Remember some words in which the consonant before e is pronounced firmly: anesthesia, décolleté, grotesque, degradation, decadence, delicacy, detective, computer, manager, mixer, service, stress, thesis, antithesis, nonsense, protection, sweater, thermos, sandwich, pace, tennis, tent, brown-haired, psychic, beefsteak, business, inert, atelier, identical, laser, interview, pastel, rugby, timbre, trend, phonetics, index, interior, meringue, relay, sexy. Words with a soft consonant before e: academic, beret, accounting, debut, anemia, brunette, clarinet, competence, context, cream, museum, patent, pate, press, progress, term, flannel, overcoat, essence, jurisprudence, yachtsman. In many cases, variant pronunciation is allowed: [d"]ekan and [de]kan, [d"]ekanat and [de]kanat, [s"]session and [se]siya, but [ve]lla and no[v" ]ella, ag[r"]ssia and additional ag[re]ssia, [d"]ep[r"]ession and additional [de]p[re]ssia, ba[ss"]ein and ba[sse ]yn, strategy [t"]egia and additional strategy [te]gia, lo[te]reya and additional lo [t "]reya. Pronunciation [chn ], [shn] in place of the spelling chn The competition of pronunciation options in place of the spelling combination chn has a long history, the echoes of which we feel when we have to choose one use or another: skuk[chn]o or skuk[shn]o, skvoor[chn]ik or skor[sh]ik? There is a gradual displacement of the Old Moscow pronunciation [shn] and a convergence of pronunciation with spelling, therefore the variants koria[sh]vy, bulo[sh]aya, gorn[sh]aya are outdated. At the same time, it should be remembered that some words retain as a mandatory pronunciation [shn] in place of the spelling chn: boring, boring, on purpose, of course, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, trifling, eyeglass case (case for glasses), laundry, mustard plaster, poor student, candlestick. The standard pronunciation is [shn] and in female patronymics: Kuzminichna, Fominichna, Ilyinichna. Pronunciation of [e] and [o] under stress after soft consonants and sibilants B modern speech one often hears scam, guardianship instead of the scam, guardianship provided for by the norm. Why do such fluctuations occur? The long process of transition from [e] to [o], in writing denoted by the letter ё, in the stressed position after soft consonants before hard ones, is reflected in the state of the modern norm. In most cases, under stress in the position between a soft and hard consonant and after sibilants, the sound [o] is pronounced (graphically e). Compare, for example, sieve - lattice, star - starry, tear - tearful. Remember the words with this pronunciation: motley, gutter, worthless, smart, swollen, perch, marker, starter, oblivion, engraver, driver, priest, bigamy, bleeding. However, in many words, most often borrowed, there is no transition from [e] to [o] in the indicated position: guardianship (not guardianship!), scam (not scam!), stout, grenadier, bigamist, expired (day), pole, rod , spineless, carabinieri, sedentism, deadwood, simultaneous. The fluctuation of this orthoepic norm is evidenced by the possibility of variant pronunciation of some words. It should be borne in mind that the main, most preferable options are with e: whitish, faded, bile, bile, maneuver, maneuverable, fade. Options with e are recorded by dictionaries as acceptable, that is, less desirable to use: whitish, faded, bile, gall, maneuver, maneuverable, fade. GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS OF SPEECH Grammatical correctness of speech is determined by compliance with grammatical norms, that is, the correct choice of grammatical forms of words (morphological norms) and forms of connection of words in phrases and sentences ( syntactic norms). MORPHOLOGICAL NORMS The morphological structure of the Russian language has been sufficiently studied both from the historical and from the structural-descriptive side. At the same time, in speech practice many questions arise about the correct use of certain forms of words. Why is the noun "coffee" male? Which form should you choose - “contracts” or “contracts”, “accountants” or “accountants”? What is the correct way to say: "go off the rails" or "go off the rails", "a pair of clips" or "a pair of clips"? Numerous grammatical violations both spoken and writing indicate the need for more close attention to these questions. Difficulties in forming nouns by gender The category of gender is quite stable, and we easily classify the noun “table” as masculine, and “desk” as feminine. But in a number of cases the gender of nouns has changed, and instead of the old forms film, rail, hall, the new film, rail, hall are used. Some nouns still retain variant design by gender, that is, parallel forms coexist in the language: banknote - banknote, aviary - aviary, dahlia - dahlia, hangnail - burr, duct - duct, lobster - lobster, mongoose - mongoose, arabesque - arabesque , shutter - shutter. Some options are rated as acceptable along with the main ones: key - additional. keys, clearing - extra. clearing, sprat - extra. sprat, giraffe - extra. giraffe. Fluctuation in design by gender is characteristic of many shoe names, but only one generic form corresponds to the literary norm: masculine - boot, felt boot, sneaker, high boots, slipper; feminine - shoe, sandal, anklet, slipper, sneaker, boot, sneaker, galosh. Incorrect: shoes, sneakers, slippers, sneakers, sandals. Difficulties in formatting by gender also arise when using a number of other nouns that have only one normative gender form. The masculine gender includes the nouns shampoo, roofing felt, tulle, shoulder strap, corrective, clip, rail (variant design by gender is preserved only in the form genitive case pl. numbers - derail and derail). The feminine gender includes the nouns veil, corn, bean, reserved seat, cuff. Remember: the form common in the speech of Astrakhan residents is female tomato is not normative, and therefore only the masculine form of tomato should be used. Definition grammatical gender indeclinable nouns 1. As a rule, indeclinable nouns denoting inanimate objects, belong to the neuter gender: show, alibi, fiasco, flowerpot, baroque, interview, jury, variety show, entrechat, pince-nez, rugby, bikini, meringue, communiqué, role, aloe, taboo, rally, revue, necklace, cliche, dossier, cafe, argo. 2. In a number of cases, gender is determined by a more general generic concept: Bengali, Hindi, Pashto - masculine (“language”); kohlrabi (“cabbage”), salami (“sausage”) - feminine; sirocco, tornado (“wind”) - masculine; avenue (“street”) is feminine. 3. The gender of indeclinable nouns denoting geographical names is also determined by the grammatical gender of the common noun expressing the generic concept (that is, by the gender of the words river, city, lake, etc.): Sochi - masculine (city), Gobi - feminine ( desert), Missouri - feminine (river). Wed: multi-million Tokyo (city), wide Mississippi (river), industrial Baku (city), picturesque Capri (island), deep Erie (lake). So, gender affiliation can also be motivated from the content side. It is no coincidence that many indeclinable nouns (words of foreign language origin) receive a dual description in dictionaries. For example, the word “tsunami” can be associated with the concept of “wave” and formalized in the feminine gender in Russian, or it can be classified as an inanimate noun and formalized in the neuter gender. Wed: tsunami - s.r. (Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language); and. and s.r. (Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language); avenue (connection with the word "street") - f.r. (Spelling dictionary of the Russian language), g. and s.r. (frequency-stylistic dictionary of variants “Grammatical correctness of Russian speech”); penalty (connection with the word "kick") - m. and s.r. (Spelling dictionary of the Russian language). Literary language can retain, from a formal point of view, unproductive variants (coffee is masculine). Dictionaries have noted the variant gender of the noun coffee (m. and s.r.). Presumably, one of the reasons for the initial assignment of the word coffee to the masculine gender was the now lost tradition of using it with a different phonetic format - “coffee”. The second possible reason is that the word belongs to the masculine gender in the French language, from which it was borrowed. 4. Indeclinable nouns, denoting animate objects, are masculine: funny pony, funny chimpanzee, big kangaroo, beautiful cockatoo, old marabou. The exception is words whose gender is determined by the generic concept: hummingbird - feminine gender (bird), iwasi - feminine gender (fish), tsetse - feminine gender (fly). Some animate indeclinable nouns may have parallel gender depending on the context. Wed: The old kangaroo looked around carefully. The kangaroo protected her cub. 5. Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin, denoting persons, are masculine or feminine depending on the gender of the person designated: famous entertainer, rich rentier, old curé, talented drag queen, beautiful lady, elderly lady, great maestro, capable impresario. Bigeneric words are such words as protégé (my protégé, my protégé), vis-à-vis, incognito, hippie. Determination of the grammatical gender of abbreviations and compound words 1. The grammatical gender of an abbreviation (compound abbreviated word) is determined as follows: a) if the abbreviation is declined, then its gender is determined by grammatical feature: university - masculine, NEP - masculine, registry office - masculine (the correlation with the gender of the core word "record" is lost); b) if the abbreviation is not inflected, then its gender is determined by the gender of the main (core) word of the deciphered compound name: ASU – feminine (automatic control system), GEC – feminine (state examination commission), hydroelectric power station (hydroelectric power station), SGU – m. State University), ATS – f.r. (automatic telephone exchange), housing department - m. (housing and maintenance site), housing cooperative - m.r. (housing and construction cooperative). The difficulty of etymological deciphering of abbreviations, their formal similarity with whole words (such as cat, house, cancer) lead to loosening general rule speech practice and the emergence of options. Wed: VAK - zh.r. (Higher Attestation Commission) and acceptable m.r.; Ministry of Foreign Affairs - s.r. (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and acceptable m.r. ROE - w.r. (erythrocyte sedimentation reaction) and additional. s.r. However, fluctuations in the norm for determining the grammatical gender of an abbreviation based on the core word do not indicate the abolition of this rule, which continues to operate in the Russian language. 2. The grammatical gender of compound words such as sofa-bed, shop-studio, museum-apartment is determined semantic relations between parts compound word– the leading component is a word with more general meaning: museum-library – noun. husband. kind (the word museum denotes a broader concept, with the second part acting as a clarifying one); a chair-bed, a rocking chair of the neuter gender (one of the types of chairs is called, and the second part of the word is only specified). As a rule, the leading word comes first: exhibition-viewing, exhibition-sale, showcase-stand - these are feminine nouns; review-competition, sofa-bed, theater-studio, evening-meeting, lesson-lecture, rematch, factory-laboratory, car-workshop, salon-atelier, story-sketch - masculine gender; dress-robe, cafe-patisserie, atelier-studio - neuter. In some cases, the order of arrangement may not correspond to the semantic significance of parts of the word - alpha decay - husband. r., gamma radiation - cf. r., raincoat-tent, cafe-dining room - female. In case of difficulty, you should refer to the Orthoepic Dictionary or the Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language. Difficulties in using the case forms of nouns The use of forms of the nominative plural M. V. Lomonosov at one time unconditionally recommended for use only 3 words with the ending -a in the nominative plural: boka, eye, gender and gave a small list of words that allowed dual use of forms in -ы and -а: forests - forests, banks - banks, bells - bells, snows - snows, meadows - meadows. Usual for literary language in the 19th century there were shapes: trains, houses, sails, professors. A development trend clearly emerges: the number of forms per struck -a(s) is steadily increasing at the expense of forms with unstressed -s(-s). The formation of nominative plural forms in -a (-я) tends to: a) monosyllabic words: run - run, forest - forests, century - centuries, house - houses, silk - silks, tom - volumes, etc. But: cakes , syllables, soups, fronts, ports. Incorrect: cake, syllable, soup, front, port. b) words with singular stress on the first syllable: order - orders, pearls - pearls, cook - cooks, address - addresses, watchman - watchmen, monogram - monograms, boat - boats, stack - stacks, ham - hams, skull - skulls, orders - orders, etc. But: handwriting, grooms, valves, doctors. Taking into account their colloquial nature, parallel forms in -a (-z) of the following nouns are acceptable: turner - turners - turners, mechanic - mechanics, locksmith, cruiser - cruisers - cruisers, tractor - tractors, tractors, etc. In some cases, forms in - a(s) and na -ы(s) differ in meaning: images (artistic) - images (icons); tones (shades of sound) - tones (shades of color); bread (in the oven) - bread (in the field); bodies (cars) - bodies (mushrooms); omissions (oversights) - passes (documents); orders (insignia) - orders (knightly); bellows (blacksmith's; wineskins) - furs (dressed hides); sheets (paper) - leaves (on trees). The formation of nominative plural forms in -ы (-и) tends to: a) words with stress on the final syllable of the base: associate professor - associate professors, portfolio - portfolios, cut - cuts, auditor - auditors, percentage - percentages, steamboat - steamships and etc. (there are a few exceptions such as sleeve - sleeve, cuff - cuff); b) words of foreign origin with the final part -er: officer - officers, driver - drivers, engineer - engineers, director - directors, conductor - conductors, actor - actors, etc. c) words of Latin origin with the final part -tor, denoting inanimate items: detectors, capacitors, reflectors, transformers. Words of Latin origin in -tor, -sor, -zor, denoting animate objects, may have the ending -ы in some cases (designers, lecturers, rectors, censors, authors, dispatchers), in others -a (directors, doctors, professors) . Taking into account their colloquial nature, variant forms in -a are acceptable for a number of nouns: proofreaders - proofreaders, instructors - instructors, inspectors - inspectors, editors - editors; d) three-syllable and polysyllabic words with stress on the middle syllable: accountants, pharmacists, speakers, librarians, composers, researchers. The forms of pharmacist and accountant are colloquial, not normative, and are not recommended for use. Using genitive plural forms Difficulties associated with the use of genitive plural forms in speech arise quite often. Which form to choose - grams (with a formally expressed ending) or grams (with null ending), hectares or hectares, manger or manger? Masculine nouns with a base on a hard consonant of the following groups tend to form forms with a zero ending: a) names of paired objects: (pair) boots, boots, stockings, (without) shoulder straps, epaulette, (shape of) eyes, legs, hands. Note that in spelling dictionary Variant shapes of socks and socks are noted; b) names of persons by nationality (words with stems starting with “r” ina “n”): (several) Bashkirs, Tatars, Moldavians, Georgians, English, Turks, Bulgarians, Gypsies, Romanians, Ossetians. But: Kalmyks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Yakuts, Uzbeks; fluctuations: Turkmen - Turkmens; c) some names of units of measurement usually used with numerals: (several) volts, amperes, watts, hertz, fluctuations: microns - micron, coulombs - coulomb, carats - carat, roentgens - roentgen. Only verbally colloquial speech shorter forms can be used in parallel with the main options: kilograms and kilograms, grams and grams, hectares and hectares; d) names of military groups: soldiers, partisans, hussars, dragoons. But: miners, sappers. Please note: for the names of fruits and vegetables, the normative forms in the genitive plural are, as a rule, forms with endings: oranges, tomatoes, tangerines, pomegranates, bananas, eggplants. Forms with zero inflection (kilogram of tomato, pomegranate) can only be used in oral conversation. For feminine nouns, the following forms are normative: earrings, apple trees, wafers, domain, drops, gossip, roofs, nannies, candles (the candle variant is found in stable combinations type "the game is not worth the candle"), sheets (permissibly simple "yn, but not protostin), beats. The existence of morphological variants can be determined by variation in stress or sound composition: ba" rzh ( t barzha ) and ba " rzhey ( from ba"rzha), sa"zheney (from sa"zhen) and soot"n, soot"ney (from sazh'en), handfull (from "prigor" rshnya) and "prigorshny" (from "prigorshnya"). For neuter nouns, the normative