For example, the turnover value take your soul away“to give pleasure” allows it to be included in the synonymous series with the phrases amuse the soul, amuse the heart.
Different meanings of phraseological units swallow tongue make it possible to use it in various synonymous rows. So, in the meaning of “there is something tasty” its synonym will be the phrase lick your fingers. And in the case when they talk about a person who does not want or cannot talk about something, they use several synonymous phrases: swallow your tongue - how to put water in your mouth - dumb as a fish and etc.
Some of the synonymous phrases are almost equivalent in meaning (cf.: and he was like that - and the trace disappeared - remember what his name was - all they saw; or: shot sparrow - grated roll etc.), others - have differences in meaning or in stylistic use(cf.: to lose heart- become despondent - hang your head - hang your nose on a fifth;wait by the sea for weather- wait for the crayfish to whistle;mislead- confuse - deceive - throw dust in the eyes;pitch darkness- Even if you poke out your eyes, you can’t see anything;a drop in the sea- one, two and I was wrong - the cat cried and etc.).
Quantitatively synonymous series of phraseological units are as unequal as synonymous series individual words. Some of them consist of two revolutions, others - of three or more. Wed: shelve - put under the cloth; understand at a glance - grasp on the fly; keep your eyes open - keep your eyes open - prick up your ears; an empty space - a zero without a stick - the last spoke in the chariot; get into trouble - hit the sky with your finger - sit in a galosh (in a puddle); with all your might - with all your might - with all your spirit; in the blink of an eye - in two counts - in one moment - in one swoop - one foot here, the other there; tear off the mask - reveal the cards - catch him red-handed - pin him to the wall; Berries from the same field - two boots of a pair - made from the same dough - both on the same shoe - Siamese twins - smeared with the same world and etc.
In speech in synonymous relations a free phrase can enter into a stable phrase: Anna Akimovna was always afraid that they would think about her that sheproud upstartorin borrowed plumes(Ch.). Individual words and phraseological units are often synonymous: ...We still somehowdidn't notice, absolutelyoverlookedsuch an important detail in his life(Ch.).
The phraseological composition also contains antonym phraseological units, the functions of which are similar to synonymous phrases. In terms of meaning and structure, antonymous phraseological units most often arise as a result of replacing one of the components with a semantically correlative antonym (see § 7). For example: at someone else's expense - at one's own expense, doesn't go crazy - doesn't come to mind etc. However, there are also phraseological antonyms with different structures. For example: roll down an inclined plane - go uphill. In general, the antonymy of phraseological units is not as widespread as their synonymy.
Types of phraseological units according to motivation of meaning and semantic cohesion
The criterion for identifying types of indecomposable combinations is, first of all, the degree of merging of individual words in them. The stability and indecomposability of the elements of a phraseological phrase is considered, as a rule, from two points of view: firstly, from the point of view of their semantic cohesion and, secondly, from the point of view of the possibility of morphological changes in the words that make up a given phrase.
At the same time, the unity of phrases in meaning is reflected in their grammatical properties. Thus, the more clearly the semantic indecomposability of the phrase as a whole is expressed, the weaker they become grammatical connections, and sometimes are completely lost (cf. the hour is uneven, it’s a joke to say, headlong and mislead - mislead, rub in the glasses - rub in the glasses - rub in the glasses etc.).
In terms of the degree of lexical indivisibility and grammatical fusion of component parts, many researchers, following Academician. V.V. Vinogradov distinguishes the following types of phraseological units: phraseological adhesions, phraseological unities, phraseological combinations.
A special group should include some quotes, proverbs, sayings and a number of terminological phrases that acquire certain features of phraseological units proper, for example, reproducibility in the same composition and emerging metaphoricality. Such turns of phrase are called phraseologized; they gradually move into one or another group of phraseological units proper. (Note that N.M. Shansky calls them phraseological expressions and includes them in the general composition of phraseology.)
Phraseological adhesions
Phraseological adhesions These are lexically indivisible phrases whose meaning is not determined by the meaning of the individual words they contain. For example, the meaning of revolutions kick your ass- "to mess around" from the bay-floundering- “rashly”, sodom and gomorrah- “turmoil, noise”, carelessly- "carelessly" how to give something to drink- “certainly” and others are not motivated by the meaning of the constituent components, since, firstly, in the lexical system of the modern language there are no independently existing words with full meaning boobs, bays, floundering, sodom, gomorrah; secondly, the meaning of words beat, lower (later), sleeves, give, drink turns out to be lexically weakened, even emptied, under the conditions of this phrase (cf.: basic meanings beat- "to strike" lower- “move from top to bottom”, sleeves- “a piece of clothing covering the hand”; give- “to hand over” drink- “absorb liquid”).
Thus, the main feature of phraseological fusion is its lexical indivisibility, absolute semantic cohesion, in which the meaning of the whole phrase cannot be deduced from the meaning of its constituent words.
Semantically, the fusion in most cases turns out to be the equivalent of a word (“a kind of syntactically compound word,” in the terminology of Academician V.V. Vinogradov). For example: inside out- "vice versa", hand on heart- “frankly, sincerely”, out of hand- "Badly", coward (or coward) to celebrate- “to be afraid, to be wary”, etc.
The grammatical forms of the words that make up the phraseological unit can sometimes change. For example, in sentences Prokhor also invited Protasov: he is universally educated in miningate the dog(Shishk.) or: - As for fabrics, I’m not an expert in them; ask Queen Marya about them. Women on thatthe dog was eaten(A.K.T.) - the relationship between the word is preserved ate and the subject of the action: he ate, they ate etc. However, on general meaning splices, such a change in grammatical forms has no effect.
