Uruguay. The area of Brazil is 8512 thousand km2, according to this indicator, the country occupies the 5th place in the world after Russia, and. Population - 159.7 million people, according to the form of government it is a republic, the capital - (1.5 million inhabitants).
The basis of the relief of Brazil is the Amazonian lowland - a huge swampy plain covered with dense jungle and indented by rivers.
In the north and south, respectively, are the Guiana and Brazilian Highlands - plains with a pronounced dry period, located high above sea level. Most of the country's territory is located between the equator and the southern tropic, equatorial and subequatorial are noted here, only tropical on the southeast coast. The temperature here is constantly high, rarely drops below +20 ° С. In the western part of Brazil, precipitation falls up to 2500 mm throughout the year, in the rest of the territory, the main precipitation falls in summer.
The population of the country is quite variegated in terms of its ethnic and racial composition. Before mid XIX century Brazil was, therefore a large part of the population are descendants of Portuguese colonists. Together with other people from them, they make up most population - 55%. Also in Brazil live representatives of the Negroid and mulattoes. In the depths of the jungle, tribes remained at a fairly low level of development. The level of urbanization in the country is very high -78%, the largest cities are Sao Paulo (16.5 million inhabitants), (10.2 million), Belo Horizonte (3.8 million).
Most of the country is covered with forests, making forestry one of the country's specialization industries. The jungle has huge reserves of valuable timber, but unregulated felling is destroying unique forests. The government of the country is forced to take measures to preserve the selva. Brazil is also rich in manganese, nickel, bauxite and gold deposits.
Brazil is the most significant of the countries of South America, its economic development is progressing rapidly. Agriculture is at a high level, corn, rice, sugarcane, citrus fruits, coffee, cocoa beans. In addition, the industry is developing: mining,.
Venezuela
Venezuela is a country in the northern part of South America. It has access to the Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean), bordered by Guyana in the east, in the south and Colombia in the west. The area is 912 thousand km2, the population is 21.6 million people. According to the form of government, it is a republic, the capital - (3 million inhabitants).
Most of the country is located on, in the east is the Guiana Plateau, in the west - the Andes ridges. The climate is mainly subequatorial, in the north of the country it is tropical. It is warm throughout the year, with precipitation ranging from 4000 mm in the foothills of the Andes to 700 mm in the plateau. From south to north, the country is crossed by the Orinoco River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean. On its tributary - the Churun River, which originates in the Guiana Plateau, is the highest in the world.
Until 1630, Venezuela was a colony, so most of the country is of Spanish origin. The bulk of the population is made up of mestizos and mulattoes, the share of the indigenous population is insignificant. A very high level of urbanization -93%, but Venezuela, like many other Latin American cities, is characterized by a "false" one. Largest cities- Caracas, Maracaibo (1.6 million people), Valencia (1.4 million people).
The most important element of the Venezuelan economy is the production and processing of oil, Venezuela is one of the OPEC countries. In general, this developing country with an average level of economic development. Other important industries besides the oil industry - metallurgy, textile, food. Cattle are raised, rice, corn, coffee, citrus fruits are grown, fishing is developed.
Argentina
Argentina is the second largest country in the world, located in the southern part of the mainland. It borders in the west with Chile, in the north with Bolivia and Paraguay, in the northeast with Uruguay, and has access to the Atlantic Ocean. The area is 2763 thousand km2, the population is 34.6 million people. According to the form of government it is a republic, the capital is Buenos Aires (11.8 million inhabitants).
Today the states of South America are among the world's most significant producers of mineral raw materials and products. Agriculture... In addition, as in Africa, most of the countries here specialize in the extraction of several types of minerals. This economic orientation is the result of the mainland's colonial past.