forms of the genitive plural are shoulders, towels, saucers, porch, lace, mirrors, small mirrors, outbacks, coasts, potions, apprentices. For nouns used only in the plural, the following forms are normative in the genitive case: twilight, attacks, descendants, everyday life, nurseries, frosts, grabs and rakes, stilts and stilts. Difficulties in using some surnames 1. Foreign surnames in -ov , -in in the instrumental case have the ending -om (Darwin, Chaplin, Kronin, Virkhov) in contrast to Russian surnames ending in -om (Petrov, Vasiliev, Sidorov, Sinitsyn 2. Surnames ending in -o are not declined). : Vasilenko, Yurchenko, Petrenko - in Vasilenko, Yurchenko, Petrenko, before Vasilenko, Yurchenko, Petrenko 3. Russian and foreign surnames ending in a consonant are declined if they refer to men, and not if they refer to women: s. Andrei Grigorovich - with Anna Grigorovich, Lev Gorelik - Irina Gorelik, Igor Korbut - Vera Korbut Difficulties in using adjective forms The forms of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives, formed according to the type more humane, more beautiful, the most beautiful, do not meet the literary norm. To form comparative and superlatives There are two ways in language: analytical (more humane, most beautiful) and synthetic, when the meaning is expressed using a suffix (more humane, most beautiful). The attempt to combine both of these methods leads to mistakes. Remember correct options: thinner or finer, thinnest or thinnest. Under no circumstances use forms of adjectives such as thinner or thinnest. How numerals are used in speech Of all the names (noun, numeral, adjective), numerals are more unlucky than others: they are increasingly used incorrectly in speech. For example, they lose their shape before our eyes indirect cases-they simply stop being persuaded. Let's remember some rules for using numerals, and you will see that they are not so difficult. 1. In complex numerals denoting hundreds and tens and ending in -hundred (hundred) or -ten in the nominative case, each part is declined like a simple numeral. It is important to simply understand the logic of the formation of case forms. I. seven ten (let's connect) seventy R. seven ten seventy D. seven ten seventy B. seven ten seventy T. seven ten seventy P. about seven ten seventy As we see, everything remains exactly the same as when declination of simple numerals. Please note: both parts of the numeral end the same way: seventy, seventy. In compound numerals, all the words that form them are declined: with two thousand five hundred seventy-three rubles, to own eight hundred sixty-seven thousand seven hundred and ninety-five hectares of land. 2. The numerals forty and ninety have only two case forms: I. and V. - forty and ninety. The rest: forty and ninety 3. The correct combinations are 45.5 percent (not percent), 987.5 hectares (not hectares and especially not a hectare). At mixed number the noun is governed by a fraction: five tenths of a percent or a hectare. Possible options: forty-five and a half percent, nine hundred eighty-seven and a half hectares. 4. Collective numbers are used in the following cases: a) with masculine nouns and general kind, naming male persons: two friends, three soldiers, four orphans along with two friends, three soldiers; b) with nouns that have only a plural form: two scissors, four days (starting from five, cardinal numbers are usually used five days, six scissors); c) with personal pronouns: there are two of us, there were five of them. Remember: collective numbers are not used with feminine nouns denoting female persons, so you cannot say two girls, three teachers, five students, but only two girls, three teachers, five students. Difficulties in using certain forms of verbs 1. Of the forms went out, got wet, got wet, dried up (with or without the suffix -well- in the past tense), the first one is more common, short form. 2. In the pairs condition - condition, concentrate - concentrate, summarize - summarize, empower - empower the first options are the main ones, and the second forms (with the root a) are colloquial in nature. 3. Of the two parallel forms, splashes - splashes, rinses - rinses, purrs - purrs, prowls - prowls, cackles - cackles, waves - waves are recorded by dictionaries as the main options, and the second - as acceptable, colloquial. 4. Some verbs, for example, win, convince, wonder, feel, find themselves, are not used in the first person singular forms. Instead, descriptive forms are used: I can win, I can convince, I want to feel, I hope to find myself, I won’t be weird. SYNTACTIC NORMES Difficulties in agreeing the predicate with the subject Difficulties in agreeing the subject with the predicate are associated with the choice of the form of the number of the predicate in sentences with a subject, an expressed quantitative combination. Most books are dedicated - most books are dedicated. Several students spoke - several students spoke at the seminar. Which form of communication is correct? The plural form of the predicate is preferable when the subject is expressed by a quantitative combination, which includes an animate noun, in the following cases: a) the subject includes several controlled words in the form of the genitive case: Several students, teachers and faculty members attended the conference; b) the subject is expressed animate noun and the activity of the action attributed to each person individually is emphasized. Most graduates showed excellent mastery of the subject of research; c) between the main members of the sentence there are other members of the sentence: Several graduate students in the process of preparing for scientific conference conducted a serious research work. If we put the predicate in the plural, then the subject is considered as separate objects, and if in the singular - as a single whole. In some cases, syntactic variation is possible: Thirty graduates received a referral to rural schools. - Thirty graduates were sent to rural schools. If the subject expressed by a quantitative combination includes an inanimate noun, then the predicate, as a rule, is used in the singular form: Fifteen student works were noted by the commission. Several reports were prepared for the student seminar. Most of the books were received by the library last year. A number of courseworks are reviewed by the teacher. Some of the reports are included in the conference program. With the numerals two, three, four, the predicate is usually put in the plural: Three books are on the table. Four students entered the classroom. Two student reports received the highest marks. With homogeneous subjects, the predicate, as a rule, agrees in the plural: Planned repairs of classrooms and cleaning of other premises are carried out simultaneously. The rector of the institute and several professors were elected to the presidium. When the subject is expressed by a noun, denoting a profession, position, title, the predicate is traditionally put in the masculine form: a graduate student worked in a file cabinet, an associate professor gave a lecture. However, the modern literary norm allows both ways of agreeing the predicate with the subject in gender, if the latter denotes a feminine person gender: the doctor wrote out a prescription and the doctor wrote out a prescription, the professor spoke to the students and the professor spoke to the students. If there is a person's own name, the predicate agrees with own name: associate professor Nikolaeva successfully spoke at the scientific conference - associate professor Andreev gave an introductory lecture, graduate student Ivanova read a report - graduate student Sergeev read a report. Difficulties in agreeing on definitions 1. With nouns that depend on the numerals two, three, four, the definition is consistent as follows: for words of the masculine and neuter gender, it is put in the genitive plural form (two large buildings, three new buildings). When defining words of the feminine gender, the form of agreement in the nominative plural is preferable (two new audiences). If the definition comes before a numeral, then it is put in the form of the nominative case, regardless of the gender of the nouns: the first two lectures, the last two semesters, every three assignments. 