In some splices, the grammatical forms of words and grammatical connections can no longer be explained or motivated from the point of view of the modern Russian language, i.e. they are perceived as a kind of grammatical archaism. For example: from young to old, on bare feet, in broad daylight, without hesitation (or hesitation), so-so, wherever it goes, on your own mind, to say a joke, to marvel etc. Outdated grammatical forms of words (and sometimes the word as a whole) and unmotivated syntactic connections only support the lexical indivisibility of the phrase, its semantic unity.
Syntactically, phraseological fusions act as a single member of a sentence. For example, in the sentence He reproached me all the way for the fact that we... do nothing, workcarelessly(S. Antonov) the highlighted phraseological fusion performs the function of an adverbial manner of action. In a sentence With your speechconfuses you(Vyazemsky) fusion is a predicate.
Note. Phraseological conjunctions are called differently idioms(Greek idiōma - an indecomposable phrase peculiar only to this language, from the Greek idios - peculiar).
Phraseological unities
Phraseological unities such lexically indivisible phrases are called, the general meaning of which is to some extent motivated by the figurative meaning of the words that make up the given phrase. For example, the general meaning of such unities as splurge, go with the flow, keep a stone in your bosom, go into your shell, suck blood and milk out of your finger and others, depends on the figurative meaning of individual elements that make up the figurative “core” of the entire turnover.
Imagery, inherent to one degree or another in phraseological units of all types, is the result of the use of individual words that make up phraseological units, in figurative meaning. However, not all types of stable combinations have the same imagery, and not in each of them this imagery can be correlated with the meaning of individual components and motivated. Thus, the imagery of phraseological fusions is extinct, already unmotivated and completely independent of the meaning of the constituent elements. Unlike adhesions, phraseological unities “have the property of potential imagery.” It is this circumstance that allows some scientists (B.A. Larin, A.G. Rudnev) to turn similar type call them metaphorical combinations. The imagery of phraseological unities distinguishes them not only from adjuncts, but also from free phrases that are homonymous in design (cf.: cast a fishing rod- “to hint at something” and cast a fishing rod- literally, etc.).
The lexical composition of phraseological units is indivisible. This brings them closer to the group of adhesions. But unlike fusions, parts of phraseological units can be separated from each other by the insertion of some words. For example: Pouring water on(yours, mine, yours, someone else’s, etc.) mill(compare with fusions like just a joke, I'm amazed and etc.).
The grammatical forms and syntactic structure of phraseological units are strictly defined, but, as a rule, they are explainable and motivated by the forms and connections existing in the modern language (cf.: put your teeth on a shelf And put the books on the shelf, fly out the chimney And fly out the window etc.).
Replacing words as part of a unity, as well as substituting a synonym, leads either to the destruction of the imagery inherent in a given phrase, or to a change in its expressive meaning. This creates favorable conditions for individual stylistic renewal of unities in speech, which is widely used in fiction (cf., for example, A.P. Chekhov: A small girl enters the reception area,wrinkled to death, as if evil fate flattened old woman).
According to the degree of lexical indivisibility of components, phraseological unities are also associated with those compound terms that, in the process of use, acquired a generalized figurative meaning: freezing point, first violin, specific gravity, center of gravity, inclined plane etc. Compare: inclined plane(geometric term) - morally sink and slide down an inclined plane(phraseologism); specific gravity of gold(physical term) - specific gravity Agriculture in the country's economy(phraseologism).
Phraseological combinations
Phraseological combinations These are called stable phrases, the overall meaning of which completely depends on the meaning of the constituent words. Words as part of a phraseological combination retain relative semantic independence, but are not free and manifest their meaning only in conjunction with a certain, closed circle of words, for example: word tearfully can only be combined with words ask, beg. Consequently, one of the members of the phraseological combination turns out to be more stable and even constant, the other - variable. The presence of constant and variable members in combination significantly distinguishes them from adhesions and unities. The meaning of constant members (components) is phraseologically related. For example, in combinations burn with shame And melancholy takes over will be permanent burn out And beret, since these words will turn out to be the main (core) elements in other phraseological combinations: burn out- from shame, from disgrace, from disgrace;burn out- from love;burn out- from impatience, envy;beret- melancholy, thoughtfulness;beret- frustration, anger;beret- fear, horror;beret- envy;beret- hunting;beret- laughter. The use of other components is impossible (cf.: “burn with joy”, “takes a smile”), this is due to the existing semantic relationships within the language system. The meanings of such words are phraseologically related in the system of these phrases (see § 2), i.e. are implemented only with a certain range of words.
Phraseological combinations differ from phraseological adhesions and unities in that they are not absolutely lexically indivisible. Despite the phraseological closedness of phrases of this type, even lexically non-free components can be replaced by a synonym without prejudice to the general phraseological meaning (cf.: lower your head - lower your head; sit in a puddle - sit in a galosh; frown - frown etc.). This creates favorable conditions for the emergence of variants of phraseological unities, and often synonyms.
The syntactic connections of words in similar phrases correspond to existing standards, according to which free phrases are created. However, unlike the latter, these connections are stable, indecomposable and are always reproduced in the same form, semantically inherent in a particular phraseological unit.
Phraseological combinations are a fairly numerous group in composition and very common in use.