From the history of the states of South America
Since ancient times, South America has been inhabited by Indian tribes (Incas, Quechua, Aymara, etc.). Scientists believe that the first people on the mainland appeared 17 thousand years ago. They came here from North America. In the first half of the 15th century. here the land of the Incas was formed. By the time the Europeans discovered South America, they had created a strong state with developed agriculture. Other tribes at that time were still at a primitive level of development. With the discovery of South America, mainly Spaniards and Portuguese settled here. They founded first trading posts, and then colonies. The states of South America became independent in early XIX v. They freed themselves from colonial oppression before African countries, therefore have more high level development.
States of South America today
Today there are 12 independent states in South America. Most are republics by their structure. There are also 3 dependent territories on the mainland. On this moment all South American states are considered developing countries. The largest are located in the flat east. These are Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela. Large territories and various natural resources differ (Chile, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador). Argentina, Brazil and Chile are characterized by a fairly high level of economic development... Other countries are agro-industrial in nature.
Brazil
Brazil - largest state South America. By its structure, it is a federal republic. Until 1822, Brazil was a Portuguese colony. The country ranks first on the mainland in terms of the development of the mining industry. Significant reserves of iron ore, gold, bauxite, manganese and other ore minerals are concentrated here. Well developed textile, sewing, automotive and chemical industry... In addition, Brazil is famous for the production of coffee, cocoa and sugar cane.
Rio de Janeiro is considered the symbol of the country. This is one of the most beautiful cities in the world and the largest tourist destination in South America.
Argentina
Argentina is the second largest country in South America. By its structure, it is considered a republic with the capital in Buenos Aires. Until 1816 Argentina was a colony of Spain. There are few Indians among the population of the country. In Argentina, there are many descendants of not only Spanish settlers, but also Italians, British, French. Most of the population lives in cities that are located on the coast.
Argentina is a developed country in South America. Here great importance have engineering and mining industries. But the main wealth is the pampa, huge plains with fertile lands.
Peru
Peru is the third largest country on the mainland. Half of its population is Hispanic Peruvians, and the second part is Indian peoples (Quechua, Aymara). In the mining industry. The processing industries are represented by ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Coffee and cocoa are grown in Peru. There are many factories along the coast that process sardines, anchovies and other seafood.
Suriname
Suriname is the most small state South America. By its structure, it is a republic. Suriname gained independence in 1975, before that the country was poorly developed industry. However, oil production is of great importance to the economy of Suriname.
North America is a continent, together with South America, constituting a part of the Americas. V North America there are 23 states and 20 dependent territories. Ten states of North America are in the continental part, the rest ... ... Wikipedia
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Books
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South America is the fourth largest continent belonging to the group of southern continents: the map shows that most of it is located in the Southern Hemisphere, and only a small region of it is in the Northern. On a total area of 17 800 sq. km there are 12 countries in South America, as well as 3 independent territories, and each of the countries has its own state language, flag, currency, culture and customs. Let's take a closer look at which states are part of South America.
general characteristics
South America is characterized by an amazing variety and indescribable flavor of absolutely all countries located on the continent.
Before the conquest of the mainland in the 16th century by the Spanish conquerors, Indians lived here. After a while, the Portuguese and Spaniards brought immigrants from Africa to the continent as work force... Subsequently, many regions of South America were settled by immigrants from Western and of Eastern Europe... Despite the great differences in culture, religion and general way of life different nations live in a common territory surprisingly calmly, without serious conflicts.
Rice. 1. Population of South America
By race, the entire population of the mainland can be divided into three main types:
- Indians;
- Europeans;
- black people.
In Colombia, Venezuela, Paraguay and Ecuador local population mostly represented by mestizos - the descendants of Indians and Europeans. Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia are home to quite a few representatives negroid race, and in Chile, Uruguay and Argentina - the advantage for the Europeans. And only in Peru and Bolivia the indigenous people of South America form the majority.
The most spoken languages are Spanish and Portuguese. However, the population of South America is so diverse and diverse that you can hear English, French, German, Italian speech here - these foreign languages are the most popular and are taught in school. Russian is spoken only by tourists and immigrants from countries of the former Soviet Union... Quite often on the streets you can hear the colorful speech of the native Indians: Aymara, Quechua, Guara, Araucanian.
