In the Far North, a pilot was repairing an airplane. Suddenly someone pushed him on the shoulder, looked back - polar bear! Out of fear, he (the pilot) jumped up on the wing.
A 68-year-old woman in the Kaluga Region during a fire took out a chest from the hut, which then five firefighters could not budge, one of them strained and swore for a long time to the "witch grandma".
These stories are like fairy tales, but I'm 99% sure that they are not fictional. Because, while studying the seemingly unrealistic phenomenon of “switching on superpowers under the influence of stress,” I talked to quite real heroine, which, well, is in no way inferior to either the jump pilot or the transforming grandmother.
I met a fifth-grader Natasha Plahotniukia at the end of last summer in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa, the whole city was making noise about her, while people frowned significantly: it was not without otherworldly power. How else?
A thin-legged puny girl pulled out of the river a "pretty drowning" uncle weighing almost 100 kg, physically it is unrealistic!
“I didn’t think it’s possible or not,” Natasha shrugged her shoulders, “I saw that Uncle Sasha was drowning in our river, 20 meters from the shore. She threw herself into the water. I swam under water for several meters - so that faster. He himself did not row, was slippery and heavy. I lifted his head above the water, grabbed right hand and dragged to the shore. I had to row only with my feet, it was very hard.
Was driven to the shallow - and almost lost consciousness. For three days after that, my legs and arms were terribly painful, I could not walk, apparently, I was very overstrained, but when I rescued, I did not feel anything like that, it was as if an unknown force was leading me! Then, for the sake of a joke, I tried to drag my friends along the river, they are 3 times lighter than Uncle Sasha, so nothing happened! "
Why, in moments of danger, do we turn on superpowers and can they be activated as we daily need in everyday life? For example, you are late for a trolleybus - and suddenly you run!
“Because any organism is programmed to survive. First of all - your own. Sometimes - of another organism, after all, a person is a "social animal." But this is not the only point, ”explains Aleksandr Balykin, sports psychologist, general director of the Harmony Ability Development Academy.
Imagine a shark!
- I will try not to be boring and explain in a popular way. The human body tries to survive at any cost. Therefore, in an extreme situation, paradoxical programs are turned on! Not at all - at a number of people, on the contrary, everything goes numb and paralyzed from shock. The reason for the differences is in the properties of the nervous system, as well as in the attitudes acquired in the course of life, which are a brake on the disclosure of superpowers (examples of such attitudes: “No matter what you do, you will still remain poor”, “It is useless to say anything - all the same these people will not understand anything ”, etc.).
Artificially simulating a situation in which the body will increase its capabilities at the expense of hidden resources, having laid out 100%, can be done in two ways: 1st is to create real threat survival or the threat of getting pain, but I would not advise this, 2nd - to simulate the threat in your own imagination. Let me explain. Australian swimmer, world champion and Olympic medalist Steve Holland, who set 12 world records at one time, developed and maintained maximum speed, imagining that a giant shark was chasing him. But not all athletes reveal their secrets - most of them are superstitious and classify working methods.
Although I can recall a case when I was able to reveal additional resource of one of the boxers with the help of a “magic phrase”. The motive for boxing this guy was a desire to take revenge on his father, who beat his mother (he was 7 years old when he set this goal for himself). Being engaged in boxing, he forgot why he took up this sport.
But the “forgotten” goal, which I found with the help of a special technique, helped him to become the European champion - for this, the coach had to whisper to the pupil in the final, pointing to the opponent: “Imagine that this scoundrel offended your mother!” The said phrase activated a hidden stress resource (the guy didn't have more shocks in his life than hurting his mother!), And bam - victory! "
Good-bye losers!
“I would not advise you to specially simulate situations, so that your body regularly exerts itself at 100%, you will simply burn yourself out,” continues A. Balykin. “However, I’m ready to declassify some sports technologies, but they need to be used rarely and in extreme cases.”
Several psychics with whom I spoke, unanimously stated: stressful situations it is not the strength of the individual that increases, but his influence on the properties of objects changes. In the case of the grandmother and the chest, it's just ... the chest just got lighter. But for some reason it is more difficult to believe in such a version.
How to become superman
1) Don't fancy yourself a winner, or your brain won't have to strain to spur your body.
2. Imagine the worst thing that could follow failure. Then the brain will turn on the "extreme survival" mode.
3. Remove from your environment the incentives that lower the resource: people who doubt your strengths, those who have already lost something.
4. Falling asleep, remember the positive images of the past - this way the body will better rest.
5. Before the "race", find what can lead your brain to activate. “For example, (says psychologist Alexander Balykin), when I was boxing, I entered the ring, imagining that my opponent had offended my beloved girl. And tore it apart. "
6. Do not overdo it with the imagination of "doomsday pictures" - depression may come.
Olga Kostenko-Popova
Human behavior in different extreme situations can be different:
People experience fear, a sense of danger and confusion,
Experiencing stalemate, discomfort
They behave recklessly, apathetically, do not look for a way out of the current situation,
Others, on the contrary, are in a hurry to make a rash decision.
In an extreme situation, it is necessary to concentrate, calm down, begin to analyze, evaluate and, if possible, control the situation. In these conditions, it is necessary to constructively and positively communicate with others, use relaxation techniques, and have an idea of survival and safety.
In extreme conditions, a person should focus on studying the situation, on specific situation in which it is located. You need to know that danger can come from everywhere, so it is difficult to predict. In case of an unexpected turn of events, the main thing is not to get lost, to adequately perceive the event. Practice says that in emergency situations, a person temporarily develops a state of confusion, when he does not perceive what he saw and heard, the perception of his environment decreases.
However, a person quickly learns and begins to perceive what is happening adequately. Later, a state of fatigue and overwork sets in. In these states, the level of anxiety should not be allowed to become unbearable, because it leads to breakdowns, aggressive behavior against others and even against himself. Permanent state tension is dangerous to human health, because quickly depletes his psycho-physiological capabilities and leads to errors in behavior.
An experienced person who has experienced or worked previously in crisis conditions feels better about their security and experiences less stress. However, this phenomenon can be not only positive, but also carries Negative consequences since the constant threat provokes nervous tension in the body.
It is very important to correctly navigate in real and imaginary threats and learn how to overcome fear.
In extreme conditions, a person develops a complex of reactions that mobilizes the entire psychophysiological potential. It is he who helps to gain support, master oneself and cope with the situation, and sometimes do what seems to be above human strength. Help always inspires trust and respect for a person. This might come in handy. One of the main concerns is to avoid injury. But if, nevertheless, such a nuisance happened to you, do not panic and do not rush to say goodbye to life.
Realize that the worst is over. You are still alive and must survive. Keep in mind that statistically large quantity those who died from wounds are people who have gone into panic. They die from fear, from shock, and not from the consequences of injury. Predicting the development of the situation in disaster zones is a dubious business. Anything can happen. Do not embark on adventures associated with penetration into the lesion focus. Don't play with death.
In case of accidents, disasters, natural disasters and other emergencies mass destruction people can appear suddenly and at the same time. A huge number of wounded and injured will need the first medical care... Professionals - nurses and there are simply not enough doctors for each victim, and they can not always arrive in the area of disaster quickly, as the situation requires. That is why immediate assistance can be provided only by those who will be near the victim in the order of mutual assistance, or by the victim himself, if he is able, in the order of self-help.
Explosions during terrorist attacks, fires, earthquakes, floods, landslides, transport accidents - all of them lead, as a rule, to numerous victims. The role of timely and skillfully provided medical care is undeniable. Its main and main principle- prevention and mitigation of dangerous consequences. First aid is provided at the site of the lesion, and its type is determined by the nature of the damage, the condition of the victim and the specific situation in the emergency zone.