Phraseologized phrases
The so-called phraseological units(or expressions) that do not have all the distinctive features of phraseological units, but only part of them: reproducibility in finished form and (to one degree or another) imagery. However, the words in them remain semantically complete. Such expressions include, for example, individual quotes, some proverbs, and a number of terminological combinations. All of them have acquired a certain metaphorical quality, which is nevertheless completely derived from the words that make up such expressions. Thus, phraseologized quotations acquire a generalized figurative meaning, practically divorced from the original context: Trishkin caftan, man. in a case, from the ship to the ball, idealistic crucian carp etc. The same can be said about proverbs that have lost their edifying part, for example: hunger is not my aunt(the continuation has already been forgotten - won't slip the pie), dog in the manger(second part omitted: she doesn’t eat and doesn’t give it to others) etc. Most sayings are included in different groups phraseological turns.
Of the complex terms, phraseological expressions include those that have acquired a new meaning, for example: absolute zero- about the low importance of a person, etc.
Types of phraseological units and phraseological units by structure and lexico-grammatical composition
Structural and grammatical composition of phraseological units and phraseological expressions
In its structure and grammatical composition, the phraseology of the modern Russian language is heterogeneous.
According to the structure, all revolutions are divided into two large groups:
Phraseological units in the form of an independent sentence: Who are the judges?; And Vaska listens and eats; Well, how can you not please your loved one; Only the gods are immortal; Which have not be avoided and many more etc.
The role of sentences is most often phraseological expressions, which, as a rule, have a syntactically complete form.
Often, various expressions of colloquial speech are used for this purpose: the cat cried; once, twice and miscalculated; hold your pocket wider; in the bag; business - tobacco; my own head and etc.
Phraseological units in the form of phrases: spirit of the times, sardonic laughter, Babylonian pandemonium; maiden memory; cards in hand; blood with milk; hang your nose on a fifth; hit the sky with your finger; to the edge of the world and etc.
Lexico-grammatical characteristics of phraseological units and phraseological expressions
According to the grammatical composition, several most typical varieties are distinguished among phraseological units:
a) phrases that are a combination of an adjective and a noun: castle in the air; Foundation stone; vicious circle; inclined plane; small fry; bosom friend; White crow; a swan song; blue stocking; lion's share; guiding star; empty sound; bearish angle; right hand; mutual responsibility; empty place; skillful fingers; crocodile tears and etc.;
b) phrases that are a combination of a noun in them. case with a noun in gender. case: The spirit of time; apple of discord; the reins of government; megalomania; elbow feeling; zero attention; freezing point and etc.;
c) phrases consisting of a noun in them. case and noun with preposition: struggle for existence; soul to soul; man in a case; a start in life; reckless; storm in a teacup; in the bag; blood with milk; miracles in a sieve etc.;
d) phrases consisting of a preposition, adjective and noun: on fresh tracks; for old times sake; on a live thread; on a short leg; at peak interest; with a clear conscience; from time immemorial and etc.;
e) phrases that are a combination of a verb with a noun (with and without a preposition): get out of a rut; lead by the nose; put on display; touch the inner core; get on a tooth; look down; mince with one's feet; lift the veil; sow a spark; bring in fog; lay down a mine; hush up the conversation; to shower with contempt; kick your ass and etc.;
f) phrases consisting of a verb and an adverb: goof; confound; to see through; to break into pieces; go down the drain and etc.;
g) phrases consisting of a gerund and a noun (or nouns with a preposition): headlong; reluctantly; carelessly; hand on heart; rolling up my sleeves and etc.
These groups do not cover the entire diversity of the lexical and grammatical composition of phraseological units and phraseological expressions. IN in this case The most common types of stable combinations are given.
Phraseology of the modern Russian language from the point of view of its origin
Original phraseological units and phraseological expressions
The basis of Russian phraseology is made up of primordial phrases, i.e. Common Slavic (proto-Slavic), East Slavic (Old Russian) and Russian proper.
TO pan-Slavic include, for example: take (take) to the quick; (give) birch porridge; keep locked up; set a bath; give (ask) a trepak; like Christ (God) in his bosom; neither fish nor fowl; nod off; hang your nose; one like a finger and etc.
TO East Slavic revolutions include: without a king in my head(and antonymous with a king in my head); deaf grouse; bearish angle; no stake, no yard; under Tsar Gorokh; dog cold; sharpen the laces and etc.
Actually Russian is the majority of phraseological units, for example: sticking out tongue; put to shame; lose patience; lip no fool; keep your mouth shut; live happily; for a sweet soul; green Street; topic of the day; talk teeth; and does not lead an eyebrow; both cheap and cheerful; go recklessly; from bag to matting; spawn; Kazan orphan; as if he was looking into water; Kolomna verst; a mosquito will not erode your nose; oblique fathom; tasty; break spears; small spool but precious; small fry; the thief's hat is on fire; written on the forehead; climb on the wall; smoke the sky; nothing is visible; peel off like sticky; smeared with the same world; true truth; put under cloth; breed thistle; burn to the ground; carelessly; grated kalach; quietly; pull the strap; through the stump deck; nodding acquaintance and many more etc.
Actually, Russian phraseology was replenished due to professionalisms: back up; play first violin; let in couples; pull the gimp; clumsy work; blank shot etc.; slang-argotic phrases: exit the game; business - tobacco; bit map; peak position; rub the glasses and etc.; dialect expressions: from bag to matting; not slurping salt; get into trouble; don't wash like that etc.