2. If the word being defined has two or more definitions, then this word can be in both the singular and the plural: a) the plural emphasizes the presence of several subjects: Moscow and Saratov universities, students of the history and philological faculties, synchronous and comparative historical methods; b) the singular number emphasizes the connection of the defined objects, their terminological proximity: right and left wing academic building, masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, scientific and educational work. If there is a divisive or adversative conjunction between the definitions, the word being defined is put in the singular form: humanitarian or technical university, not journalistic, but artistic text. 3. When coordinating the definition with the defined word expressed by a common noun, the form of connection can be as in feminine when designating a female person, and in a male one - when designating a male person: Petrov is a complete ignoramus in this matter, and is still a complete ignoramus in this area. The girl is an orphan. Alexey is an orphan. The modern norm allows for a double agreement of the definition in the form of the masculine and feminine gender when denoting a male person in lively colloquial speech: Vasya is such a slob and (additional) Vasya is such a slob. 4. When agreeing with complex names consisting of two words of different grammatical gender, the word being defined is consistent with the one that expresses a broader concept: a new cafe-dining room, an interesting exhibition-viewing, a famous museum estate, a wet raincoat-tent, useful reference book, folding chair-bed. Note that the word denoting a broader concept and defining the nature of coordination usually comes first. Difficulties in choosing a form of management An important indicator of the grammatical correctness of speech is the exact choice of case and preposition, that is right choice forms of management Management is a type subordinating connection, in which the main word determines the case form of the dependent word. It is erroneous to use many examples in the book that..., since the main word “example” requires the genitive form, and not the instrumental case of the dependent word. That's why correct form case connection - there are many examples in the book that... There are frequent cases of incorrect choice of prepositions: an essay written on the same topic instead of on the same topic, which is also explained by a violation of the prepositional-case connection. When choosing a preposition, you should sometimes take into account its inherent shades of meaning. Thus, the prepositions in view of, as a result of, for the reason of have stylistic coloring and are appropriate in official business speech, and the neutral preposition is due. The preposition thanks has not lost its lexical meaning, and therefore can be used if we're talking about about the reasons causing the desired result. That is why such a use of the preposition would be inappropriate: Due to illness, the student was unable to take the test on time. The prepositions thanks to, despite, in agreement are used with dative case, therefore, the following usages are erroneous: thanks to skillful scientific leadership; according to the instructions of the scientific supervisor. Wed. correct usages: thanks to management, according to the decision of the commission, contrary to the instructions. Of course, it is impossible to give a complete set of recommendations for choosing a form of control, so we will limit ourselves to a selective list of constructions with grammatical control, which are often incorrectly used in speech: pay attention to something, but pay attention to something; superiority over something, but an advantage over something; be based on something (specific facts), but justify something (your answer specific facts); to be offended by something, but offended by something; to be happy about something, but to be happy about something; to report on something, but to make a report about something; a monument to someone or something: a monument to Pushkin, Tolstoy; review of what: review of diploma work review of what: review of coursework; abstract of what: abstract of a book, article; control over what and over what (by whom): quality control, control over the expenditure of funds and control of what: control of the activities of the student council, quality control of knowledge; to distinguish what from what: to distinguish self-doubt from excessive demands on oneself, but to distinguish something: to distinguish between self-doubt and excessive demands on oneself; address to someone: address a letter to a friend, but address to someone: address the reader; pay for something, but pay for something (pay for delivery, for travel; pay for work, travel); represent: the discovery represents new page in the history of science; the form of communication to represent oneself is not strictly normative and is permissible only in informal oral speech; tendency of what and towards what: growth tendency, increasing tendency; confidence in what (wrong: in what): confidence in success, in victory; limit of what (and additional limit of what): limit of patience; the limit of my desires; to be amazed, to be surprised at what, but to admire what, by whom: to be amazed at patience, perseverance; to be surprised by kindness, skill; admire courage, talent; wait for what and what: wait for a train, a meeting, an order and additional wait for the train, order; characteristics of who and for whom: characteristics of student Petrov And give a description of laboratory assistant Vasiliev. Difficulties in using participial and participial phrases When using participial phrases, two mistakes most often occur: 1. Separating the participial phrase from the word being defined, for example: Students are divided into groups, admitted to the first year instead of Students entering the first year are divided into groups. 2. The word being defined appears inside the participial phrase: This exam taken by the student was the last one instead of This exam taken by the student was the last one. Sentences in which participial and the attributive clause are combined as homogeneous components. Wrong: Students who have successfully passed the session and who decide to go to a sports and recreation camp must receive a referral from the trade union committee. Right: Students who successfully passed the session and decided to go... or Students who successfully passed the session and decided to go... Particular attention should be paid to the use of participial phrases. Examples grammatical violations associated with the incorrect use of gerunds in writing, and especially in oral speech, for which these forms are not characteristic, are many. They involuntarily evoke a phrase from a humorous story by A.P. Chekhov's "Book of Complaints" “Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off.” As you know, a gerund denotes an additional action that corresponds to the main one, expressed by a predicate verb. From here there are two conclusions: 1. The participle denotes the action of the same person or thing as the predicate. For example, Students, after listening to reports at a scientific conference, discussed them and named the best ones. The person performing both the main and additional actions are students. They listened, discussed, and named. The subject of all three actions is the same, that is, the subject. Thus, the sentence is constructed correctly. The situation is different with the following fragment from an applicant’s essay on the entrance exam: Seeing the heroic battle of ordinary soldiers, Pierre [Bezukhov] is overcome by a sense of pride for his people. A vagueness and ambiguity arises: what does the gerund seeing refer to - to the word Pierre or to the word feeling? The correct way to construct a sentence is as follows: Seeing the heroic battle of ordinary soldiers, Pierre feels a sense of pride for his people. It is also possible to replace the participial phrase with a subordinate tense: When Pierre sees the heroic battle of ordinary soldiers, he is overcome by a feeling of pride for his people. For the same reason you should not use participial phrases V impersonal sentences, where there is no indication at all of the person, that is, the subject of the action. Incorrect: After reading Bulgakov’s novel, it became clear to me that this work goes beyond a clear time frame. Correct: After reading Bulgakov's novel, I realized that... 2. If a sentence has a gerund, then there must also be a predicate verb, denoting the main action. In the following syntactic construction: He hoped that he would be admitted to the examination session. Having not yet passed the last test, the second part is not a proposal, since there is no grammatical basis, and a gerund cannot be a predicate. Correct: Having not yet passed the last test, he still hoped that he would be admitted to the examination session.