The problem of the state, behavior and activities of people in extreme situations
The problem of the state, behavior and activities of people in extreme situations with a vital threat in recent years has caused serious concern among scientists and practitioners around the world. However, until now, the main attention of researchers has been focused mainly on the study of the consequences of such situations - medical and psychological, economic, socio-political, etc. the peculiarities of the organization of rescue and anti-terrorist operations, a number of aspects of the problem, in particular, the dynamics of the state and behavior of victims and hostages, to this day belong to the least studied. At the same time, it is the specificity of the reactions of the victims, as well as their dynamics in time, to a large extent determine the strategy and tactics of anti-terrorist operations, rescue, medical and medico-psychological measures both directly during an emergency and in the subsequent.
Results of a study of people exposed to extreme factors during military, anti-terrorist operations and disasters
In the abstract, we will consider the generalized results of studying the state, mental and behavioral reactions, as well as the activities of people exposed to extreme factors. These data were obtained by M.M. Reshetnikov in the process of research carried out during and after military operations accompanied by significant losses in Afghanistan (1986), the earthquake in Armenia (1988), the disaster of two passenger trains as a result of a gas explosion near Ufa (1989), the rescue of the crew of the Komsomolets submarine ( 1989), as well as examinations of servicemen and rescuers in rehabilitation after anti-terrorist operations and an analytical study of materials from other similar situations.
Due to the specifics of the conditions and taking into account ethical principles, the survey involved mainly victims, military personnel and rescuers who either did not need emergency medical care or belonged to the category of victims with mild and moderate severity of injuries. Due to this, most of the data obtained were characterized by a certain fragmentation, and integral ideas were formed by comparing scattered observations.
The data obtained made it possible to identify in the dynamics of the condition of the victims (without heavy herbs) 6 successive stages:
1. "Vital reactions" - lasting from a few seconds to 5 - 15 minutes, when behavior is almost completely subordinated to the imperative of preserving one's own life, with characteristic narrowing of consciousness, reduction of moral norms and restrictions, impaired perception of time intervals and the strength of external and internal stimuli (including the phenomenon of psychogenic hypo- and analgesia even with injuries accompanied by bone fractures, wounds and burns of the 1st-2nd degree up to 40% of the body surface). This period is characterized by the implementation of predominantly instinctive forms of behavior, which subsequently turn into a short-term (nevertheless, with a very wide variability) state of numbness. The duration and severity of vital reactions to a significant extent depends on the suddenness of the impact of an extreme factor. For example, during sudden powerful tremors, as in the earthquake in Armenia, or a train crash near Ufa at night, when most of the passengers were asleep, there were cases when, realizing the instinct of self-preservation, people jumped out of the windows of swaying houses or burning carriages, onto some seconds "forgetting" about their loved ones. But, if at the same time they did not receive significant damage, after a few seconds social regulation was restored, and they again threw themselves into collapsing buildings or flaming carriages. If it was not possible to save loved ones, this determined the course of all subsequent stages, the specifics of the condition and the prognosis of psychopathology for a very long period. Subsequent attempts at rational dissuasion that instinctive forms of behavior cannot be resisted or resisted have proved ineffective. Referring to the latest tragic events, it should be admitted that, in part, a similar situation was observed after the sudden explosion of a mine and the beginning of the mass execution of hostages.
2. "The stage of acute psychoemotional shock with the phenomena of supermobilization." This stage, as a rule, developed after a short-term state of numbness, lasted from 3 to 5 hours and was characterized by general mental stress, the maximum mobilization of psychophysiological reserves, an aggravation of perception and an increase in the speed of mental processes, manifestations of reckless courage (especially when saving loved ones) with a simultaneous decrease in critical assessment of the situation, but maintaining the ability to pursue appropriate activities. In the emotional state during this period, a feeling of despair prevailed, accompanied by sensations of dizziness and headache, as well as palpitations, dry mouth, thirst and shortness of breath. Behavior during this period is subordinated almost exclusively to the imperative of saving loved ones with the subsequent realization of ideas about morality, professional and official duty. Despite the presence of rational components, it is during this period that the manifestations of panic reactions and their infecting others are most likely, which can significantly complicate the conduct of rescue operations. Up to 30% of the surveyed, with a subjective assessment of the deterioration of the condition, simultaneously noted an increase in physical strength and efficiency by 1.5–2 or more times. The end of this stage can be either prolonged, with a gradual appearance of a feeling of exhaustion, or come suddenly, instantly, when it is just active acting people found themselves in a state close to stupor or fainting, regardless of the situation.
3. "Stage of psychophysiological demobilization" - its duration is up to three days. In the vast majority of cases, the onset of this stage was associated with an understanding of the scale of the tragedy (“stress of awareness”) and contacts with the seriously injured and dead bodies, as well as the arrival of rescue and medical teams. The most characteristic of this period were a sharp deterioration in health and psycho-emotional state with a predominance of feelings of confusion (up to a state of a kind of prostration), individual panic reactions (often "- irrational orientation, but realized without any energy potential), lowering the moral normativeness of behavior, rejection of any activity and motivation for it. At the same time, pronounced depressive tendencies, disturbances in the function of attention and memory were observed (as a rule, the subjects generally cannot remember anything clearly what they were doing at that time, but, naturally, these gaps are then “filled in”). The leading complaints during this period were nausea, "heaviness" in the head, discomfort from the gastrointestinal tract, lack of appetite, severe weakness, slowing down and difficulty in breathing, tremors of the limbs.
4. The subsequent dynamics of the state and well-being of the victims is largely determined by the specifics of the impact of extreme factors, the resulting lesions and the moral and psychological situation after tragic events. Following the "psychophysiological demobilization" (with a relatively high individual variability of timing), the development of the 4th stage, the "resolution stage" (from 3 to 12 days), was observed with sufficient constancy. During this period, according to the data of subjective assessment, mood and well-being gradually stabilized. However, according to the results of objective data and included observation, the absolute majority of the surveyed retained a reduced emotional background, limited contact with others, hypomimia (mask-like face), decreased intonation coloration of speech, slowness of movements, sleep and appetite disorders, as well as various psychosomatic reactions (mainly from the outside). cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and hormonal sphere). By the end of this period, the majority of the victims developed a desire to "speak out", implemented selectively, directed mainly at persons who were not eyewitnesses of the tragic events, and accompanied by some agitation. This phenomenon, which is part of the system of natural mechanisms psychological protection(“Rejection of memories by verbalizing them”), in a number of cases brought significant relief to the victims. At the same time, dreams were restored that were absent in previous periods, including those of anxious and nightmarish content, which in various versions transformed the impressions of tragic events.
Against the background of subjective signs of some improvement in the state, a further decrease in psychophysiological reserves (by the type of hyperactivation) was objectively noted, the phenomena of overwork progressively increased, and the indices of physical and mental performance significantly decreased.
5. The "stage of recovery" of the psychophysiological state (5th) began mainly from the end of the second week after exposure to the extreme factor and initially manifested itself most clearly in behavioral reactions: interpersonal communication intensified, began to normalize emotional coloring speech and mimic reactions, jokes appeared for the first time that evoked an emotional response in those around them, dreams were restored in most of the surveyed. In the state of the physiological sphere, there were no positive dynamics at this stage either. Clinical forms of psychopathology, with the exception of transient and situational reactions, were not observed in the “acute” period (up to two weeks) after exposure to extreme factors. The main forms of transient psychopathology (according to the leading characteristic) in victims, as a rule, are: asthenodepressive states - 56%; psychogenic stupor - 23%; general psychomotor agitation - 11%; pronounced negativism with the phenomena of autism - 4%; delusional hallucinatory reactions (mainly in the sleepy period) - 3%; inadequacy, euphoria - 3%.