Quite a few actual Russian phraseological expressions are rooted in fiction, for example: and Vaska listens and eats; tease geese; Demyanova's ear; like a squirrel in a wheel; monkey's work; disservice; There is no beast stronger than a cat and many more others (from the fables of I.A. Krylov); huge distance; false ideas; the legend is fresh, but hard to believe; and the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us and others (from the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov); things have been going on for a long time days gone by; crafty courtier; without further ado; not by days, but by hours; window to Europe; wanderlust and others (from the works of A.S. Pushkin); from a beautiful distance; extraordinary ease of thought; dead Souls; mouse stallion(from the works of N.V. Gogol); extra people; Fathers and Sons(I.S. Turgenev); no matter what happens; horse surname; to the village for grandfather; man in a case and others (from the works of A.P. Chekhov); pathetic words; ordinary story(I.A. Goncharov); from the very midst of the people; lead abominations(A.M. Gorky); textbook gloss(V.V. Mayakovsky) and many others.
Phraseologisms and phraseological units borrowed from other languages
Phrases in origin can also be borrowed from other languages.
First of all, phrases borrowed from the language of church books are highlighted, i.e. Russified Old Church Slavonic language. For example: massacre of the innocents; stumbling block; Babel; manna from heaven; fiend of hell; byword; to contribute; coming to bed; Foundation stone; fig leaf; in the sweat of his brow; smeared with the same world and etc.
A large group of phrases consists of the so-called phraseological tracing papers and semi-calques, i.e. expressions that are literal (or almost literal) translations of foreign language phraseological units, proverbs, and sayings. For example: bird's-eye(French); the ice is broken(French); local flavor(French); occurs(French); funny face at a bad game(French); swallow the pill(French); so that's where the dog is buried(German); blue stocking(English); time is money(English); What is allowed to Jupiter is not allowed to the bull(lat.); hand washes hand(lat.), etc.
A special group consists of aphorisms from ancient literature, quotes from the literature of different nations, as well as sayings attributed to outstanding foreign scientists and public figures: Augean stables; pillars of Hercules (pillars); tantalum flour; everything has a limit; golden mean(Horace); Oh holy simplicity!(Jan Hus); But still she spins!(Galileo); To be or not to be?(Shakespeare); ivory tower(Saint Beuve); storm in a teacup(Montesquieu); The Moor has done his job, the Moor can retire(Schiller); Princess on the Pea(Andersen), etc.
Sometimes foreign-language catchphrases are used in Russian without translation. They often coexist with phraseological tracing papers, which, due to their distribution, are used more often. For example: Après nous le delúge(French; words attributed to Louis XV) - there is also a tracing paper: After us there may be a flood; coleur locale(French) - there is also tracing paper: local color; Finita la comedy(Italian) - there is also tracing paper: the comedy is over; festina lente(Latin expression attributed to Julius Caesar) - there is also a tracing paper: hurry up slowly; modus vivendi(lat.) - there is also tracing paper: Lifestyle; non multa, sed multum(lat.) - there is also tracing paper: a little, a little and etc.
Many Russian phraseological units and phraseological expressions have entered other languages of the peoples of Russia and other languages of the world. Thus, many European (both Slavic and non-Slavic) and other languages have included the following phrases: Hero of our time; Holiday House; house of culture; green Street; collective farming; who will win; who does not work shall not eat; peace camp; disservice; Fathers and Sons etc. Russian phrases are translated, traced and included in the active dictionary of the peoples of the world.
Phraseology of the modern Russian language from a functional-stylistic point of view
Style classification of phraseological units and phraseological units. Their expressive and stylistic properties
The functional-style classification of phraseological units is of great importance, as it helps to outline possible areas their use. The same purpose is served by understanding their expressive and stylistic meaning.
A relatively small group of phraseological units can be distinguished as interstyle, i.e. used in any of the functional styles (see § 15). These include, for example: miss the target(and antonym hit the target); sound the alarm; take (take) the floor; take (take) the side of someone, someone; pick up; year after year; go up; keep in mind; at first sight; push boundaries; keep a promise; erase edges; stand in the way; lose sight of; go deeper into (oneself); give way; on two fronts; give something a go; full swing; center of gravity; at every step etc. From a stylistic point of view, such phraseological units can be called neutral, stylistically uncolored.
Against the background of the considered phraseological units, two main functional and stylistic varieties of phrases stand out: colloquial and bookish, each of which is additionally characterized by expressive and stylistic coloring.
Colloquial phraseological units and phraseological units
In conversational style, the largest number of phraseological units are colloquial expressions and phraseological expressions. They are characterized by greater imagery and often have a somewhat stylistically reduced coloring (playful, playfully affectionate, as well as ironic, familiar). For example: absolute zero; not a single glance; on a master's leg; take (take) by the sides; for greater importance, pour out; drive into a coffin; rub glasses; garden head; bend your back; give a run; to make mountains out of molehills; be careful; touch the inner core; cover your tracks; smoke the sky; twist your nose; the chickens laugh; fly upside down; Down and Out trouble started; at full speed (run away); Mama's massacre; from young and early; sewn with white thread; to the last thread; pry; fall on the heart; sing from someone else's voice; pour oil on the flame; cut like a nut; spread the mind; stand one's ground; warm place; the blow was enough; grab your mind and so on.
Adjacent to them in terms of functional-style and actual stylistic properties are many phraseological expressions, especially proverbial-proverbial types: hunger is not a problem; after the rain on Thursday; seven Fridays a week; seven don't wait for one etc.
Find the phrase “gerund + noun”:
A) Went ahead
B) Experience joy
C) After reading the story
D) Good-natured old man.
E) Reading student
$$$0041
Grammar basis suggestions are:
A) Subject and definition.
B) Object and predicate.
C) Definition and predicate.
D) Subject and circumstance.
E) Subject and predicate.
$$$0042
Adjectives that do not form simple form comparative degree:
A) Young, cool, thin.