The Russian language as a whole is characterized by the opposition of hard and soft consonants (cf.: small And crumpled, Houses And Dema). In many European languages there is no such opposition. When borrowed, a word usually obeys the pronunciation norms of the Russian language. So, before “e” in Russian there is usually a soft consonant ( m ate, no). Many foreign words begin to be pronounced in the same way: meter, r y ebus. Everyone usually retains the pronunciation of hard consonants. foreign names: Chopin[pe], Voltaire[te]. The pronunciation of a hard consonant before “e” is also typical for bookish, rarely used words ( apartheid [te]. demarche [de]). The type of consonant before “e” also has a certain meaning. For example, the combination “de” is more often pronounced with a soft consonant. and the combination “those” - with hard. The source of borrowing plays a certain role. For example, the final stressed syllable in words from French usually pronounced with a hard consonant ( pastel [te], cure [re], corrugated [re]). But there are exceptions here, for example, the word overcoat pronounced with a soft "n". Here is a small group of words in which pronunciation errors are often observed.
The correct pronunciation of a hard consonant before “e” in the following words is considered: artery, atelier, atheist, jewelry, business, businessman, beefsteak, brandy, Bruderschaft, Bundeswehr, sandwich, bra, water polo, riding breeches, gangster, corrugated, grotesque, disintegration, decadent, dequalification, cleavage, detective, dumping, denunciation, determinism, de facto, de jure, decryption, identical, impresario, inert, index, interval, integration, intensity, intervention, interview, cartel, caret, cabaret, condensate, container, motorcade, computer, curé, laser, lottery, Madeira, mademoiselle, manager, travel bag, nonsense, pastel, panel, panther, producer, rugby, relay, sweater, thesis, timbre, trend, tempo, tent, masterpiece, chimpanzee, plug, esthete.
In words diet, project, caries the sound [j] is not pronounced, that is, they sound like [d b ieta], [proekt], [kar b ies].
The consonant before “e” is pronounced softly: academy, certificate, benefit, takes, brunette, bookmaker, accounting, bill of exchange, gazelle, haberdashery, hegemon, debit, debate, debut, degenerate, devaluation, degradation, disinfection, demagogue, democrat, demi-season, dismantling, deposit, dispatch, despot, defect, hyphen, deficit, deformation, dividend, ikebana, investor, intellectual; congress, air conditioning, coffee, cream, patent, presentation, progress, review, raglan, register, reserve, raid, flight, rail, x-ray, referee, term, overcoat, effect.
In general, the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in borrowed words is a very flexible norm. As a rule, when borrowed, a word is pronounced with a hard consonant for some time. As it becomes mastered by the language, it loses the “patina” of a foreign, “alien”, the hard pronunciation is gradually replaced by the pronunciation of a soft consonant (in accordance with the spelling). Sometimes this process goes very quickly. For example, schoolchildren in urban schools, where a computer is no longer perceived as something exotic, usually pronounce the word computer with a soft “t”, but such a pronunciation has not yet become the general literary norm.
At the same time, in some cases, the pronunciation of both hard and soft consonants is equally acceptable. For example, the pronunciation of “e” and “e” is allowed in the words: aggression, disinformation, decade, dean, credo, claim and some others.
You should also pay attention to social significance pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in borrowed words. If the norm is still the pronunciation of a hard consonant, then the pronunciation of a soft consonant can be perceived as a manifestation of low human culture (cf.: chimpanzee e, copper ema el) at the same time, the pronunciation of a hard consonant in a word where the pronunciation of a soft consonant has already become the norm , can be perceived as a manifestation of philistinism, pseudo-intellectualism. This is how, for example, pronunciations like shi[ne]l, k[re]m, ko[fe], bru[ne]t, aka[de]miya, [te]ma are perceived.
Pronunciation of [e] and [o] under stress after soft consonants and sibilants
In Russian, in the position between a soft and a hard consonant under stress, “o” is usually pronounced (graphically “ё”): sister - sisters, wife - wives. However, in entire groups of words such alternation is not observed. These are many borrowed words ( bluff, scam etc.), words that came to us from Old Slavonic language. For example, nouns starting with -е are usually of Old Church Slavonic origin, and words with -е are of Russian origin, so the following parallels can be identified: being-being, life - life . There is no alternation in the position between two soft consonants, cf.: ice, But - black ice.
TEST YOURSELF:
1. Read carefully the following words, paying attention to their correct pronunciation and emphasis:
A) Whitish, faded, sparkle, voyager, millstone, gutter, gall, kiosk, maneuver, nonsense, wit, loan, receiver, polygamy, bucket, bucket, priest, kneeling, imprinted, fur, perch, hopeless, worthless, importer, retoucher , marker, taper, chronicler, stuntman, knowledgeable, starter, officer.
b) Obstetrician, guardianship, scam, existence, life, plump, snapdragon. grenadier, carabinieri, receiver, sharpness, sedentism, bent, bigamist, polygamist, bluff, expired term, pole, rod, hornet, spineless, fashion designer, dispensary, minuscule, croupier, porter, spearhead.
2. Mark the words in which [e] is pronounced after a soft consonant under stress.
Genesis, fable, eponymous, catechumen, stunned, grenadier, multi-temporal, connected, loaded, coarse-haired.
3. Divide the words below into two groups depending on whether the consonant is pronounced - hard or soft.
Ampere, anesthesia, antenna, beige, beefsteak, brunette, sandwich, dean, demon, depression, chapel, caravel, card index, cafe, cupcake, stranded, modern, museum, short story, Odessa, hotel, pastel, patent, pioneer, resonance, rail, sausage, superman, tavern, themed, plywood, music library, brown-haired, overcoat.
4. Highlight the words in which the consonant before E is pronounced firmly.
Antithesis, anapest, grotesque, aesthetics, effect, genetics, tennis, pool, phoneme, benefit.
In the position before the sound [e], denoted in writing by the letter e, in borrowed words both soft and hard consonants are pronounced. Lack of softness is often characteristic of dental [d], [t], [z], [s], [n] and the sound [r]. However, the consonant before is pronounced softly e in words academy,cream,press, museum,tenor and many others. See lists of such words below.