6. At a later date (one month later), 12% - 22% of the victims showed persistent sleep disorders, unmotivated fears, recurring nightmares, obsessions, delusional hallucinatory states and some others, and signs of astheno-neurotic reactions in combination with psychosomatic disorders activity of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and endocrine systems were determined in 75% of victims ("stage of delayed reactions"). At the same time, internal and external conflicts grew, requiring special approaches.
Appealing to the events in Beslan, it should be recognized that the severity and dynamics of the condition of the victims may be significantly different. When a person loses his parents, the world becomes empty, but, nevertheless, no matter how bitter it is, it corresponds to everyday ideas and natural course events. When children die, all the colors of the world fade, for many years and decades, and sometimes forever.
A few words about the modification of society. An increase in basic anxiety and a deterioration in the psychophysiological state of people, even those who are thousands of kilometers from the tragedy, is a well-known fact, which is based on the inevitable psycho-emotional inclusion of the subject in any observation. It should be especially emphasized that it is precisely “observation” (or “visual series”, the broadcast of which, as it seems, should be “dosed” against the background of full meaningful coverage of events). The inevitable psycho-emotional inclusion forms the phenomenon of "complicity" and subsequent identifications. The main form of identification in the cultural community is identification with victims and victims, which implies the need for widespread social therapy. However, in some cases, a protective-unconscious “identification with the aggressor” is possible (especially among young people), which can lead to an increase in delinquency and crime.
After such tragic situations, as a rule, the cohesion of the nation increases and at the same time people feel the need for some bright changes so that everything in life becomes more honest, noble, sincere, better than it was before, which imposes special obligations on representatives of all state bodies.
A person is capable of many things, not even impossible! In different books and popular science magazines contains a lot of evidence like ordinary people demonstrated supernatural abilities in extreme situations.
A person is capable of many things, not even impossible! Various books and popular science magazines contain a lot of evidence of how ordinary people demonstrated supernatural abilities in extreme situations.
Once, somewhere in the northern regions, when a polar pilot was repairing an airplane, someone from behind unexpectedly put a huge paw on his shoulder. This "someone" turned out to be a polar bear standing on its hind legs. At the same moment, without thinking, in heavy winter clothes, the pilot somehow ended up on the wing of the plane (almost 3 meters from the ground!). Subsequently, in a normal situation, he tried to repeat his feat, but no matter how much he jumped, he could not even reach the wing of the plane with his hand.
And after all, all these extraordinary things always hold on to physical capabilities. It also happened that a person sinks to the very bottom of life, but suddenly realizes that this is not his place. Then he just comes to the Internet with the thought of his website and business, and two months later he already has his own travel portal with huge traffic, his own company with tours around the world.
In another story, one village teenager, when he was running away from an angry bull, jumped over a four-meter fence on the move.
In another story, a woman was holding a huge building plate (weighing about a ton) with her hands, threatening the life of her child, until help arrived and took her child.
These facts confirm that a person is capable of any feats and miracles.
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The performance of muscle cells is truly amazing, but it also obeys the strict laws of physiology. An imbalance between lactic acid accumulating in myocyte cells as a result of increased work and its elimination (destruction) leads to a decrease in muscle performance, not to mention the neuromuscular block, which also serves as a kind of " safety valve»In case of overload of the musculoskeletal system.
The leverage system of the limbs provides far from complete freedom of movement relative to each other. Almost only the shoulder joints and the joints of the proximal phalanges of the upper limbs of a person have a spherical shape and have the ability to provide rotational movements. The rest of the joints, tightened into the corset of the muscular apparatus and the apparatus of the ligaments, are much less mobile, not to mention the joints of the spinal column.
Of course special training allow gymnasts and acrobats to achieve amazing flexibility of the musculoskeletal system and make amazingly beautiful and fast movements, but this is achieved by years of hard work on themselves using the entire arsenal of sports training. It is clear that an ordinary "average" person cannot do this, especially in a matter of minutes or seconds. critical situation.
Of course, the physical condition musculoskeletal system, her training, ability to "explosive" nature of reactions play crucial role in a critical situation, but an equally important factor is the triggering of the instinctive cortical-subcortical programs movements following the decision.
Scheme 10 shows the organization of a motor act for any response to a signal from the external environment. The signal enters the central nervous system through the sensory channels and first starts the system for assessing or the biological significance of the signal. In the motor zones of the cortex, a motor act program arises, then efferent signals from Betz pyramidal cells enter the anterior horns of the corresponding segment of the spinal cord along the descending pyramidal tracts, where motor neurons are activated, leading to the transmission of motor signals directly to the muscles that implement a specific motor act.
Scheme 10
Organization, regulation and control of movements
At the same time, the proprioceptors of muscles, tendons, ligaments are activated by the very contraction of the muscles and by changing the position of the limb (joint) in space.
Signals from the musculo-articular apparatus along the ascending tracts enter the subcortical structures, and then into the visual zones of the cortex, where signals from the organs of vision that control the motor act are simultaneously received.
A similar picture occurs with signals coming from muscle proprioceptors to the cerebellum, which coordinates the movement of the limb in space. The vestibular apparatus also takes the most direct part in the organization and control over the execution of the motor act.
It is quite understandable that the organization of even a relatively simple movement (for example, the upper limb, taking a pencil) takes time, during which afferent and efferent signals pass along the axons of neurons, switch in numerous synapses, converge, excite a lot of relay and intercalary cells, etc. etc.
It would be difficult for the body to survive in extreme situations, if at the occurrence of the next or each of them, it was forced to re-form and calculate all stages of the development of the response.
But over millions of years of evolution, organisms have managed to develop not only the complex of responses that is based on instincts, but also create (especially in vertebrates, mammals and primates) more perfect mechanisms of perception and operational processing of signals that build an adequate response of the organism in the minimum possible intervals of time.
An outstanding physiologist of our time, a student of I.P. Pavlova - P.K. Anokhin developed in detail the mechanism of operational functional systems that are formed in the central nervous system when solving each specific problem for the whole organism. In diagram 11, we give a somewhat simplified diagram of the construction of a functional system (according to P.K. Anokhin).
Scheme 11
Functional system structure
From the above diagram, it follows that the afferent signal through the sensory systems enters first into the subcortical structures of the central nervous system, and then into the cerebral cortex, into the corresponding projection zones. In these zones, as well as in the subcortical structures associated with them, the apparatus of afferent analysis and synthesis is formed, which are neural ensembles in which the qualitative side of the signal, its strength (amplitude), biological significance, degree of novelty and other characteristics important for the body are analyzed. A kind of information package is formed, which is then transmitted to the apparatus of the acceptor of the result of the action. The fact is that the brain stores in its memory blocks, if not everything, then in any case the basic situations and pictures of everything that was biologically important for the body. It also stores information about those responses of the body (results) that arose in response to the impact of environmental factors.
The apparatus of the acceptor of the result of action also represents certain groups or combinations of groups of neurons and neural assemblies in the cortical-subcortical structures of the brain.
It is here that a more detailed analysis of the incoming signal takes place and a decision-making block, a program of the body's response, is formed.
Then the executive unit (mechanism) turns on and, as a result, the final result of the action.
The result of the action is immediately evaluated by the entire system and appropriate corrections are made, which is put into the memory blocks of the brain.
It should be noted that the same neurons or neuronal ensembles can be involved in the formation of various functional systems. After the functional system is triggered and the result of the action is evaluated, the functional system is ready to create the next pattern or the next system, which can again include the same neurons and neuronal groups that previously participated in the solution of the previous task. If necessary, the brain can extract from memory blocks the results of other previous responses, combine information and build other, more complex or more simple systems.
We dwelt here in such detail on the mechanism of the formation of functional systems only because from the analysis of all the experimental and medico-biological material accumulated in the study of various functional systems, one very important one follows for a specialist who studies a person in extreme situations, output: functional systems that are formed in the central nervous system when solving any (including an extreme!) situation, can be corrected by special techniques that allow, in shorter periods of time, to use the information already available in the central nervous system about other similar situations and, accordingly, build a more adequate scheme feedback.