B) Bad, spicy, hot.
C) Friendly, loud, small.
D) Bulky, emaciated, superfluous.
E) Quiet, expensive, long.
$$$0043
This is a phrase with a preposition that has a temporary meaning:
A) Hit the road
B) Work tirelessly
C) During the day
D) Be close to home.
E) Blushed with shame.
$$$0044
Indicate a phrase that indicates an action and its sign:
A) Reflected in memory
B) Remember your brother
C) Be reflected realistically
D) In realistic reflection
E) Reflected in memories
$$$0045
Please indicate your incentive offer:
A) Everything around was covered with snow.
C) Student, listen carefully.
C) Everything here reminded me of my past.
D) What should we do in the city?
E) I would go, but I can’t
$$$0046
Please indicate the offer with subordinating conjunction
A) There is a short but wonderful time in the original autumn.
B) He noticed that he was being followed..
C) It rains sometimes, sometimes it doesn’t.
D) You also read this book.
E) The pen writes, but the mind leads.
$$$0047
Specify first declension nouns:
A) Student, teacher.
B) Audience, class.
C) Curator, session.
D) Employee, student.
E) Exam, interview.
$$$0048
Specify inanimate names nouns:
A) Report, abstract.
B) Judge, meeting.
C) Exam, student
D) Youth, young man.
E) Girl, good luck.
$$$0049
Indicate a participle that cannot have short form:
A) Perfect.
B) Visible.
C) Discovered.
D) Untouchable.
E) Speaker.
$$$0050
Identify the word with the missing vowel -ё-.
A) Kryzh... got into it
B) Sh...roh
C) Hood...n
D) F...crazy
E) Sh...mpol
$$$0051
Indicate which of the following features is not related to the verb:
A) Inclination.
B) Time.
C) Number.
D) Declension.
E) Face.
$$$0052
Indicate a sentence with a verb ending in -tsya-.
A) Decide to escape.
B) It’s easy to breathe here.
C) It will never end...
D) Friends will meet in the evening.
E) The train is rushing along the rails.
$$$0053
Select a string of words with the prefix –PRI-:
A) Pr...section, pr...raise
B) Pr...increase, pr..ascend
C) Right...sit down, right...red
D) Walk…walk, walk…press
E) Pr...unpleasant, pr...delicious
$$$0054
Specify the indeclinable noun:
A) State.
B) Degree.
C) Time.
D) Youth.
E) Freedom.
$$$0055
The ending - and - is written in a noun:
A) Drive up to the site...
B) Walk along the roads...
C) Live in a village...
D) Approach the square...
E) Report plays...
$$$0056
Specify a phraseological unit that means “close”
A) Work carelessly.
B) Making a mountain out of a mountain.
C) Hang your nose.
D) Sit in a galosh.
E) Hand fall.
$$$0057
Indicate a phrase with a preposition that has the meaning of reason:
A) Go to the city.
B) Rush without looking back.
C) Hide from the rain.
D) Walk along the street.
E) Talk to a friend.
$$$0058
Specify the verb not perfect form, singular, female:
A) She spoke kindly.
B) She sang sincerely.
C) She sang wonderfully.
D) I wrote it quickly.
E) Threw it away immediately.
$$$0059
Indicate a sentence with an adversative conjunction:
A) Smart, handsome, but not good for business.
C) Study and work lead to glory.
C) You can’t sew a fur coat without a thread and a needle.
D) The grandmother rocked the child and told him fairy tales.
E) The rain intensified and then subsided.
Find phraseological units in the text (pull them into people). Restore it to its original form (learn). For what purpose do you think the author changed it? Give a detailed, reasoned answer to the question in the form of an argumentative essay of up to 10-15 sentences.
TURNIP
(TRANSLATION FROM CHILDREN'S)
Once upon a time there lived a grandfather and a woman. Once upon a time they gave birth to Serge. Serge has long ears and a turnip instead of a head. Serge grew up big and big. The grandfather pulled his ears; He pulls and pulls, but he can’t pull him into the public eye. Grandfather called grandma. Grandmother for grandfather, grandfather for turnip, they pull and pull and cannot pull it out. The grandmother called to the aunt-princess. An aunt for a grandmother, a grandmother for a grandfather, a grandfather for a turnip, they pull and pull, but they can’t pull them into people’s hands. The princess called to the godfather of the general. Godfather for the aunt, aunt for the grandmother, grandmother for the grandfather, grandfather for the turnip, they pull and pull, they cannot pull it out. Grandfather couldn't stand it. He married his daughter to a rich merchant. He called the merchant with hundred rubles. The merchant for the godfather, the godfather for the aunt, the aunt for the grandmother, the grandmother for the grandfather, the grandfather for the turnip, they pulled and pulled and pulled the turnip head into people. And Serge became a state councilor.
Once upon a time there lived a grandfather and a woman. Once upon a time they gave birth to Serge. Serge has long ears and a turnip instead of a head. Serge grew up big and big. The grandfather pulled his ears; pulls, pulls, can't reach people. Grandfather called grandma. Grandmother for grandfather, grandfather for turnip, they pull and pull and cannot pull it out. The grandmother called to the aunt-princess. Auntie for grandma, grandma for grandpa, grandpa for turnip, pull and pull, people can't pull it out. The princess called to the godfather of the general. Godfather for the aunt, aunt for the grandmother, grandmother for the grandfather, grandfather for the turnip, they pull and pull, they cannot pull it out. Grandfather couldn't stand it. He married his daughter to a rich merchant. He called the merchant with hundred rubles. The merchant for the godfather, the godfather for the aunt, the aunt for the grandmother, the grandmother for the grandfather, the grandfather for the turnip, they pull and pull and stuck their heads out into people. And Serge became a state councilor. (The Tale of Turnip)
turnip
Grandfather planted a turnip. The turnip grew very, very big. Grandfather went to pick a turnip: he pulled and pulled, but he couldn’t pull it out!