Words with firmly pronounced consonants before e
adept [de]
detective [dete]
adequate [de]
anesthesia [ne, te]
annexation [ne] [ add. Not]
antiseptic [se]
atheism [te]
atheist [te]
take-take [be, be]
business [ne]
businessman [ne] [ add. Not, meh]
hetaera [te]
grotesque [te]
landing stage [de, der]
devaluation [de] [ add. de]
degradation [de]
depression [de]
dehumanization [de]
disabillier [de]
disavow [de]
disintegration [dezynte]
misinformation [disinformation] [ add. misinformation]
disorganization [de] [ add. de]
disorientation [de] [ add. de]
decahedron [de]
dequalification [de]
neckline [de, te]
low-cut [ add. de]
decompensation [de]
decor [de]
delicacy [te]
demarche [de]
demos [de]
dumping [de]
dendrologist [de]
denomination [de]
denunciation [de]
dermis [de]
desegregation [de]
detective [dete]
detector [dete]
determinism [dete]
de facto [de]
deflector [de]
deflation [de]
decibel [de]
decimeter [de]
de-escalation [de]
de jure [de, re]
indexing [de]
computer [te]
condensate [de]
capacitor [de]
consensus [se]
confidential [de] [ add. de]
corps de ballet [de]
cosecant [se]
crater [te] [ add. those]
credo [re] [ add. re]
crepe de Chine [de] [ add. re]
laser [ze]
manager [ne] [ add. meh, nah]
management [ne] [ add. meh, nah]
minstrel [re] [ add. ne]
simulate [de]
nonsense [se]
orchid [de]
pantheon [te]
panther [te] [ add. those]
ground [te]
reverence [ie] [ add. no]
pretentious [te]
providential [de]
producer [se]
protégé [te]
prosthesis [te]
protection [te]
rendezvous [de]
requiem [re, uh]
reputation [me] [ add. re, meh]
secant [se]
Saint Bernard [se]
maxim [te] [ add. se]
sepsis [se]
setter [se, te]
synthesis [te]
sonnet [ne] [ add. Not]
stress [re]
thesis (anti-) [te]
thesaurus [te]
thesis (anti-) [te]
timbre [te]
tempera [te]
tendency [te, de]
tender [te, de]
tennis [te]
T-shirt [te]
thermos [te]
terms [te]
terracotta [te]
terzetto [te]
third [te]
tête-à-tête [tetatet]
tetrahedron [te]
track [re] [ add. re]
phoneme [ne]
phonetics [ne]
maid of honor [re]
meatball [de]
cicerone [ne]
showman [meh]
psychic [se]
Words with softly pronounced consonants before e
academy [not de]
takes [not bere]
degenerate
tasting [ de and de]
deduction [ add. de]
disinfection, disinfect
deodorant [ de and de]
decade [ add. de]
decadent [ add. decade]
recitation
declaration
decoration
demilitarization [ add. de]
demi-season
dismantling [ add. de]
depression [ add. de, re]
leatherette
definition [ add. de]
hyphen [ add. de]
deformation [ add. de]
dividend
kinescope
competent
competence
congress [ add. re]
congressman [ add. re, meh]
context
correct
cream [ add. re]
compartment, But: coupe [ pe]
legionary
mixer [ add. se]
policeman
mystery
cologne
policeman
press conference
pressing
progression [ add. re]
registry [ add. es]
referent
safe [ add. se]
sexology [ add. se],But: sex [se]
cervelat [ add. se]
service [ add. se]
session [ add. se]
athlete [rts]
therapist [ add. te]
Terminator
thermonuclear [ add. te]
terror [ add. te]
fashionable [ add. ne]
shrapnel
express [ add. re]
expression [ add. re]
epidemic
essence
jurisprudence
In oral speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before the letter e in borrowed words: t[em]p or [t"e]mp? bass[se]ine or bass[s"e]ein? In some cases, a soft consonant is pronounced.
In some borrowed words, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite clearly: aegis, evolution, duelist, etc.
Many borrowed words have spelling features that need to be remembered.
1. In some words of foreign language origin, the sound [o] is pronounced in place of the unstressed o: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulator, veto, gross, netto, advice note, oasis, reputation. Pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain the unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, Sacramento, etc.
Soft Pronunciation:
Firm pronunciation:
4. Currently, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words:
6. In borrowed words with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before e: gene zis [g"ene], relay [rel"e], etc.
7. Solid [ w] is pronounced in the words para shu t [shu], bro shu ra [shu]. The word jury has a soft hissing [ and"]. The names Julien and Jules are pronounced just as softly.
8. When pronouncing some words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear.
It should be pronounced:
incident, not incident;
precedent, not precedent;
compromise, not compromise;
competitive, not competitive;
extraordinary, not extraordinary;
institution, not institution;
future, not future;
thirsty, not thirsty
1. Certain kinds of difficulties may arise when pronouncing consonants before E in foreign words.
Some book words and words of a terminological nature are pronounced with a hard consonant before E: in[te]rvyu, tone[ne]l, sin[te]z, [te]st, [mene]ger, [te]zis, kok\te\yl.
In modern Russian, the main tendency in the pronunciation of borrowed words is to move from a hard pronunciation to a soft one. Some words that were previously pronounced only firmly can now be pronounced softly: artery, vaudeville, devaluation, deduction, deodorant, dismantling, criterion, panther.
2. As a rule, you should remember: in all borrowed words, the sounds [k], [g], [x] and [l] before E are softened according to the laws of Russian phonetics: \k"e\ks, s[x"e\ma, [g"e\nesis, suf[l"e], ba[g"e]t. In most cases, soft pronunciation of consonants becomes the main one, and the option with hard pronunciation becomes obsolete and is characterized by dictionaries as acceptable, for example: aggression[r"e and additional re], dean[d "e and additional de], depression[d"e, r"e and add. de, re], hyphen[d "e and additional de], congress[r"ee additional re], progress[r"e and additional re], express[r"e and additional re].
It should be especially noted the pronunciation of complex abbreviated words (abbreviations): they are pronounced as the names of the letters that make them up are pronounced: VAT [en de es], FSB [ef es be], CIS [es en ge]. Proper names should be pronounced correctly: Lodeynoye Pole(district center Leningrad region) [d] pronounced softly Lo[d"e\ynoe, and not [de]; O[d "e]ssa, and not O[de]ssa, as we sometimes hear.
However, many foreign names and surnames, as well as geographical names, are pronounced with a strong consonant: \De]kart, Vol[te]r, Gyo[te], Ma[ne\, Ro[de]n, Ba[de]n-Ba[de]n, Manhat[te]n etc. The norm regarding borrowed names developed back in the 19th century and is associated with the habit of pronouncing proper names as they sound in the original language.
3. It is necessary to distinguish between the sounds [e] and [o] after soft consonants. You should remember: a) only [e] pronounced in words: af e ra, be e, foreigner e ny, ist e kshiy, oops e ka and etc.; b) only [O] pronounced in words: zat ë cough, newborn ë ny, sharp ë , prin ë superior and etc.
Pronunciation options can also be noted: equal ( white e syy And white ë syy, decide e woven And decide ë woven), semantic ( n e bo–n ë bo, zhel e zka – zhel ë zka), normative-chronological ( akush e r – akush ë R(obsolete), hopeless ë zhny – hopeless e gentle(obsolete), etc.).
Pronunciation of the combination CN. The combination of CN requires special attention, because When pronouncing it, mistakes are often made.