The decision-making unit, which issues a packet of impulses to the executive (motor) system, is not something rigidly determined, it can also give in to a certain correction and even be triggered with some advance, giving the body more chances for a positive end result, which is ultimately the main backbone.
The literature on the study of models of functional systems is very extensive. And here you can turn to very non-trivial models and studies of the school of K.V. Sudakov, which will undoubtedly give a new impetus to the development of the problem of the human factor in extreme situations.
Scheme 12 shows the possibility of the development of events and the inclusion of acting factors in the formation of a functional system that ultimately implements real, reserve, and, in exceptional cases, the transcendental capabilities of a person in an extreme situation. The development, correction of the mechanisms of the formation of such a functional system should consist in the fact that in the shortest possible period of time the real possibilities of a person's response are "shifted" to the inclusion of reserve capabilities or even outrageous capabilities of the organism.
Scheme 12
A man in an extreme situation
It follows from the above diagram that the factors of time, surprise and risk are the most significant for a person in an extreme situation. V real cases There may be more factors, for example, this block can include the psychological status of a person, the state of fitness of the musculoskeletal system, its reactivity, etc.
But these three factors are still decisive. The functional system that arises in the human central nervous system when solving this particular situation, undoubtedly, in the time deficit mode should choose the most optimal option, and this is possible not only if there is own experience based on the successful solution of previous situations, but also on the creation of optimal conditions for building an adequate functional system. An increase in the level of adequacy can be achieved by special techniques, which will be discussed later.
Now, from the standpoint of the formation of functional systems in the central nervous system, let us return to the real capabilities of a modern person.
Big sport, undoubtedly, shows the borderline, almost prohibitive in certain moments, the capabilities of the human body. World and Olympic records are growing in absolute terms from year to year, but at the same time they are "compressed", showing a smaller and smaller gap in records alternating in time. The counting is already in milliseconds, grams, centimeters.
It will be interesting to give here the following indicators of absolute world records in some sports.
In the same forms, Leonid Tarasenko in 1990 showed the result of 216 kg (snatch) and 203 kg (clean and jerk). It is interesting to note that in training approaches this outstanding weightlifter showed a phenomenal result in the snatch: Tarasenko lifted a barbell weighing 266 kg to his chest.
The circus tricks of the Russian heroes Ivan Poddubny, Zaikin, Dikul are widely known, when, for example, an athlete, in a supine position, withstood the weight of a platform, on which up to two dozen people were lifted or a truck drove in. You can imagine what loads fall on the musculoskeletal system of a person while working with such weights, in what mode the muscles of a short-distance runner work or the endurance and performance of the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular systems a marathon runner.
Watching competitions in sports and rhythmic gymnastics you can be amazed at the highest coordination of movements of athletes on apparatus or in voluntary exercises. At the same time, it must be remembered that all this takes place under conditions of psychological stress created by the very atmosphere of the competition, especially if it is a world championship competition or the Olympic Games. Undoubtedly elevated level adrenaline and corticosteroids in the blood allows you to mobilize will, the desire for victory, to throw out all the emotional charge and skill, honed by years of hard training. But "adrenaline doping" creates conditions for the formation of extreme conditions in athletes, reaching peak values during the competition. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the fact that daily long-term training, honing the level of an athlete's skill, makes a person abandon many habitual stereotypes of life, which also requires additional efforts on the part of the psyche and, under certain conditions, can lead to breakdown, depression and even withdrawal from big sport... It is no coincidence that in all sports, psychologists must work with athletes from teams of the world and Olympic level to help overcome these difficulties.
Thus, from the analysis of the above material, we can conclude that the physical and physiological capabilities of the human body are quite high, but far from unlimited. Adaptive-protective mechanisms are adequately triggered in a certain functional "corridor", outside of which the reactions may not correspond to the realities of getting out of an extreme situation and saving life.
Nevertheless, the reserve capabilities of the human body make it possible, by training the musculoskeletal system and appropriate psychological training, to significantly expand the range of adaptive reactions and, accordingly, more adequately respond to an unexpectedly arisen critical situation.
The arsenal of methods and methodologies of modern training can (optionally) include traditional European schools, oriental schools, use techniques based on scientific developments or specific features of Hatha Yoga, Tibetan medicine and other ancient methods of protection from the effects of extreme factors. Much here depends on the initial capabilities of a person, the level of his culture, abilities, etc. But it is important to understand the following: any, even the most extravagant, theory without practice and systematic, persistent work on oneself will not give results. Hence, it is quite clear that one can get out of a critical situation only by preparing for it morally and physically in advance. But even better is to correctly and, most importantly, timely assess the impending danger and try to avoid it. And for this, it is also necessary to train not only the musculoskeletal system, but also the sense organs, the very mechanisms that, forming a functional system in the central nervous system, create an optimal model of a person's response in the apparatus of the acceptor of action results. They create and adequately deploy it in a real extreme situation.
Summary to the content of the section
Human adaptive-protective reactions to various, including extreme, environmental factors were formed over a long period of evolution.
The human musculoskeletal system, sensory organs, central nervous system apparatus, cardiovascular system and endocrine glands are involved in the implementation of any response to signals from the external environment. The capabilities of these systems may vary depending on how unusual, extraordinary, an external signal (or signal packet) is for a person in each specific situation.
The range of normal, reserve, or out-of-the-box capabilities of a person is determined, on the one hand, by the entire structure of the soma and the mental status of a person, and, on the other hand, by the body’s ability, as a result of certain trainings, to shift the above triad from normal to reserve or even out-of-the-box capabilities of the body.
Extreme situations can be prolonged, but they can develop in limited intervals of time, when sometimes even a few seconds of life does not remain for reflection. Hence, it follows that there is a need for systematic training of the musculoskeletal system, the sensory apparatus, the development of skills and techniques that allow the central nervous system to form functional systems that quickly and adequately respond to an emergency situation, make the only correct decision and implement it to the maximum short term.
This is the strategy and tactics of survival in extreme situations.
2. Extremum factors
Extreme (emergency) situations haunt not only a person, but also life as a phenomenon, from the very beginning of its emergence on Earth.
Formidable and incomprehensible at first natural phenomena - fires, volcanic eruptions, thunderstorms, floods and earthquakes - all this instilled horror in the mind primitive man... To this should also be added meetings with aggressive manifestations of animals and people, who already in those distant times showed animal instincts in the struggle for prey, for habitat, for a place in the sun.
Gradually, as it forms human communities and the noosphere as a whole, new factors were added to the above factors, caused by the development of more and more advanced tools, labor and mechanisms by man and, finally, the creation of powerful technologies and industries on Earth.
Man-made factors caused by human activity have been added to the natural extreme factors of the environment. It should be emphasized that the factors of the latter kind over time began to exert much stronger, sometimes destructive effects on the biosphere and on humans than natural factors. The concept of not just catastrophes, but man-made catastrophes has emerged, the total effect of which, especially over the past century, has jeopardized the existence of the noosphere and all life on planet Earth.
Here it would be appropriate to define the essence of an extreme situation and a catastrophe in order to further classify the models on which the mechanisms of development of extreme and catastrophic situations will be demonstrated.
Emergency is a situation that occurs in a local or extensive focus (volume of space) under the influence of factors of a natural or artificial, anthropogenic nature, which have a destabilizing, destructive effect on nature, living systems or objects created by man.
In this case, a special role in the emergence of an extreme situation belongs to time factor, since this situation can grow over a long period of time and this gives chances for a successful solution to the problem, or an extreme situation arises and unfolds in a limited period of time and a person often has to deal with the consequences of such a situation.
The factor of surprise also plays a large role in an extreme situation, since the expected event allows more adequate measures to be taken or avoided altogether.