Grandfather called grandma:
grandmother for grandfather,
grandpa for the turnip -
The grandmother called her granddaughter:
granddaughter for grandmother,
grandmother for grandfather,
grandpa for the turnip -
They pull and pull, but they can’t pull it out!
The granddaughter called Zhuchka:
A bug for my granddaughter,
granddaughter for grandmother,
grandmother for grandfather,
grandpa for the turnip -
They pull and pull, but they can’t pull it out!
Bug called the cat:
cat for Bug,
A bug for my granddaughter,
granddaughter for grandmother,
grandmother for grandfather,
grandpa for the turnip -
They pull and pull, but they can’t pull it out!
The cat called the mouse:
mouse for cat,
cat for Bug,
A bug for my granddaughter,
granddaughter for grandmother,
grandmother for grandfather,
grandpa for the turnip -
they pull and pull, they pulled out the turnip!
COMPOSITION.
I believe that the author changed this text because he wanted to show who rules the people. They are ruled by fools who have no wisdom, intelligence or reason. These officials do not stand out in any way, except that they have high-ranking relatives.
Serge- foolish man. We see this from the fact that the author calls his head a turnip. The one thing that promotes him to the status of a councilor, or, let’s say, with the help of which he is drawn into the people, is his big ears. Serge’s grandfather also helped him become an adviser. If it weren’t for him, the aunt-princess, the godfather-general, and the turnip-head would not have come a simple person.
Here the author, ironically, clearly showed us how you can turn a turnip into an advisor!
Question No. 8
Participants must demonstrate knowledge of Russian phraseology and the ability to analyze the functioning of phraseological units in a literary text.
We entered amid shouts and splashing.
Let's sit here. I'm afraid of first places
What a joy it is to be blinded by the glitter.
General, senatorial stars.
More radiant than rosy Phoebus
These stars: noticeable immediately,
That they were not snatched from the sky -
The stars of the sky are not bright here.
(N. Nekrasov. “Ballet”)
For the purpose of special expressiveness, literary texts use not a phraseological phrase as such, but its general image or content. In this case, the phraseological unit no longer exists as an integral linguistic unit, however, to correctly understand the context and perceive its aesthetic qualities, it is necessary to know the original phraseological unit. In order to correctly understand the lines from N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Ballet,” which ironically speaks of the high ranks and titles of the spectators of the stalls, their awards, vainly displayed or enviously contemplated, and to appreciate the artistic skill of the poet, it is necessary to keep in mind how different meanings of the word star- 1) a celestial body glowing with its own light, 2) an order in the shape of a star, and the meaning of the phraseological phrase There are not enough stars from the sky.
1 point – for the restored phraseological unit; 2 points – for indicating the purpose of changing the form of the phraseological unit and correct understanding of the context
Question No. 9
Using examples, show what syntactic role nouns in the nominative case form can play in a sentence.
Subject in a two-part sentence (Paintinghung in
living room).
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate (Book -sourceknowledge).
Application when defining a word - a noun in the form
nominative case (Mr.Ivanovarrived at the meeting on time).
Included in comparative turnover (With a tongue as sharp as
dagger,he mastered it perfectly)
The main member of one-part nominative (nominal) preds.
provisions. (Noise, laughter, running, bowing, gallop, mazurka, waltz... A.S.
Pushkin).
Nominative representations (nominative themes) (Moscow...how
Much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart! A. Pushkin).
Appeal, including rhetorical. (Moscow!Love you,
like a son, like a Russian... M. Lermontov)
Maximum score - 7.
Question No. 10
Participants must demonstrate knowledge of the syntactic system of the Russian language and the ability to analyze syntactic phenomena of increased complexity.
Is it possible to unambiguously determine the syntactic function of the selected word forms? Give a reasoned answer.
Bargesnear the shoreturned black from dampness.
Window in the walltook up little space.
Take a flightfrom Zhukovsky to Moscowfans of air sports have arrived.
As part of a sentence, some word forms can perform the function of various minor members as a result of their correlation either with one member of the sentence or with another. Word forms near the shore, window in the wall, from Zhukovsky to Moscow can perform either the function of definition when referred to a noun - barges near the shore, a window in the wall, a flight from Zhukovsky to Moscow, or the function of circumstance when referring to a verb - turned black near the shore, occupied the wall, arrived from Zhukovsky to Moscow. In sentence No. 3 the word form from Zhukovsky can relate to a noun flight (flightfrom Zhukovsky) and perform the function of definition, and the word form to Moscow- with the verb profit (arrivedto Moscow) and perform the function of circumstance. However, in this case the meaning of the sentence can only be established in context.
The maximum score is 6 points.
Maximum – 71 points
Tasks for the Olympics in 11th grade
Itour
Question No. 1
Participants must demonstrate mastery of the orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language (stress, pronunciation of hard and soft consonants, unpronounceable consonants, etc.). For the tasks, words of different parts of speech, in different grammatical forms, both native Russian and borrowed, are selected.
In which words is fluctuation in the pronunciation norm (stress) allowed? Anticipate, rings, quarter, loop, born, important, apostrophe, dialogue, tango, blinds.