In modern Russian, the combination CHN is pronounced in most cases as [CH"N], especially in words of book origin: al[h"n]y, anti\h"n\y, poro[h"n\y, remov[h"n]y, interpersonal[h"n]ostny, command[h"n\y, matri[ h"n]y and etc.
In some cases, the same word may be pronounced differently depending on figurative meaning, which appears in stable combinations: heart disease And cordial friend, kopeck coin And copious soul.
Even at the beginning of the 20th century, many words with the combination [CHN] were pronounced with [shn], and not [ch"n]: bul[sh]aya, everyday[sh]y, young[sh\ny, lingon[sh]y and others, in modern language such pronunciation is characterized as outdated or even colloquial.
Now the pronunciation of this combination corresponds to the spelling [ch"n]. Only in some words should only [shn] be pronounced: horse[shn]o, sku[shn]o, naro[shn]o, eggs[shn]itsa, starling[shn]ik, laundry[shn]aya, och[shn]ik, mustard[shn]ik, empty [sh]y. The same pronunciation is retained in female patronymics: Ilin[sh]a, Lukini[sh]a, Nikiti[sh]a, Savvi[sh]a, Fomini[sh]a. This is a traditional departure from general norm, which is legalized by dictionaries, so it should be adhered to in your speech.
Pronunciation of the combination CHT. Combination Thu usually pronounced as written, for example: ma Thu a, by Thu about Thu And and etc.; but only a combination [PCS] pronounced in a word What and its derivatives (except for the lexeme something). In a word nothing Double pronunciation is allowed.
Pronunciation of double consonants. It is necessary to correctly pronounce double consonants in Russian and borrowed words. Here you should adhere to the following recommendations: 1) double consonants in Russian words at the junction of morphemes are usually preserved in pronunciation, for example: be zz busy, bb erh, co NN oh, blah ss well-known etc.; the same in prefixed passive participles: I'm thinking NN oh, except NN oh, neutralize NN th etc. In prefixless participles one sound is pronounced n : wound NN in the leg, heat NN potatoes in oil; The exception is those cases when words like purchase NN oh, broche NN oh yeah NN th etc. are used as adjectives; 2) in borrowed words and in Russian words that have foreign morphemes, the double consonant is usually pronounced for a long time if it comes after a stressed syllable: va NN a, ka ss a, g mm ah, cape ll a, ma NN a (heavenly) etc. A double consonant is not pronounced in cases where it stands: a) before a stressed syllable: A ss ambleya, co pp respondent, mi ll yard, gra mm atika, and kk reddit; b) at the end of a word: meta ll, gra mm, gris pp ; c) before a consonant: gru pp ka, ka ss ny, program mm ny etc. Variant pronunciation is allowed in some words, for example: A NN aly, and NN otation, and ss imitation, di ff Uzia, ka ss eta and etc.
Pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words. Certain difficulties are caused by the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words: 1) in some words of foreign language origin (including proper names) the unstressed sound is preserved O , For example: vet O, credit O, With O no, Fl O ber, Z O la and etc.; at the same time, in most well-mastered words there is an acane: R O man, ar O checkmate, k O mfort etc. B in some cases variant pronunciation of unstressed is allowed O : V O calism, p O ezia and etc.; 2) in place of letters uh, e after vowels in foreign words a sound is pronounced [e](without antecedent [th]): about e ct, piru uh t, by uh Zia, Audi e nation and etc.; 3) labial consonants before e in most cases pronounced softly ( b Engali, b enefis, P Elerina, V spruce V no etc.), but in some cases labial before e remain solid: b eta, business m en, Kar m en, Sho P en etc. Dental consonants t, d, h, s, n, r more often than others remain firm in front of e (en T enna, ge n ethics, polo n ez, fo n ema, gro T esk, d e T active etc.), but only soft dental ones are pronounced before e in words: bulletin T hey, clair n no, T enor, fa n era, shi n spruce, O d essa etc. In many words before e Variant (hard and soft) pronunciation of consonants is possible: d ekan, pre T enzia, T therapy, T error, T rivers and etc.
Accentological norms (norms of stress). Accent – highlighting a syllable in a word by various means: intensity (in Czech), duration (in Modern Greek), tone movement (in Vietnamese and other tonal languages). In Russian, a stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity and tone movement. In many languages, placing stress does not cause any difficulties, because the emphasis in them is fixed. In Polish, Latin languages the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, in French - on the last; in English - on the first syllable. Russian accent is different places , because it can fall on any syllable, for example, on the first - etc A vilo, On the second - walls A , on the third - beauty A etc. Variability allows you to distinguish between the grammatical forms of words: st e us - walls s, R at ki - hand And, us s fall - mound A t etc. Stress in Russian can be characterized as movable and fixed. motionless An accent that falls on the same part of a word is called: G O hospital, g O hospital, g O spital, g O hospital, oh O spital - the accent is fixed to the root; ringing Yu, ringing And m, ringing And those ringing And sew, ring And t, ringing I T - the accent is assigned to the ending. Accent changing place in different forms the same word is called mobile : start A t, n A started, started A; right, right A you're right A; could at, m O eat, m O gut; Mon I t, p O yal, got it A.
Within literary norm available significant amount accent options. There are, for example: 1) equal options (interchangeable in all cases, regardless of style, time, etc.): LOL A vet And rusty e t, TV O horn And creation O G, b A rust And barge A ; T e fteli And teft e whether; at the same time e exactly And at the same time e but also etc. There are about 5000 such words in the Russian language. 2) unequal: a) semantic (varies in meaning): witticisms A (blades) and sharp O that(witty expression); tr at sit(afraid) - coward And t(run); Pogr at married(placed in transport) - immersed e ny(lowered in water); b) stylistic (refer to different language styles), in particular book and colloquial ( points A t And b A catch, Great Danes O R And d O talk), common and professional ( To O MPA And computer A With, And skra And sparks A, A languid And at O many; excited O and exc. at expected); V) normative-chronological (manifest in the time of their use), for example modern and outdated: apartment e nts And apart A cops, stolen And English And Ukrainian A Insky.
Placing stress in derived forms of words poses a certain difficulty. Here you should follow some rules.
Noun
1. A number of nouns have a fixed stress on the stem in all forms: St. A T – St. A You, T O rt – T O mouths, shr And ft – shr And ft etc.
2. Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent on the ending in the singular genitive case: b And nt – bandage A, With e rp – sickle A, s O nt – umbrella A etc.
3. Feminine nouns in the form accusative case singular numbers are accented or on the ending ( troubles at, wine at, slabs at, bur at etc.), or based on ( b O family, in O du, z And mu, p O RU etc.).
4. Some monosyllabic nouns of the 3rd declension when used with a preposition V And on have an accent on the ending: in the pile And, in honor And, in connection And, at night And .
5. Nouns of the 3rd declension in the genitive plural have the accent that based on ( ascend s sheshennosti, gl at post, m e ness etc.), then at the end ( news e th, queues, shadows and etc.); double emphasis: O industries And industry e y, p I dey And span e th, statement e th And V e Domosti.