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Rice. 2. South America on the map
Table "List of countries in South America and their capital"
| The name of the country | Capital | Language | Currency | Area of South American countries, sq. km |
| Argentina | Buenos Aires | Spanish | Argentine peso | 2 766 890 |
| Bolivia | La Paz, Sucre | Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, Guarani and 33 more languages | Boliviano | 1 098 581 |
| Brazil | Brasilia | Portuguese | Brazilian real | 8 514 877 |
| Venezuela | Caracas | Spanish | Venezuelan Bolivar | 916 445 |
| Guyana | Georgetown | English | Guyanese dollar | 214 970 |
| Colombia | Santa Fe de Bogota | Spanish | Colombian peso | 1 138 910 |
| Paraguay | Asuncion | Spanish, Guarani | Paraguay Guarani | 406 752 |
| Peru | Lima | Spanish, Quechua | New salt | 1 285 220 |
| Suriname | Paramaribo | Dutch | Surinamese dollar | 163 270 |
| Uruguay | Montevideo | Spanish | Uruguayan peso | 176 220 |
| Chile | Santiago | Spanish | Chilean peso | 756 950 |
| Ecuador | Quito | Spanish | U.S. dollar | 283 560 |
| Dependent territories | ||||
| French guiana | Cayenne | French | Euro | 86 504 |
| Falkland Islands | Stanley | English | Falkland Islands pound | 12,173 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | Grytviken | English | GBP | 3 093 |
Brief overview of the countries of South America
Each country on the continent has its own characteristics.
- Brazil - the largest country in terms of area and population. It is known all over the world for its first-class beaches and carnivals in Rio de Janeiro.
Rice. 3. Carnival in Rio de Janeiro
- Argentina - notable for its capital Buenos Aires, where the famous carnival procession is held annually.
- Bolivia - Sucre is officially considered the capital of the country, but the local government prefers the largest and beautiful city in Bolivia - La Paz.
- Venezuela - the country in which the north comes into its possession. On the outskirts of Caracas, there is a National Park with untouched tropical nature.
- Guyana Is a land of constantly humid jungle. Up to 90% of Guyana's territory is occupied by dense forests.
- Guiana - despite the fact that this is the territory of South America, however, it is impossible to get to this French region without a visa.
- Colombia - is different big amount museums, which have collected the richest cultural and historical heritage. This country is a symbiosis of two cultures - Indian and European.
- Paraguay - a country that does not have its own access to the sea. In the capital - Asuncion - there are many original architectural monuments.
- Peru Is a mountainous country located in the Andes on the west coast. She is full of mysteries and amazing stories, because it was here that the Inca civilization developed at one time.
- Suriname - the smallest state in South America, which has preserved a unique colonial style.
- Uruguay - the country is famous, first of all, thanks to its traditional carnival, which is in no way inferior to the Argentinean in its significance and scope.
- Chile - the country is located in a very picturesque place, along the Pacific coast, partly in highlands Andes.
- Ecuador - an equatorial country with preserved monuments ancient culture, museums.
South America is the fourth largest continent on Earth. Its length from north to south is more than 7000 km, from west to east - about 5000, and total area reaches 17.8 km². Most of the mainland is located in the Southern Hemisphere. The total number of inhabitants is more than 385 million people: according to this indicator, South America ranks fourth among continents. But if we put aside the dry facts, we can say one thing: this the whole world, unknown, bright, alluring and frightening at the same time. Every country on this continent deserves the closest study, the most curious tourists and the most enthusiastic reviews.
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How to get there
The cost of air travel to South American countries varies significantly in common days and during sales. If a regular ticket can cost an average of 1,700-2,000 USD, then sale and promotional tickets can be bought with a discount of up to 50%. The most profitable thing for Russians is to buy a ticket to Venezuela (the cheapest one can be bought for 500-810 USD on the days of maximum discounts). Either fly up to relatively massive countries Caribbean, such as Cuba and the Dominican Republic, from where it is already by domestic airlines to move to the mainland.