According to the modern orthoepic norm, it is allowed to place stress on different syllables in words: anticipate, loop, born. In other cases, the fluctuation at the point of emphasis is non-standard.
For each correct answer - 1 point. An extra point for a correct comment.
Question No. 2
Participants must demonstrate knowledge of modern spelling norms and be able to justify it from a historical point of view.
In his “Elementary Russian Grammar” N.I. Grech cites “a number of words that are more often than others written incorrectly.” Correct the errors to reflect mid-19th century spelling. Write down the words, dividing them into groups in which 1) errors reflect pronunciation features; 2) errors are caused by mixing the letters E and B; 3) errors are caused by other reasons.
Alexey, close(pretext), on horseback, ascendingie, grњ chnevy, tomorrow, piece, legenksh, sltsir, better.
Close on horseback, tomorrow, legonksh, better;
Alexgy, buckwheat, mechanic.
Excuse me, a piece.
Grade.
0.5 points for a) correcting an error and 0.5 points for correctly placing a word in a group. Maximum score - 5.
Question #3
Participants must demonstrate knowledge of the semantic system of the modern Russian literary language.
What is the difference between adjectives water And water Give examples of phrases in which it is possible: 1) only the word aquatic(1 point for each); 2) just a word water(1 point for each); 3) both words (2 points for each).
In modern Russian, the meanings of these adjectives diverge so vaguely that it would be correct to say this: basically, these adjectives differ in their compatibility with other words (therefore, there are very few cases of their interchangeability). For example,
water surface, water solution, water skis;
water mill, water rat, water lilies;
(very rarely) water/water mounds.
In general, it would not be a big mistake to say that the meaning of the word water more emphatically (marking): this adjective is used with a relatively small number of nouns and mainly means “depending on water, needing water, living in water (water mill, water rat)\ whereas the word water is a general (unmarked) adjective. However, there are a number of “exceptions” to this principle. (water skiing). 2 points for explanation.
The maximum score is 6.
Question No. 4
Participants must demonstrate awareness of the origins and history of words. As examples, words with a fairly transparent etymology are selected, for example, with homonymous roots of different origins.
In the first half of the 18th century. Russian scientific terminology hasn't settled down yet. Here's an example of this. All the words below are terms denoting the same concept.
Lip - bowel - sinus - sinus - curvature - leg - drainage - golf.
What word (also found in the language of science of the 18th century, but not given here) denotes this scientific concept now? Why did it become possible to designate this concept by other terms?
This term - bay. All other words contain the idea of curvature, indentation, bending. Grade. 3 points for answering the first question; 2 points for the answer to the second question.
Question #5
Participants must demonstrate awareness of the historical development of the word's lexical meaning. As examples, fragments of Old Russian or Church Slavonic texts containing words with outdated meanings are selected.
What does the verb mean? cook(Old Russian cook) in the following sentence: [He] force[forced] them to get into the ship and boil it on the floor[other bank].
Varity- related: preface:"to meet, to overtake."
3 points for a correct answer and up to 2 points for justification.
Question No. 6
Participants must demonstrate knowledge speech norms Russian language and understanding of their conditionality by the language system.
Two proposals are given:
Sasha lent Misha 1,000 rubles.
Misha borrowed 1,000 rubles from Sasha.
Who lent money to whom? Which sentence has an error? How to correct an incorrect sentence?
Sasha lent money to Misha.
Borrow - 1. what to whom. To lend. Lend it to someone. money(incorrect: borrow from someone in the sense of “borrow”) Ozhegov.
There was a mistake in the second sentence.
Corrected sentence: Misha borrowed 1000 rubles from Sasha.
3 points for each correct answer.
Question No. 7
Participants must demonstrate skills in synchronic and diachronic morphemic and derivational analysis. As examples, it is recommended to select words with a darkened but tangible internal form.
Analyze the morphemic structure of words from modern and historical points of view: almost, boulder, everywhere, broom, temple, free. Answer.
|
Modern division |
Historical division |
|
almost(adverb) |
almost; Wed count, count, count, take into account |
|
boulder-0 |
val-un-b; Wed collapse, collapse; swimmer |
|
everywhere |
vez-de wed. Here |
|
broom-0 |
ve-nik-b; Wed wreath, twist |
|
temple-0 |
vis-ok-b; Wed hang; that was the name for the curls that hung at the temples |
|
free |
in-lyg-from-n-y; Wed easy, benefit |
0.5 points for each correctly identified morpheme at the base of the word.
6+6=12 points
Question No. 8
Participants must demonstrate knowledge of Russian phraseology and the ability to analyze the functioning of phraseological units in a literary text.
Restore the original form of the phraseological unit. For what purpose did the author change it?
In this topic,
both personal and petty, covered more than once
and not five, I circled like a poetic squirrel
and I want to spin again.
(V. Mayakovsky)
For the purpose of special expressiveness, literary texts use not a phraseological phrase as such, but its general image or content. In this case, the phraseological unit no longer exists as an integral linguistic unit, however, for a correct understanding of the context and perception of its aesthetic qualities, it is necessary to know the original phraseological unit. In this example: Spinning like a squirrel in a wheel.
1 point - for the restored phraseological unit; 2 points - for indicating the purpose of changing the form of the phraseological unit and correct understanding of the context.
Question No. 9
Participants must demonstrate knowledge of the morphological system of the Russian language and demonstrate skills in morphological analysis of words.
What kind of noun riding breeches!