Adjective
1. If in the short form of the feminine gender the stress falls on the ending, then in the short forms of the neuter and masculine gender the stress is placed on the stem, and it usually coincides with the stress in full form: b e ly - white A, b e l, b e lo; I dark - clear A, I Sep, I sno etc.
2. In the plural form, double stress is possible: b e ly – white s, bl And zyki - close And, P at sty - empty s, n And language - low And etc. But only easy And, etc A You.
3. If in the short feminine form the emphasis falls on the ending, then in comparative degree– to the suffix: length A– length e e, visible A– visible e e, full - full e e and etc.
4. If in the short feminine form the emphasis falls on the stem, then in the comparative degree the emphasis is placed on the stem: lil O va – lil O vee, beautiful And va – beautiful And vee, flax And va-len And in her and so on.
Verb
1. The stress in past tense forms can be on the stem or on the ending. There are three groups of words: a) verbs with an accent on the base in all forms: blow - blew, d at la, d at lo, d at whether; put - put, kl A la, cl A lo, cl A whether and etc.; b) verbs with an accent on the stem in all forms, except for the feminine form, in which it changes to the ending: take - took, took A, br A lo, br A whether; swim swam swam A, pl s lo, pl s whether etc.; c) verbs with stress on the prefix in all forms, except for the feminine form, in which it changes to the ending: take - s A nyal, took A, s A I'm sorry, s A hired; start - n A started, started A, n A chalo, n A chatted and etc.
2. In short passive past participles, the emphasis in the feminine form in some cases falls on the ending, in others - on the prefix: a) taken - taken A, started – started A, accepted – accepted A ; b) in participles on -abused, -torn, -called the emphasis falls on the prefix: h A brane, pr e torn, pr And called and so on.
3. Among the verbs in -edit two groups are distinguished: a) with emphasis on And (cop And talk, discuss And work, consult And to sleep); b) with emphasis on A (standards A yeah, premium A yeah, seals A t). Passive past participles formed from verbs ending in -edit , are divided into two groups: a) form on -And to sleep matches the form on -And blocked (blocked And to move - block And planned, planned And to plan - plan And roved); b) form on -irs A t– form on -ir O bathroom (premium A t - prime world O bathtub, shaped A t - formed O bathroom).
Variation and mobility of stress lead to errors. The main causes of errors include the following.
1. Ignorance of the origin of the word. Words coming from French will have the stress on the last syllable. These include: apostrophe O f, blinds And, quart A l, kokl Yu w, fet And w, exp e rt.
2. The absence of the letter E in the printed text, because it is always under stress: spellbound, newborn, fastened, taken away, condemned.
3. Poor knowledge of morphology. If case forms are formed incorrectly, errors are made, for example: keychain A instead of wandered O ka, towels instead of canvas e netz, rake e th instead of gr A bel.
ASSIGNMENTS ON THE TOPIC
Exercise 1. Place stress on the following nouns:
Gas pipeline, contract, leisure, nap, sign, invention, flint, hunk, garbage chute, thinking, intention, bowl, dowry, beetroot, statue, petition, sorrel.
Apostrophe, bureaucracy, gastronomy, diopter, significance, iconography, rubber, aches, lampoon, funeral, convocation, consolidation, extravaganza, phenomenon.
Asymmetry, gas pipeline, religion, bungalow, genesis, dispensary, life support, catalogue, quarter, obituary.
Dialogue, play, spark, pantry, colossus, illness, parterre, bonus, purple, perspective, carpenter, legalization, Christian.
Task 2. Explain the meanings of words with different accents, make up a phrase with each of them.
A tlas – atl A s, br O nya – bro I, V And denie – view e nie, And rice - ir And s, cl at would be a club s, sharp O ta – witticism A, st A Rina – old man A, tr at sit - coward And yeah, at naked - ug O linen
Task 3. Form the following nouns into singular genitive forms and place stress on them. What determines the placement of stress in this or that case?
Screw, coat of arms, hump, mushroom, goose, plait, rod, tuft, hook, layer, fruit, pond, rod, cake, pole, barley.
Task 4. Place stress in the genitive plural forms of 3rd declension nouns.
Insolence, positions, poles, tassels, fortresses, whips, planes, stories, sermons, tablecloths, canes, pranks, cracks.
Task 5. Place emphasis on initial forms adjectives.
Peanut, unrestrained, gross, stamped, ancient, cousin, jagged, sparkling, cedar, meager, simultaneous, wholesale, statutory.
Task 6. Form all short forms from these adjectives and put emphasis on them.
Brisk, hungry, proud, bitter, rude, cheap, long, pitiful, green, strong, right, rare, light, well-fed.
Task 7. Indicate the emphasis in adverbs. Are there forms with variant stress among them?
Incessantly, clearly, masterfully, enviably, for a long time, for a long time, gradually, at exorbitant prices, at exorbitant prices, backhandedly, obliquely, for a long time.
Task 8. Place the stress on the following verbs.
Pamper, memorize, seal, jam, clog, rust, call, pamper, exhaust, cough, begin, began, ease, borrow, voice, vulgarize, encourage, force, notify, deepen, aggravate, intercede.
Task 9. Form all possible forms of the past tense from these verbs and place emphasis on them. What rules determine the placement of stress in past tense forms?
Shave, heed, lie, pester, ask, freeze, steal, pour, make money, hire, hug, convey, give, understand, arrive, tear, repute, depart, sew.
Task 10. Form short verbs from the following verbs passive participles and place emphasis on them. Indicate what determines the placement of stress in participial forms.
Take, pick up, borrow, get rid of, recruit, name, hire, recall, re-elect, pick up, give, cover, accept, live, distribute, convene, sew.
Task 11. Put the emphasis in the following verbs on -edit. Determine which two groups these words fall into depending on the place of stress.
Ballot, block, bombard, waltz, gas, guarantee, engrave, make-up, debate, diploma, disqualify, distill, drape, inform, compromise, compete, copy, varnish, liquidate, disguise, march, furnish, polish, reward, rehabilitate, register, summarize, transport, exaggerate, form, formulate, force.
Task 12. From the above verbs to – edit(task 10) form complete passive participles of the past tense and place emphasis on them. What rule should be followed in in this case?
Task 13. Rewrite the words, dividing them into two groups: 1) with b to indicate the softness of a consonant; 2) without b. Draw a conclusion about the pronunciation and spelling features of the words of each group.
Walking, wedding, carving, request, mowing, bridge, shyness, nanny, nurse, tempting, bathhouse, bathhouse attendant, tinsmith, lamplighter, take, Kuzmich, horses, people, Lyudmila, four, help, assistant, helplessness, ice floe, in the dark , in a dream.
Task 14. Mark the incorrect statements.
1. Orthoepic norm regulates the use of words.
2. The orthoepic norm regulates stress.
3. The orthoepic norm regulates the use of case forms.
5. Within the literary norm, there are a number of stress options.
6. To clarify pronunciation standards, you should consult an etymological dictionary.
