee for Physical Culture and Sports adopted a resolution “On the state and measures for the development of sambo wrestling”, which contributed to a significant increase in the number of sports schools cultivating sambo, an increase in the total number of students, and improved training of highly qualified athletes. Under the auspices of the USSR State Sports Committee, sambo competitions were held among military-patriotic clubs for prizes of the USSR National Olympic Committee. Sambo wrestling became the only non-Olympic sport that received broad government support.
The 1990s were a difficult period for sambo. Under the conditions of perestroika, various types of martial arts, which was greatly facilitated by Western cinema, which promoted the spectacular techniques of karate, aikido, wushu, etc. Previously banned by the state, these martial arts have become especially attractive to the population. But already in the late 1990s - early 2000s, a new discipline was emerging - combat sambo.
In combat sambo, sports sambo techniques are allowed to be used, as well as actions permitted by the competition rules of all existing martial arts (including striking techniques).
The formation and development of combat sambo made it possible to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of sambo against the background of various types and styles of martial arts, and became a powerful incentive for improving sambo. In 2001, the first Russian Combat Sambo Championship took place. In 2002 State Committee The Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports issued a decree approving the new discipline “combat sambo”.
The 2000s became a time of active development of sambo, primarily due to the strengthening of regional sambo federations, increasing the level of government support, growing funding, improving the level of training of athletes, and developing a system of mass sports events.
In 2003, by the decision of the Russian State Sports Committee, sambo was officially recognized as a national and priority sport in the Russian Federation.
Sambo - domestic look sports of Russia
Today in Russia sambo is one of the most popular sports. Due to its accessibility (does not require expensive sports facilities and equipment) and its role in the social life of society, sambo is developing in 72 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
More than 300 thousand Russians practice Sambo, including 60 thousand young athletes in 589 branches of sports schools and clubs throughout Russia.
The main places of initial preparation and training sessions for young amateur athletes are clubs at the place of residence, Sport halls educational institutions, institutions of additional education, sports clubs and sections, gyms of voluntary sports societies, etc. An extensive network of organizations and institutions that implement activities to attract children and adolescents to regular classes serves as the basis for increasing the popularity and mass participation of sambo.
The most developed network of sambo departments is in sports schools in the Altai, Krasnodar, Perm, Primorsky territories, the Republic of Bashkortostan, Samara, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Kemerovo, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg regions, St. Petersburg, Moscow and the Moscow region.
A lot of work on the popularization and development of sambo, the preparation of a sports reserve, and the organization of mass sports events is carried out by unique sambo centers that have no analogues in the world: “World Sambo Academy” (Kstovo, Nizhny Novgorod region), “Sambo-70 Education Center” (Moscow city).
More than 100 high-class athletes improve their sports skills in the sambo departments of the Olympic reserve schools of the Republic of Buryatia, Chuvash Republic, Primorsky Krai, Irkutsk, Kurgan, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Penza, Saratov and Sverdlovsk regions.
Every year more than 12 thousand athletes fulfill the standards for mass sports categories.
Every year, more than 150 competitions are held at the all-Russian level - Russian championships among men and women, championships among juniors, boys, juniors and girls, among veterans, as well as championships among students; Russian cups, tournaments dedicated to the memory of the country's outstanding athletes, significant dates in the history of the Fatherland. The annual holding on the eve of Victory Day in one of the hero cities of the international youth sambo tournament ‘Victory’ among national teams of hero cities and federal districts. Russia regularly hosts the most prestigious international tournaments, such as the Presidential Sambo Cup of the Russian Federation, the A.A. Memorial World Super Cup. Kharlampieva" and others. Russia has repeatedly received the honor of hosting European and World Championships.
Sambo is an integral element of physical and special training of personnel of the Russian security forces. Thus, sambo is used to train employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, FSB, and GRU special forces.
Championships of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Main Internal Affairs Directorate, and the Internal Affairs Directorate are held regularly in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; in 2010 it was combined for the first time with the championship of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Also, since 2010, the FSB of Russia championship has been held.
Legendary athletes
The Russian national sambo team maintains the prestige of the Fatherland at the international sports arena, confidently winning victories in the team competition. Russians regularly become prize-winners of European and world championships, and in many weight categories Russian athletes are the strongest in sports international arena. Honored Masters of Sports - eleven-time world champions - glorified their form of martial artsMurat Khasanov AndIrina Rodina , seven-time world championRais Rakhmatullin , six-time world championsSergey Lopovok, Svetlana Galyant , four-time world champion in combat sambo, multiple world champion in mixed style fightingFedor Emelianenko , winners of the First World Martial Arts GamesMarianna Alieva, Ekaterina Onoprienko AndBair Omoktuev (Combat Sambo).
Sambo in the world: Olympic prospects
One of the greatest achievements of the past decades has been the formation of a close-knit sambo community. Both in Russia and in the world, thousands of people who have undergone and live Sambo are united by its values, principles and ideals. The accessibility, entertainment, and high effectiveness of sambo as a form of martial arts have allowed it to gain wide international recognition. Today people all over the world practice sambo, on different continents - Europe, Asia, America, Africa, Australia. Sambo is developing in 77 countries of the world, in 66 countries there are national federations that are part of the International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS).
Currently, sambo has a solid foundation for active development.
Sambo is included in the official program of the World Martial Arts Games “SportAccord” and the World Summer Universiade 2013, along with Olympic sports.
The number of amateur and professional athletes is growing every year. The main task on a global scale is to join the Olympic family. The sambo community is doing difficult and painstaking work to recognize sambo Olympic form sports