If you have the time and money, you can arrange for yourself an unforgettable ocean trip: the journey by boat to Buenos Aires will cost 1500-2000 EUR. Such a voyage will take much more time than a flight, because most often it is not just a voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, but a full-fledged cruise with a call to the ports of Europe and Central America.
Transportation in South America
Air travel inside the continent is quite expensive, but cruise travel by sea is widespread (the cost depends on the class of the liner). Railways are used mainly for cargo transportation - there are very few passenger trains, but bus service is very common. Traveling by bus, of course, is less comfortable, but very economical (prices vary depending on the country and destinations - tourist or domestic). Also, there are very cheap car rentals here.
Weather
V different parts South America has a different climate. In the north - the equatorial zone with a maximum high temperatures in January, in the south - the frosty polar zone. This is where you can meet New Year in a bikini under the scorching sun, and then go to a more familiar climatic zone for ski resort in the highlands of the Andes. In the south of the mainland, the well-fed are walking with might and main king penguins- Antarctica is close!
Hotels
If you are visiting South America for the first time and are used to the international class of service, choose large networks hotels (preferably international). Rooms in them cost from 50-90 USD per day. Students and exotic lovers often settle in small hotels or private apartments - the cost can start from 15-20 USD per day. Appearance and the convenience of accommodation will depend on the country, proximity to popular resorts, and personal luck. Prices on the page are for October 2018.
Iguazu Falls
Countries of South America
Venezuela- a state in the north of South America, washed by the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean... The capital is the city of Caracas. Here there are conditions for a beach holiday - the luxurious beaches of the Caribbean coast, a luxurious secluded vacation on the island of Margarita, and for the active: national park Avila near Caracas, Amazonian jungle, the highest waterfall on the planet - Angel, the world's longest cable car with a length of 12.6 km and the highest mountain peak in the country - Pico Bolivar (4981 m).
Guyana- a state on the northeastern coast of South America. The capital is Georgetown. Almost 90% of the country is wet jungle. It is because of the unfavorable conditions for tourism in the traditional sense that Guyana is visited primarily by ecotourists. They were chosen by the waterfalls of the Guiana Highlands, the Pakaraima mountains, National parks Kaieteur and Ivokrama, where visitors learn the wisdom of rafting, as well as make trekking and horseback riding trips along the savannas of Rupununi.
Guiana(or French Guiana) is the largest overseas region of France, located in the northeast of South America. A French visa is required to enter Guiana. Administrative center- the city of Cayenne. 96% of the country's territory is occupied by tropical forests - this region is one of the most wooded and ecologically clean in the world. Tourist centers and villages local residents concentrated in the coastal strip, the central regions are practically deserted.
Colombia- a state in the northwest of South America, named after the great traveler. The capital is Bogota. For Russians, visa-free entry to Colombia is allowed for up to 90 days. This country is famous for its historical heritage, a multitude of museums and an amazing fusion of European culture, brought by the Spanish conquistadors in the 15th century, and Indian, still carefully preserved in some parts of the country. Colombia has stunning natural surroundings: national parks, the peaks of the Sierra Nevada, the Amazon basin, palm valleys and coffee plantations.
Paraguay called the heart of America, because this country is landlocked. Its population has retained its identity: the Guarani Indian dialect is here the state language on a par with Spanish. The capital is Asuncion. "Guiana" is translated from Guarana as "great river" - it means Rio Paraguay (the third largest river in the continent for the full flow and length), dividing the country into the arid plain of Gran Chaco and the humid regions of the interfluve of Rio Paraguay and Rio Alta Parana. The country was chosen by ecotourists and connoisseurs of perfectly preserved architectural monuments from the period of the Jesuit state.