A disaster it is considered to be an event of an extraordinary nature, caused by a natural phenomenon or as a result of human activity and entailing extensive destruction of objects of nature, civilization, the death of people, flora, fauna and, as a consequence, a violation of the ecosystems of the biosphere.
For example, according to modern classification catastrophes include events that led to the defeat of 10 or more people, from 10 to 25 people with injuries of varying severity and from 15 to 50 or more people in need of subsequent treatment (WHO, Ministry of Health of the RSFSR, 1990).
Of course, the combinations of the above factors in different situations can be extremely diverse, as well as the consequences, but it is important to clearly understand that in any case, the role of the human factor (passive or active) is the most important component of the mechanism of occurrence and formation of an emergency or catastrophe. When classifying an emergency or catastrophe, the most important criteria are the scope and development of the event, its scale and consequences. The quantitative criteria for assessing the scale of disasters in different countries are somewhat different, but on the whole they are identical, since the basis unites the socio-economic factor, environmental factor and the health factor.
Table 1 shows the main destabilizing factors of natural and man-made character. But it is quite obvious that these factors in real cases can form various combinations. Therefore, the diagram shows the links between the individual blocks of emergencies.
Table 1
Structure and classification of emergencies (qualitatively)
By the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation (No. 1094, dated September 13, 1996), a classification was given and the scale of emergencies was approved (Scheme 13).
Scheme 13
Classification of emergencies (by a set of signs)
If we compare Table 1 and Scheme 13, we can see that qualitative and quantitative criteria lie in the definition of emergencies of various sizes (federal, regional, territorial, transboundary). It should be noted that despite the above diversity in the classification of emergency situations, they can still be divided into two main groups: those caused by natural factors and those provoked by artificial ones (anthropogenic or technogenic).
Actually, the phases of inception, emergence, development and extinction of an emergency can be compared with the periods of the disease: latent (hidden), prodromal (manifestation of the first symptoms), the height of the disease and its outcome. The analogy is not accidental. Both the emergency and the illness dynamic processes, developing gradually, at certain stages and determined by cause-and-effect relationships (Scheme 14).
Scheme 14
The human factor in an emergency
From the analysis of the connections between functional blocks from the above diagram, it can be concluded that a person's participation in an emergency situation can be initiated already at the stage of its inception (latency period). A person can be the direct cause of a situation or turn out to be an accidental link in it, but it is at the stage of the emergence of a situation or even long before a person can predict the very possibility of a future emergency, due to his experience, professionalism, intuition, etc. It is quite obvious that in this case there is a much better chance of avoiding the situation or preventing it.
If an emergency is not predictable or develops independently of a person's participation in it, then in any case, the next phase is its manifestation in the form of a complex of factors or a single factor that can be perceived by human sensory systems and trigger the mechanism of an orienting reaction. It is at this stage that the assessment of the situation, the degree of threat to the health and life of a person or a group of people, the impact on surrounding objects and the possible nature of subsequent events takes place.
Experience shows that even at this stage, with an adequate reaction and appropriate experience, a person can actively intervene in the course of an event and, in the optimal favorable concurrence of circumstances, either interrupt the situation or avoid participation in the next, most intense and, as a rule, dramatic stage - the phase of active participation. in the course of events.
And here the role of the human factor is manifested with all its acuteness and, in fact, determines the outcome - positive or negative character.
Recall once again that if a person is an involuntary participant in an emergency (for example, an avalanche), then his role here is reduced only to behaving correctly, even if he was under snow, or on the surface of a rolling mass of snow ... Of course, he cannot stop or change the course of the event itself, but his active participation in the event precisely consists in an adequate assessment of the situation, his physical capabilities and the sequence of actions as events unfold.
If he turned out to be an unwitting participant in a technogenic emergency, or even the initiator of it, then in in this case he must clearly understand the sequence of actions that can (and should!) be the only correct one, so that he can either control the situation (in whole or in part), or eliminate it, or be outside it, if further actions do not change the course developing events.
The outcome of an emergency (both for a person and for objects involved in the situation) depends on the specifics of the situation, on its scale, speed of development, on the actions of people and technical means attracted for liquidation from programs and decisions at each specific stage of the event.
The program for eliminating the situation itself and its consequences is worked out on real models and depends on the professionalism of the people involved in the emergency, i.e. in many respects - from the human factor.
On July 1, 1995, the Government of the Russian Federation by Resolution No. 675 introduced for all enterprises, organizations, legal entities various forms of ownership, mandatory development declarations industrial safety, reflecting the specifics and scale of hazards at industrial facilities and the necessary measures aimed at ensuring safety and preparedness to act in hazardous situations of a technogenic nature.
Analysis of technogenic emergencies shows that in most cases the cause of such a situation or even a catastrophe ( Chernobyl nuclear power plant) serves a person, directly or indirectly, due to insufficient professionalism, and sometimes just - criminal irresponsibility, launching a chain of events that initiate the development of an extreme situation.
Ticket 1. Question 1. Psychology of extreme situations and states as a psychological discipline and the reasons for its occurrence.
Psychology of extreme situations - This is one of the areas of applied psychology. It explores the challenges of evaluating, anticipating and optimizing mental states and human behavior in stressful situations. The complication of modern production caused by the scientific and technological revolution, the constantly increasing pace and rhythm of our life, the constant saturation of its various information, an increase in production and non-production contacts between people, various kinds of natural and man-made accidents and disasters, an unstable socio-economic situation in the country often give rise to people have mental tension. The extreme form of its manifestation is stress. Situations and factors leading to its occurrence are called extreme.
When the term “extreme” is used, we are not talking about normal, ordinary conditions of activity, but about circumstances significantly different from them. Extreme conditions can be created not only by maximization (overload, over-impact), but also by minimization (underload: lack of information, communication, movements, etc.) of the acting factors. Therefore, the effect of influencing the activity and state of a person in both cases can be the same.
Workers of many professions work in extreme conditions; pilots, cosmonauts, firefighters when extinguishing a fire, military personnel when performing combat missions, law enforcement officers during special operations, etc. These professions initially involve working in extreme conditions. However, representatives of many other professions also work in such conditions: drivers, workers of "hot" shops, fishermen, steeplejacks, dispatchers in various modes of transport, specialists whose work is associated with high voltage currents and explosives, representatives of many operator professions, etc. the number of such professions and the people employed in them is steadily increasing.
In extreme conditions, the usual mode of work and rest of a person is often violated. In severe extreme situations, mental and other overload reaches its limits, followed by overwork, nervous exhaustion, disruption of activity, affective reactions, psychogenias (pathological conditions). Extreme situations are dangerous for life, health, well-being of people. Extreme situations are increasingly occurring in normal production activities, resulting in the so-called occupational stress.
Stress is a concept used to refer to a wide range of human conditions and actions that arise in response to a variety of extreme influences (stressors). Stressors are usually divided into physiological (pain, hunger, thirst, excessive physical exertion, high or low temperature, etc.) and psychological (factors acting by their signal value, such as danger, threat, deception, resentment, information overload, and etc.).
Regardless of the type of stressor, psychologists study the effects they cause on the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels. Usually these consequences are negative. Emotional shifts occur, the motivational sphere is deformed, the course of the processes of perception and thinking changes, motor and speech behavior is disturbed. Emotional stresses that have reached the degree of affect in one form or another (impulsive, inhibitory, or generalizing) produce a particularly strong disruptive effect on human activity. The power of affect is such that they are able to inhibit any other mental processes. Moreover, affects impose on a person certain stereotyped ways of "emergency exit" from an extreme situation, corresponding to the form of manifestation of affect. However, such methods, formed over millions of years of biological evolution of the "homo sapiens" species (flight, torpor, uncontrollable aggression), justify themselves only in typical biological conditions, but not in social ones!