Noun riding breeches(the name of the trousers of a special cut) came from the French language (it goes back to the name of the cavalry general Galife). In Russian it immediately stood on a par with other names of clothes worn on bottom part body (trousers, trousers, leggings, trousers and so on.). And all these words are pluralia tantum, i.e. “only plural”, have only one plural. Since in Russian the grammatical gender of nouns is represented only in the singular, neither trousers, neither riding breeches have no gender.
However, the word riding breeches its form resembles neuter nouns (cafe, neckline, highway etc.), it strives to “get” into this category, to stand in this series of words. And therefore in speech you can find combinations like “my breeches.” This option is considered less correct than my breeches, however, modern dictionaries list it as acceptable.
Maximum score is 3.
Question No. 10
Participants must demonstrate knowledge of the syntactic system of the Russian language and the ability to analyze syntactic phenomena of increased complexity.
What type of complex sentences are the following? Give a reasoned answer.
[Moscow girls] “they sing French romances to you and bring out the top notes, they cling to military people, but because they are patriots(A.S. Griboyedov)
Complex. A subordinate clause of reason is added together with a correlative word - the adverb because; a - in this case - an intensifying particle.
For correct qualification - 2 points, for explanation - 3 points. The maximum answer is 5 points.
Question No. 11
Participants must demonstrate awareness of the history of Russian linguistics.
Meletiy Smotrytsky (1575-1633) and Yuri Krizhanich (1618-1683) held two completely opposite points of view on one purely grammatical issue. To understand what issue, analyze the following speech examples:
A) One morning he invited me to an American film that had not yet been shown anywhere and, perhaps, would never be shown.(A. Naiman).
b) It was an antediluvian thirty-eight caliber revolver, rusty as hell(R. Stout, translator - A. Sanin).
V) And to this day it is unknown who entered Delvig’s office and opened
bureau, stole the entire fortune of a family that was about to become orphaned(Dm. Shevarov).
G) So this is what awaits the Germans, who are now going on the attack, so that
crush one single unfortunate squadron(N. Gumilev).
What unusual grammatical phenomenon is represented in all
cases and what is the peculiarity of the formation of unusual grammatical
forms?
Meletiy Smotritsky would not have seen anything in these examples
erroneous, and Yuri Krizhanich would have rejected them. How opinions differed
two scientists?
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Future participles formed from the stems of perfective verbs in Russian literary language usually not consumed
Xia: going, rusting, orphaned.
Meletiy Smotrytsky was a supporter of future participles, and Yuri Krizhanich was their opponent.
task Write a miniature essay in a journalistic style...
The greatest damage to style is caused by unjustified destruction of imagery phraseological expression. For example: The gramophone record has not yet said its thing last word. Context revealed direct meaning words that formed a phraseological unit, and as a result a pun arose. The perception of a phraseological unit in its unusual, unimaginative meaning gives the speech an inappropriate comedy: This year Aeroflot managed to keep the flow of passengers at high level; When starting work at the drifting station, our team initially did not yet feel the ground under their feet. To avoid such mistakes, it is necessary to take into account the specific context.
The context can not only reveal the non-figurative meaning of phraseological units, but also reveal the inconsistency of their metaphorical structure if the author imprudently “collides” incompatible in meaning stable combinations. For example: These people stand on their own two feet, so you won't be able to clip their wings. The first phraseological unit, as it were, “attaches” the image to the ground, and this makes it impossible to use the second phraseological unit, which is based on the idea of flight: to clip the wings means to “deprive the ability to fly.” One phraseological unit excludes another.
The contradictory images underlying phraseological units and tropes also do not coexist in such a sentence: Aviators on their wings always come to the rescue in time (they do not come on wings, but fly in). No matter how accustomed we are to the figurative meaning of phraseological units, their metaphorical nature immediately makes itself felt if their imagery comes into conflict with the content. Therefore, for example, sentences in which the owner says about a hunting dog: This one will not come empty-handed, are unsuccessful, and a science fiction writer, drawing Martians with tentacles instead of hands, notes that the alien “pulled himself together.”
Violation of the unity of the figurative system of phraseology and context gives the speech a comic quality. For example: The speaker spoke in a loud and shrill voice, like the trumpet of Jericho. It turns out that the trumpet of Jericho speaks and even has a shrill voice. The words surrounding a phraseological unit are usually involved in a figurative context. Therefore, it is unacceptable to use them in a figurative meaning, which does not take into account the figurative nature of phraseological units associated with them. For example: The decision of the meeting is stated in black and white... Or: Difficult life path fell to the lot of Vasily Timofeevich. You can write in black and white, the path is taken, chosen. The choice of verbs in such cases “undermines” the imagery of phraseological combinations.
Required condition correct use phraseological units is strict adherence to the features of their compatibility with the words of the context. Thus, the phraseological unit “release into the world” can only be used in combination with names printed publications. Therefore, the proposal is stylistically incorrect. The Musical Theater released the ballet “The Lonely Sail Whitens”; in this case, it was necessary to write staged the ballet... or prepared the premiere... The following phrase is stylistically incorrect: Life, as in the palm of your hand, passed in public (the phraseological unit, as in the palm of your hand, requires the word visible).
When using phraseological units, they are often combined various errors. Thus, a change in the lexical composition of a phraseological unit is accompanied by a distortion of figurative meaning. For example, in Oblomov’s proposal, the sign of the times phraseology was distorted - “a social phenomenon typical of a given era.” Substituting the image underlying a phraseological unit radically transforms its meaning. Some errors associated with the distortion of the composition (phraseologism and its figurative meaning, are widespread in speech [At least a stake on the head scratches (need: teshi - from the verb to cleave); Bring to the white knee (needs: to white heat)].