Peru- a state on the west coast of South America. The capital is Lima. Fans of antiquities know Peru as a place of Inca settlement - the Inca state of Tahuantinsuyu was the largest empire of pre-Columbian America and still remains a mystery to ethnographers and archaeologists. Here is the famous Machu Picchu, which has become one of the new wonders of the world, and landscapes with mysterious Nazca lines, the origin of which scientists still cannot explain. In total, Peru has more than 180 museums and many archaeological parks lost in the Andes valleys.
For Russian tourists open visa-free travel to Peru for up to 90 days.
Suriname- a state in the northeast of South America. The capital is Paramaribo. People come here in search of ecotourism in unusual places: rainforests, waterfalls Atabru, Kau, Uonotobo, Ghalibi nature reserve, Sipalivini region, which occupies most of the territory, reservations of the Trio Indians, Akurio and Huayana.
Uruguay- a state in the southeast of South America. The capital is Montevideo. If you want to relax on the beach, come to Uruguay between January and April. Connoisseurs of colonial architecture will surely enjoy the sights of Cologna and Montevideo. Every year, a month and a half before Easter, two days before Lent, Catholics in Uruguay hold a colorful carnival.
Visa-free travel to Uruguay is open for Russian tourists for up to 90 days.
Chile- a state in the southwest of South America, occupying a long strip from the coast The Pacific to the highlands of the Andes. The capital is Santiago. In Chile, balneological tourism is widespread (33 sanatorium bases with water and mud therapy), beach vacations (areas of Arica, Iquique, Valparaiso), as well as travel to the national parks of La Campana, Torres del Paine, to Lake San Rafael, to small towns Altiplano and San Pedro and, of course, the famous Easter Island. For lovers alpine skiing- 15 resorts with slopes ranging from the most extreme to the easiest.
Ecuador is located in the northwest of the mainland and gets its name from the Spanish "equator". The capital is Quito. Special attention deserve the famous not only for their fauna, but also for the fantastic beaches of the Galapagos Islands, the Oriente National Park and the journey through the Amazon, the El Qayas region with 200 lakes and lagoons, the Ingapirca monument of ancient culture and the museums of the colonial and pre-colonial eras in Quito.
For Russian tourists introduced visa-free regime visiting Ecuador for up to 90 days.
In addition, South America includes the disputed island territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, as well as the Fokland (Malvinas) Islands, which the United Kingdom and Argentina are still arguing about. Tourists arrive on the islands as part of cruise tours. The most common activities are mountaineering, hiking and kayaking and kayaking. The Fokland (Malvinas) Islands are almost forgotten by tourists. In terms of climate, their territory is close to Iceland: cold, strong winds, and not only seagulls scurry about along the coast, but also well-fed king penguins.
South America nature
After the disintegration of the mainland of Gondwana at the end of the Cretaceous period into Africa, Australia, Antarctica and South America, the latter remained a separate continent. The Isthmus of Panama, which connects the present North and South America, appeared about three million years ago, significantly influencing the flora and fauna of the continent.
Variety of landscapes and climatic zones boggles the imagination of a tourist. The Andes, the world's longest mountain range, is also called the "ridge" of South America, stretching almost its entire length for 9 thousand km. The most high peaks- Aconcagua (6960 m) in Argentina and Ojos del Salado (6908 m) covered with snow all year round... Continuing movement crust in this region causes earthquakes and eruptions of active volcanoes.
The famous Amazon River flows here, the second largest river on the planet, always full-flowing thanks to its numerous tributaries. On its shores, the endless Amazonian jungle rises, so dense that some of its parts remain unexplored to this day.
The Amazonian jungle is called the "lungs of the planet."
Contrasted with wet rainforest The Amazon on the mainland is one of the most arid places on the planet - the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. In Argentina and Uruguay, the hot and dusty steppes of the Pampa stretch out.
There are vast lakes in South America, and high waterfalls, and rocky islands... From the north, the mainland is washed warm waters The Caribbean Sea, while its southernmost point - the island of Tierra del Fuego - is prone to frequent storms from the cold Atlantic Ocean.