Extreme situations in our life are inevitable, therefore psychologists in many countries have recently been intensively studying the features of human behavior and the patterns of his activity in extreme conditions. This allows us to draw practical conclusions regarding the training of such people and the organization of their activities.
All this led to the creation of a new scientific direction, which was given the following names by different authors depending on specific circumstances: psychology of activity in extreme conditions, psychology of work in special conditions, extreme psychology.
Extreme psychology - industry psychological science studying the general psychological laws of human life and activity in altered (unusual) conditions of existence: during air and space flights, diving, staying in hard-to-reach regions of the Earth (Arctic, Antarctic, highlands, desert), in the underground, etc.
Extreme psychology emerged at the end of the 20th century, synthesizing specific research in the field of aviation, space, marine and polar psychology.
The object of study is a person whose professional activity takes place in special (complicated, unusual) and extreme conditions of his environment.
The subject of the discipline is the psychological laws of human activity, mental processes, states and personality traits in their relationship with objects and means of activity, with the physical and social environment.
Research in the field of extreme psychology is aimed at improving psychological selection and psychological preparation for work in unusual conditions of existence, as well as developing measures to protect against the traumatic effects of psychogenic factors.
Ticket 1. Question 2. Psychological consequences of terrorist attacks.
The problem of terrorism is an acute problem of our time, because terrorism poses an extreme danger to all of humanity. In a peaceful life, people are focused on socio-cultural development and strive for peace with each other. Terrorist acts interrupt the usual rhythm of people's life and bring massive human sacrifices, entail the destruction of material and spiritual values that sometimes cannot be restored, sow enmity between states, provoke wars, mistrust and hatred between social and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome during the life of the whole generations.
Terrorist act - a special kind of extraordinary event. One of the main goals of a terrorist attack is to instill terror and fear in as many people as possible. The events of recent years show that this goal is most often achieved. It has become obvious that one of the most acute problems of the modern world is living in the face of a constant threat of a terrorist attack: it can happen at any time and in any place. A chronic sense of security threat leads to mental and physical health impairment. The possibility of a terrorist act, along with the impact on a person of a number of toxic, biological substances and radiation exposure, can be attributed to the factors of "invisible stress".
Terrorist act, At first , characterized by the fact that it has an extraordinary, sudden, life-threatening character, breaking practically all basic human illusions. Most often, this entails, to one degree or another, a person's disorientation, both in the psychological and in the social space.
Second characteristic this type of event consists in its violence, in the fact that it happened due to the "malicious intent of certain people."
Under psychological consequences of terrorism it should be understood the negative impact on the emotional and mental health of a person. Victims of a terrorist act are primarily susceptible to this type of consequences.
A victim of a terrorist attack - a person (or a group of persons) who has suffered a direct encroachment on their fundamental rights by another person (or a group of persons) acting deliberately.
The psychology of terror victims consists of five main components. They can be arranged chronologically.
This is fear, followed by horror, causing either apathy or panic, which can be replaced by aggression.
Men and women behave differently as victims of terror. Certain behavioral differences are associated with the level of education, the development of intelligence and the level of human well-being (the less something he has to lose, the greater the tendency to chaotic, unproductive protest). Some time after the terrorist act, its victims and witnesses retain psychopathological symptoms, primarily in the form of delayed fear, as well as various kinds of phobias and regular nightmares. It should be noted that 40% of terrorist victims suffer from deteriorating mental health. Psychological assistance is required for 20% of rescuers. Also, the consequences of terrorism differ in that it may take several years before the victim realizes that he has a mental trauma as a consequence of a terrorist act and turns to help.
Classification of the consequences experienced by victims of terrorism :
The uniqueness of the experience: there are few situations in life in which a person experiences the same;
The thought that you are playing the role of a pawn in the game, beyond their control, beyond their understanding, is terrible.
The victim feels humiliated and worthless;
A relationship is sometimes established between the victim and the terrorist, and the victim sees the terrorist as his protector (“Stockholm Syndrome”). For the victim, this bond serves as a protective function, alleviating feelings of fear and helplessness. However, after an incident, this addiction can turn into a source of guilt, which can negate all attempts at treatment;
The situation includes an element of complete surprise, which cannot but cause a strong feeling of helplessness and anxiety.
The consequences of traumatic stress for victims of terrorism are of various kinds and manifestations.
Psychological - a decrease in self-esteem, the level of social adaptation and frustration tolerance, the most characteristic mental state that develops under the influence of traumatic situations, including after a terrorist act is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
The increase in the number of terrorist attacks on the territory of the Russian Federation in recent times associated with both an increase in the number of victims directly affected and with an increase in the number of people indirectly related to this, i.e. who witnessed the incident through the media. Developing psychological disorders as a result of experiencing the growing threat of terrorism in recent years may acquire the character of a mental epidemic. Along with the distinguished and recognized psychologists, psychotherapists and doctors of the "Vietnamese", "Afghan" and "Chechen" syndromes, the totality of psychological consequences from the perception of the threat of a terrorist act can be combined into the syndrome of the "threat of a terrorist act."
A poll of Russians on the anniversary of the events in the theater center on Dubrovka in Moscow confirmed that the fear of terrorist attacks does not leave the population: 30% are "very afraid", and another 48% "to some extent fear" that they or their loved ones may become victims terrorists. Only 28% in one way or another hope that the Russian authorities will be able to protect the population from new terrorist attacks, 64% do not hope for this.
To the question: "WHAT ROLE DOES THE MEDIA PLAY IN THIS SITUATION?" 47% of Russians answered that the media "informed people, helped to understand the situation", 20% - "willy-nilly interfered with the special services and helped terrorists" and 17% said that the media "confused people, aroused unnecessary passions."
Constant coverage of disasters, tragic and criminal events creates a general negative background of insecurity and anxiety, which is the basis for neurotic and stressful disorders. In addition, excessive fixation on negative information in the media forms a certain psychological state, which consists in a feeling of loss of control over the circumstances that are essential for one's own life, which, again, is the reason for the development of maladjustment. The positive role of the media, in addition to its main task - timely, accurate and objective information about current events - is to inform about the possibilities of obtaining medical and psychological assistance in extreme situations.
Ticket 2. Question 1. Extreme situations.Examples of classifications of problem, crisis, emergency and traumatic situations.
Situation - a real set of objectively subjective circumstances of a person (group, community), characteristic of his life at some point in time. The structure of the situation includes: situational components (what surrounds a person), personality components (what a person is in a situation), active (behavioral) components (what he did, what he does, what he intends to do and what the person achieves) ...
Extreme situation - a sudden situation that threatens or is subjectively perceived by a person as life threatening, health, personal integrity, well-being.
Extreme situation is a situation in a certain area resulting from an accident, hazardous natural phenomenon, catastrophe, natural or other disaster that may result in loss of life, damage to human health or environment, significant material losses and violation of the living conditions of people.
An extreme situation has the following characteristics:
1) the suddenness of the onset, 2) a sharp out of the norm habitual actions and states; 3) the saturation of the developing situation with contradictions that require prompt resolution; 4) progressive changes in the state of the situation, conditions of activity, elements, connections and relationships, 5) an increase in the complexity of the ongoing processes, 6) the transition of the situation into a phase of instability, reaching the limits, criticality; 7) generation of dangers and threats by changes (disruption of activity, death, destruction of systems); an increase in tension for the subjects of an extreme situation (in terms of its comprehension, decision-making, response), etc.
Types of extreme situations:
1) objectively extreme situations (difficulties and dangers in them come from the external environment, they arise in front of a person objectively);
2) potentially extreme situations (danger is expressed as a latent threat);
3) personally provoked extreme situations (the danger is generated by the person himself, his deliberate or erroneous choice, behavior);
4) imaginary extreme situations (not hazardous, threats to the situation).
Extreme conditions - these are conditions in which there is a threat to human life, health or property from external objects due to an unplanned (unexpected) change in their state, leading to the emergence and action of maladaptive factors.
Conditions that place increased demands on a working person are called special (extreme) conditions of activity (for example, work in unique conditions associated with a danger to life; high “cost” (responsibility) of decisions made; processing of large volumes and flows of information (ie. information overload); lack of time to perform the required actions; complicated factors of the working environment)
General signs of an extreme situation:
1. The presence of insurmountable difficulties, awareness of a threat or insurmountable obstacle to the implementation of any specific goals.
2. The state of mental tension and various reactions of a person to the extremeness of the environment, overcoming which is of great importance for him.
3. A significant change in the usual (habitual, sometimes even tense or difficult) situation, parameters of activity or behavior, that is, going beyond the "usual").
Thus, one of the main signs of an extreme situation is insurmountable obstacles to implementation, which can be viewed as an immediate threat to the implementation of the set goal or intended action.
In an extreme situation, a person is confronted by the environment. Extreme situations are associated with noticeably and sharply changing conditions in which activities take place. There is a danger of failure to fulfill the task or a threat to the safety of machinery, equipment, human life.
Extreme situations are extreme manifestations difficult situations, require maximum exertion of the mental and physical forces of a person to get out of them.
Human behavior in extreme situations
Human life is a series of all kinds of situations, many of which, due to their repetition and similarity, become habitual. Human behavior is brought to automatism, therefore, the consumption of psychophysical and physical forces in such situations is minimized. Extreme situations require a person to mobilize mental and physical resources. A person in an extreme situation receives information about its various elements:
About external conditions;
About their internal states;
About the results of their own actions.
The processing of this information is carried out through cognitive and emotional processes. The results of this processing affect the behavior of the individual in an extreme situation.
Threat signals lead to an increase in human activity. And if this activity does not bring the expected improvement in the situation, the person is overwhelmed with negative emotions. of different strength... The role of emotions in an extreme situation is different.
Emotions can act as an indicator of extremeness and as an assessment of the situation, and as a factor leading to a change in behavior in the situation. And at the same time, it must be remembered that emotional experiences are one of the important factors of human behavior in an extreme situation.
As a rule, an extreme situation is generated by objective reasons, but its extremeness is largely determined by subjective components. So:
There may not be an objective threat, but a person or a group of people mistakenly perceive the current situation as extreme. Most often this happens due to unpreparedness or distorted perception of the surrounding reality;
There may be real objective threat factors, but a person is not aware of their existence and is not aware of the emerging extreme situation;
A person can realize the extremeness of the situation, but assess it as insignificant, which in itself is already a tragic mistake that can lead to unpredictable consequences;
Finding himself in an extreme situation and not finding a way out of this situation, having lost faith in the possibility of its resolution, he leaves reality by activating the mechanisms of psychological defense;
The situation can be objectively extreme, but the availability of knowledge and experience allows you to overcome it without significant mobilization of your resources.
Thus, a person reacts to an extreme situation depending on how he perceives it and assesses its significance.
There is one more specific human reaction to an extreme situation - mental tension. This is the mental state of a person in an extreme situation, with the help of which a person is, as it were, prepared for the transition from one psychophysical state to another, adequate to the current situation.
Forms of tension.
Perceptual (arising from difficulties in perception);
Intellectual (when a person finds it difficult to solve a problem that has arisen);
Emotional (when emotions arise that disrupt behavior and activities);
Strong-willed (when a person cannot control himself);
Motivational (associated with the struggle of motives, different points view)
Problem situation - this is an intellectual difficulty of a person that arises when he does not know how to explain a phenomenon that has arisen, a fact, a process of reality, cannot achieve the goal by the way of action known to him. This prompts the person to look for a new way of explanation or mode of action. A problem situation is a pattern of productive, cognitive creative activity. It stimulates the beginning of thinking, active, mental activity that occurs in the process of posing and solving a problem.
A cognitive need arises in a person when he cannot achieve a goal with the help of methods of action known to him, knowledge. Thus, the psychological structure of a problem situation includes the following three components: an unknown achieved value or mode of action, a cognitive need that prompts a person to intellectual activity and a person's intellectual capabilities, including his creative abilities and past experience.
Crisis situation (from the Greek. krisis - decision, turning point, outcome) - a situation that requires a person to significantly change their ideas about the world and about themselves in a short period of time. These changes can be both positive and negative.
Among the events that can lead to a crisis, there are such as the death of a loved one, a serious illness, separation from parents, family, friends, change in appearance, change in social environment, marriage, drastic changes social status, etc. Theoretically, life events are qualified as leading to a crisis if they "create a potential or actual threat to the satisfaction of fundamental needs ..." and at the same time pose a problem for the individual "from which he cannot get away and which he cannot resolve in a short time and in the usual way ".
4 successive stages of the crisis: 1) the primary increase in tension, stimulating the usual ways of solving problems; 2) a further increase in stress in conditions when these methods are ineffective; 3) an even greater increase in tension, requiring the mobilization of external and internal sources; 4) if everything turns out to be in vain, the fourth stage begins, characterized by an increase in anxiety and depression, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, disorganization of the personality. A crisis can end at any stage if the danger disappears or a solution is found.
Emergency (ES) is a situation in a certain area resulting from an accident, dangerous natural phenomenon, catastrophe, natural or other disaster that may result in human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption of the living conditions of people
People, being in extreme conditions of an emergency, experience traumatic factors. There is a violation of mental activity in the form of reactive (psychogenic) states.
Classification emergencies:
by the pace of development
Each type of emergency has its own speed of propagation of danger, which is an important component of the intensity of an emergency event and characterizes the degree of suddenness of the impact of damaging factors. From this point of view, such events can be divided into: sudden (explosions, traffic accidents, earthquakes, etc.); rapid (fires, emission of gaseous potent toxic substances (SDYAV), hydrodynamic accidents with the formation of breakthrough waves, mudflows, etc.), moderate (emission of radioactive substances, accidents in communal systems, volcanic eruptions, floods, etc.); smooth (accidents at treatment facilities, droughts, epidemics, environmental deviations, etc.). Smooth (slow) emergencies can last for many months and years, for example, the consequences of anthropogenic activities in the Aral Sea zone.
by the scale of distribution
When classifying emergencies by scale, one should take into account not only the size of the area affected by the emergency, but also its possible indirect consequences. These include severe violations of organizational, economic, social and other significant ties operating over significant distances. In addition, the severity of the consequences is taken into account, which, even with a small area of emergency situations, can be huge and tragic.
Local (private) - do not go geographically and organizationally outside the workplace or site, a small section of the road, homestead or apartment. Local emergencies include emergency situations, as a result of which no more than 10 people were injured, or the living conditions of no more than 100 people were disrupted, or material damage was no more than 1,000 minimum wages.
If the consequences of an emergency are limited to the territory of a production or other facility (i.e., they do not go beyond the sanitary protection zone) and can be eliminated by its forces and resources, then these emergencies are called object-based.
Emergencies , the distribution of the consequences of which is limited to the boundaries of a settlement, city (district), region, territory, republic and are eliminated by their forces and means, are called local. Local emergencies include emergency situations, as a result of which more than 10, but no more than 50 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 100, but no more than 300 people were disrupted, or material damage was over 1,000, but no more than 5,000. minimum sizes wages.
Regional emergencies - such emergencies that apply to the territory of several regions (territories, republics) or an economic region. To eliminate the consequences of such emergencies, the combined efforts of these territories, as well as the participation of federal forces, are required. Regional emergencies include emergencies, as a result of which from 50 to 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of 500 to 1000 people were disrupted, or material damage was from 0.5 to 5 million minimum wages.
National (federal) emergencies cover vast territories of the country, but do not go beyond its borders. The forces, means and resources of the entire state are involved here. Foreign assistance is also often used. National emergencies include emergency situations, as a result of which more than 500 people have suffered, or the living conditions of more than 1,000 people have been disrupted, or material damage is more than 5 million minimum wages.
Global (cross-border) emergencies go beyond the borders of the country and extend to other states. Their consequences are being eliminated by the forces and means of both the affected states and the international community.
by duration of action:
can be short-term or have a protracted course. All emergencies resulting in environmental pollution are protracted;
the nature:
intentional (intentional) and unintentional (unintentional). The first should include most of the national, social and military conflicts, terrorist acts and others. Natural disasters by the nature of their origin are unintentional; this group also includes most man-made accidents and disasters.
By source of origin:
- Emergency situations of a technogenic nature; - Emergencies of natural origin; - Emergencies of a biological and social nature.
It is advisable to initially divide the entire set of possible emergency situations into conflict and non-conflict. Conflict - military clashes, economic crises, extremist political struggle, social explosions, ethnic and religious conflicts, terrorism. Conflict-free emergencies, in turn, can be classified (systematized) according to a significant number of features that describe the phenomena from different sides of their nature and properties.
Psycho-traumatic situation - this is a long-term situation in which many negative impacts accumulate, each of which is not so significant in itself. But when there are many of them and they act for a long time, their action is, as it were, summed up, and a disease arises.
Psycho-traumatic stress - a special form of general stress reaction caused by traumatic for the individual life events... This is stress of increased intensity, accompanied by mental trauma.
Not every event can trigger traumatic stress. Mental trauma is possible if:
The event that has occurred is conscious;
The experience destroys the usual way of life, goes beyond the ordinary human experience and causes distress in any person.
Psycho-traumatic events change the idea of oneself, the system of values, the concept of the surrounding world, change the established ideas about the ways of existence in the world. These events can be sudden, shock, or have a long-term, difficult to bear impact, as well as combine both of these and other properties at the same time.
One of the consequences of traumatic stress is trauma.
There is a different classification of mental trauma and situations that cause them. G.K. Ushakov (1987) proposed a classification of mental trauma in terms of its intensity. He singled out the following types psychotraumas:
Massive (catastrophic), sudden, sharp, unexpected, stunning, one-sided: a) over-actual for the individual; b) not relevant to the individual;
Situational acute (subacute), unexpected, multidimensional involving the personality, associated with the loss of social prestige, with damage to self-affirmation;
Prolonged situational, leading to a conscious need for persistent mental stress (exhausting): a) caused by the very content of the situation; b) caused by an excessive level of personality claims in the absence of objective opportunities to achieve the goal in normal rhythm activities.
V.A. Guryeva (1996) subdivides psychotrauma according to the strength of their impact on the personality, highlighting the following reasons.
Superstrong, acute, sudden: a) presence at death; b) murder; c) rape.
Subjective, super-strong, acute (super-significant for the personality): a) death of close relatives (mother, father); b) unexpected departure from the family of a beloved parent (for children);
3. Sharp, strong, super strong, following one after another. For example: the death of a parent, the departure of a spouse, adultery, criminal prosecution of a child.
4. Psychogenic trauma underlying post-traumatic stress disorder, characterized by a certain originality. It is a stressful event (short-term or long-term) of an extremely threatening or catastrophic nature that can cause distress in almost any person (natural disasters, war, accidents, the role of a victim of torture).
5. Defined as key experiences in relation to any personality traits (anxious, suspicious, hysterical, sensitive, etc.).
6. Combined with deprivation (emotional or sensory). Deprivation (English deprivation - deprivation, loss) - lack of satisfaction of any human needs.
7. Chronic mental trauma (dysfunctional family, closed institutions, military conditions).
8. A combination of acute and chronic psychogenic trauma.
EAT. Cherepanova classified traumatic situations according to the degree of increase in the symptoms of pathological grief, the development of the syndrome of post-traumatic stress disorders:
1. The expected loss for which the person is prepared;
2. Sudden expected loss;
3. Information about unexpected loss: a) sudden death, illness; b) an accident, catastrophe, war; c) murder, suicide.
4. Presence at unexpected loss: a) sudden death, illness; b) murder, suicide.
5. Unexpected loss in situations where a person who suffered as a result of an accident, catastrophe or war, survived.
The nature of the trauma and the level of stress in the traumatic situation depends on the strength of the traumatic effect.
Psychotraumatic effects on Yu.A. Alexandrovsky - the impact due to the weakening of the activity or integrity of the individual barrier of mental adaptation. In the case of a weakening of the individual barrier of mental adaptation, a decrease in its level leads to psychogenic disorders.
Ticket 2. Question 2. Psychological characteristics of the debriefing method.
Debriefing, psychological debriefing - a psychological conversation with a person who has experienced an extreme situation or psychological trauma. The purpose of the debriefing is to reduce the psychological damage caused to the victim by explaining to the person what happened to him and listening to his point of view.
The term “psychological debriefing” refers to a crisis intervention designed to mitigate and prevent the stress response caused by trauma in normal people who are in extreme stress situations. The goal is to prevent the development of persistent consequences of emotional trauma by creating an opportunity for conscious assessment at the cognitive level and emotional processing of the traumatic event.
Debriefings conducted on the basis of terrorist attacks, as well as in places of natural disasters and catastrophes, are part of the first aid program and help victims cope with situations of intense fear, injury, extreme discomfort, property damage, or the loss of friends and loved ones. The purpose of the psychological survey is to reduce the likelihood of post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychological problems by providing an opportunity to speak out, "rejecting memories by verbalizing them."
Crisis debriefing techniques and structure vary according to the nature and scale of the tragedy. For example, in places of terrorist attacks, catastrophes and natural disasters, a multilevel debriefing is used, in which psychologists and rescuers working directly on the scene, subsequently themselves receive psychological help from their colleagues at the “second level,” etc. In another example, The debriefing of released prisoners of war with signs of Stockholm syndrome will be different from the debriefing of hostages of a political terrorist attack with the same signs of Stockholm syndrome.
Debriefing is most effective if it is carried out before the administration of tranquilizers and before the victims are given the opportunity to sleep (that is, on the first day), if there are opportunities for this and a sufficient number of qualified specialists capable of conducting debriefing. In cases where debriefing is postponed for one reason or another, there is a consolidation of traces of memory, accompanied by a number of psychopathological phenomena. However, this does not diminish the independent significance of a methodologically sound debriefing at subsequent stages. One specialist can professionally conduct no more than 5-6 (maximum - 10) individual debriefings per day, which determines the calculation of the forces and means of psychological emergency response services.
Debriefing is one of the most common forms of group prevention of occupational stress by extreme professionals. I would like to note that in many divisions of the EMERCOM of Russia there are intuitively found forms that resemble a debriefing. This is the practice of "debriefing". Strict adherence to the debriefing procedure is essential for the most effective minimization of the unwanted psychological consequences of occupational stress.
The debriefing process usually consists of three main parts: "ventilation" of feelings in the group and assessment of stress by the leader; a detailed discussion of changes in perception, behavior, well-being in the process of work, then - psychological support; providing information and mobilizing resources; and planning future work.
Traditionally, the debriefing is conducted by a psychologist; in some cases, an authoritative and trained specialist trained by the psychologist may become the presenter.
Debriefing as a method of psychological intervention is gradually becoming a routine procedure in many countries, although its effectiveness has not yet been proven. In fact, there is a lot of evidence that such psychological interviews are not only ineffective, but also harmful. In March 2007, the American journal Perspectives of Psychological Science added a crisis debriefing to the list of procedures that could harm victims.
Optimal debriefing start time - no later than 48 hours from the moment of emergency. It should also be noted that debriefing is a preventive method and aims to minimize possible symptoms of stress disorder or PTSD. The optimal composition of the group is no more than 15 people.
Debriefing structure:
