IN Everyday life We are surrounded by many sounds and objects that we perceive both visually and auditorily. To prevent the development of diseases of the organs of hearing and vision, it is important to follow measures and rules for the hygiene of one or another organ.
What is visual and hearing hygiene
Hygiene of vision and hearing includes certain rules that are aimed at reducing the negative impact of external factors on the human body. Hygiene is, first of all, the improvement of vision and hearing, a set of measures and factors that together allow one to achieve good results.
Visual hygiene is a set of measures aimed at preventing the development of diseases. Follow these guidelines:
- Do not over-watch TV programs.
- While working on the computer, alternate between work and rest time, do special gymnastics for the eyes during breaks between work.
- Protect your eyes from excessively bright light.
- Try not to read if the room is dark.
- Avoid reading or watching TV while lying down.
- Plan your diet correctly. Include vegetables (cabbage, spinach, broccoli, corn, carrots), fruits and berries (blueberries, black currants).
- Visual hygiene implies properly organized workplace(furniture, lighting).
- If your eyes are tired, make compresses or lotions from a decoction of medicinal herbs.
- If you have diseases, in order to make the eye muscles work, try to do without glasses from time to time.
Hygiene of vision, as well as hearing, is important rules, compliance with which will prevent the occurrence of diseases.
Hearing hygiene: rules
The world around us fills human life big amount all kinds of sounds that we perceive. Sounds and noises, in addition to being useful and informative, can bring some discomfort into our lives. As a result of their Negative influence can lead to hearing loss, as well as various ear diseases. Therefore, visual and hearing hygiene must be strictly observed:
- you need to carefully monitor the cleanliness of the ears;
- avoid places with increased concentration noise;
- when inflammatory diseases ears, seek medical attention immediately;
- It is not recommended to insert sharp objects into the ear canal;
- promptly treat nasopharyngeal diseases.
Vision and hearing care factors include maintaining functional features visual and auditory perception.
Hygiene (both everyday and preventive) of vision and hearing is an important part of a person’s adaptation to the conditions environment.
A child is taught basic rules of self-care from the cradle. Personal hygiene, includinghearing hygieneis an important component of this training. IN in this case, daily procedures aimed at keeping the ears clean are nothing more than preventing the penetration of various infections into them. TO additional measures prevention includes protecting the hearing organs from adverse external influences: hypothermia, industrial noise, other loud sounds, exposure to toxic substances and so on.
Let's take a closer look at the rules of hearing hygiene.
Basic Ear Hygiene
You need to wash your ears, just like washing your face, every day. This is the basis of all hygiene rules regarding the hearing organs. Strict adherence to it is the key to the health of all parts of the ear and the most reliable prevention of various diseases.
As for cleaning the ears with special cotton swabs, some caution must be exercised here. Incorrect actions can contribute to the formation of a dense, true plug, disrupt the natural process of earwax secretion, which protects internal organs hearing loss from the penetration of germs and dust, lead to damage to the eardrum.
But you shouldn’t give up cleaning your ears with cotton swabs either. When excess sulfur is secreted by the glands and accumulates in the external auditory canal, a plug may form, which leads to hearing impairment. If such a problem occurs, you should not try to remove the wax plug from the ear yourself - you must consult a doctor (ENT specialist), who will quickly and painlessly remove the wax accumulated in the ear canal.
Do not allow water to get into your ears. This not only causes unpleasant feeling congestion and some weakening of hearing, but can also lead to severe pain. If water does get into the ear, you need to lie on your back, and then slowly, slowly turn your head to the side so that the sore ear is down and the water can flow out of it freely.
Prevention of hearing diseases
Prevention of ENT diseases and hearing hygiene largely depend on normal nasal breathing. When you have a runny nose, mucus accumulates in the inflamed sinuses, which can penetrate into the auditory tube. The result is an imbalance between the external pressure and the pressure in the middle ear. There is a feeling of congestion, which causes the person to experience noticeable discomfort.
But this is not the most dangerous thing. An infection that causes inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx can spread to the internal parts of the hearing organs, causing serious illness. Therefore, you should not blow your nose too much when you have a runny nose, or blow your nose with both nostrils at the same time. It is correct to do this alternately, pressing first one and then the other wing of the nose to the septum and carefully freeing the nostrils from mucus.
Particular attention should be paid to the prevention of ENT diseases in infectious and viral diseases such as measles, flu, sore throat. Pathogenic bacteria - the causative agents of these diseases - can enter the middle ear through the auditory tube and cause severe inflammation.
Industrial noise can cause considerable harm to the health of the hearing organs. Permanent loud sounds and noise can lead not only to a noticeable weakening of hearing or its complete loss, but also cause fatigue, appetite and sleep disturbances, problems with the nervous system, deterioration in human performance. In addition, industrial noise can cause the development of a number of systemic diseases, such as hypertension, diseases gastrointestinal tract etc.
To protect hearing organs from industrial noise, there are certain safety rules, including, among other things, the use of special sound-absorbing protective equipment - general and individual.
Hygiene as a science is a very broad concept that covers almost all aspects of people's lives. The word hygiene comes from the Greek hygieno s, which means "bringing health." There are a lot of definitions of Hygiene, but perhaps they all mean one thing: hygiene is the science of human improvement and preservation.
Hygiene includes many sections, such as: hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, occupational hygiene, personal hygiene, municipal hygiene, environmental hygiene, military hygiene, etc. Since the topic of the site is completely included in the concept of “Hygiene”, for ease of understanding in this section of the site we will cover only the topic of Personal Hygiene.
Personal hygiene - a set of rules of human behavior in everyday life and at work. In a narrow sense, hygiene is the hygienic maintenance of the body, clothing and household items. Violations of personal hygiene requirements can affect the health of both one person and large groups people (enterprise teams, families, members of various communities and even residents of entire regions).
RULES OF PERSONAL HYGIENE
1. Body hygiene. Human skin protects the entire body from all kinds of environmental influences. Keeping the skin clean is extremely important, because in addition to its protective function, it performs the following functions: thermoregulatory, metabolic, immune, secretory, receptor, respiratory and other functions.
- Wash daily warm water. The water temperature should be 37-38 degrees, i.e. a bit higher normal temperature bodies. Through skin covering A person produces up to 300 g of fat and up to 7 liters of sweat per week. To protective properties the skin is not disturbed, it is necessary to wash off these secretions regularly. Otherwise, favorable conditions are created on the skin for the proliferation of pathogenic microbes, fungi and other harmful microorganisms.
- Accept water procedures(bath, shower, sauna) must be used at least once a week.
- Keep your hands and nails clean. Exposed skin areas are especially susceptible to contamination. Dirt containing pathogenic microbes can get from your hands into your mouth through food. Dysentery, for example, is called a disease dirty hands. Hands should be washed before using the toilet and always after using the toilet, before and after eating, and after contact with animals (both street and domestic). If you are on the road, you need to wipe your hands wet wipe to eliminate at least some microbes.
- Feet should be washed every day with cool water and soap. Cold water reduces sweating.
2. Hair hygiene. normalizes the activity of the sebaceous glands, and also improves blood circulation and metabolic processes. Therefore, the hair washing procedure must be taken responsibly.
- The hair must be washed as soon as it gets dirty. It is impossible to say the exact number of times. The frequency of hair washing depends on various factors: hair length, hair and scalp type, nature of work, time of year, etc. In winter, as a rule, you wash your hair more often, because a hat does not allow the scalp to breathe, which is why much more sebum is released than usual.
- Don't wash your hair hot water. Hair can become very oily as hot water activates the sebaceous glands. In addition, such water helps detergents (soaps and shampoos) settle on the hair in the form of a gray coating that is difficult to wash off.
- Be careful when choosing hair care products (shampoos, balms, lotions, etc.). Hair absorbs water very well, and with it substances that can harm the hair, scalp and the body as a whole.
- After rinsing, it is useful to rinse your hair with cool water.
- It is advisable to dry your hair after washing with a warm towel, and then let your hair air dry. It is not advisable to use a hairdryer because it dries your hair very much.
- When combing your hair, it is unacceptable to use other people's combs.
3. Oral hygiene. Proper care behind the oral cavity helps preserve teeth in good condition for many years, and also helps prevent many diseases of internal organs.
- You need to brush your teeth every morning and evening.
- It is unacceptable to take advantage of another person.
- After eating, be sure to rinse your mouth.
- If you notice the first signs of tooth or gum disease, contact your dentist immediately.
- For preventive examination Visit your dentist at least twice a year.
4. Hygiene of underwear, clothing and shoes. The cleanliness of our clothes plays an important role in personal hygiene. Clothing protects the human body from pollution, mechanical and chemical damage, cooling, insects, and so on.
- Underwear must be changed after each wash, i.e. every day.
- Socks, knee socks, stockings, tights are changed daily.
- Clothes must be washed regularly.
- It is unacceptable to wear someone else's clothes and shoes
- Clothing and shoes must match the climatic conditions.
- It is advisable to give preference to clothes made from natural fabrics and shoes made from natural materials.
- The cut of clothing and shoes must take into account anatomical features and correspond to the size of the person.
5. Bed hygiene.
- Each family member should have their own towel and their own bed.
- Bed linen must be changed weekly.
- The sleeping place should be comfortable.
- Before going to bed, it is necessary to ventilate the sleeping area.
- Before going to bed, it is recommended to change your underwear to nightgown or pajamas.
- Try not to allow pets on the bed.
And a little more about hygiene:
After suffering illnesses, injuries to the ear and nervous system, the area of auditory perception narrows. In the middle ear, sound is amplified 50 to 70 times. Therefore, damage to the middle ear and damage to the eardrum sharply reduce hearing. Careful treatment for viral, “cold” diseases is necessary to prevent the occurrence of inflammation of the middle ear.
Damage to the auditory area located in the temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres can cause various hearing impairments - word deafness, music deafness, hearing loss. Hearing may be impaired due to fluctuations in ambient temperature.
Prevention of hearing impairment includes special exercises to improve hearing. Closing your mouth, plug your ears with your thumbs and place your index fingers on the eyelids of your closed eyes. The ring fingers and both little fingers surround the mouth, the lips are folded, pushed forward like a beak, and the middle fingers are pressed to the nostrils on both sides. Inhale through the mouth. Having completed the inhalation, puff out your cheeks and tilt your head so that your chin presses on the jugular fossa. If possible, hold your breath as long as possible, while keeping your cheeks puffed out. Then they slowly raise their head, open their eyes and exhale through their nose. The increased pressure created in the oral cavity causes air to move towards the middle ear. This exercise “trains” the ability to equalize the pressure outside and inside the ear, that is, between the middle and outer ear.
The most common visual impairment is nearsightedness (myopia). WITH There are two reasons for the occurrence and development of myopia: visual fatigue, failure to hygiene standards and rules for the prevention of visual impairment and hereditary factors.
The first signs of myopia are widening of the palpebral fissure, the dilated eyeball begins to protrude forward, and an enlarged pupil. You have to bend over objects, squint, peering into the distance. People who are nearsighted are more likely to have poor posture. Behavior changes, the habit of walking with a low head, slouching, complaints of pain and double vision, headaches, and rapid fatigue appear.
Among the measures to prevent the initial manifestations of myopia, training of the accommodation apparatus is recommended. These can be simple exercises that involve looking at objects at different distances. It is suggested to quickly move your gaze from a nearby object (finger, pencil, point on the window glass) to a distant one (opposing house, cloud, tree) and back. It is advisable to carry out these exercises for 0.5 - 1 minute with increased visual load at home, at work or during classes.
Rotating your eyes is helpful. As a preparatory exercise, without moving your head, you can direct your gaze sharply to the upper left corner of the eye, then diagonally to the lower right corner, to the lower left and upper right corners. At the end of the exercise, look up, then down to see your chest.
Systematic implementation of exercises leads to improvement of accommodation and reduces the initial signs of its impairment.
To prevent the progression of myopia, it is necessary to strengthen general state the body through hardening, rational, nutritious nutrition, appropriate physical education, compliance with the work and rest regime. In schools and universities, it is necessary to observe an optimal regime of training, education and recreation. The correct selection of furniture in accordance with height and instilling the correct working posture are very important. Students with visual impairments should sit at the front row of tables from the windows.
Analyzers and sense organs
Analyzers
Analyzers are called systems that consist of receptors, pathways and centers in the cerebral cortex. Each analyzer has its own modality, that is, a way of receiving its information: visual, auditory, gustatory, and others. Excitations arising in the receptors of the organs of vision, hearing, and touch are of the same nature - electrochemical signals in the form flow of nerve impulses. Receptors are strictly specialized. Each group of them is able to perceive and translate into understandable nervous system the language of signals, that is, nerve impulses, only a certain set of stimuli. There is no confusion because each nerve impulse goes to its corresponding area of the brain. Here, in the primary sensitive zones, the analysis of sensations occurs, in the secondary zones - the formation of images received from the sense organs of one modalities(for example, only from sight, or only from hearing or touch). Finally, in the tertiary zones of the cortex, images or situations received from sensory organs of different modalities, for example, vision and hearing, are reproduced.
Visual analyzer
The meaning of vision. A person receives the main amount of information through the visual analyzer. Objects and phenomena around us, our own body We perceive primarily through vision. Thanks to vision, we learn many household and work skills, learn to perform certain rules behavior. This means that vision plays a primary role in the knowledge of the external world for a person. The ability to see beauty in surrounding nature, in works of sculpture, architecture, painting, in ballet, in cinema, distinguishes a well-mannered person.
Structure of the eye. The eyes are equipped a large number auxiliary devices for their protection. This brows, thanks to which sweat flowing from the forehead does not get into the eyes. Eyelids and eyelashes protect eyes from dust. The eyelids constantly close and open (blinking), evenly wetting the surface of the eye with tear fluid. Tears are formed in the lacrimal glands located in the outer part of the orbit above the eye, excess tear fluid drains into the nasal cavity through tear duct. The secretion of the lacrimal glands acts not only as a lubricant, but also as a disinfectant liquid. The eye is spherical in shape and is therefore called the eyeball. This shape allows it to move within certain limits in the cavity of the bone cavity - eye socket. Eye movement is achieved by contraction six eye muscles. They are attached at one end to the wall of the orbit, and at the other to the eyeball.
The outside of the eye is covered with a dense white tunica albuginea, which surrounds the entire surface of the eyeball. The tunica albuginea is connected to the mucous membrane, which covers the inside of the eyelids. In front, the tunica albuginea is connected to the tunica transparent - cornea. The other layer of the eye is vascular. It is permeated with many blood vessels, supplying the eye with blood. The inner surface of this shell contains a thin layer of coloring matter - a black pigment that absorbs light rays. In front, opposite the cornea, the choroid passes into iris, which may be different color depending on the amount of pigment contained in it. It is this shell that determines the color of the eyes. In the center of the iris there is a round hole - pupil. The pupil dilates or contracts depending on the amount of light falling on the eye. You can easily see this for yourself if you observe the pupil in the mirror and at the same time bring some light source, such as a lamp, to your face and move away from it. Finally, the inner wall of the eyeball is lined with a very thin membrane - retina. She has complex structure. It contains cells that are very sensitive to light - visual receptors. It is in them that the energy of light rays penetrating into the eye is converted into a process of nervous excitation. And along the fibers optic nerve these nerve impulses travel to the brain.
Retina has a thickness of 0.15–0.20 mm and consists of several layers nerve cells. The first layer of the retina is directly adjacent to the black pigment cells. This layer is formed by visual receptors - rods and cones. In the human retina there are tens of times more rods than cones. The rods are excited very quickly by weak twilight light, but cannot perceive color. Cones are excited more slowly and only by bright light; they are able to perceive color. The rods are relatively evenly distributed across the retina. Directly opposite the pupil in the retina is yellow spot , which consists exclusively of cones. Therefore, a person most clearly distinguishes those objects whose images fall directly on the yellow spot. With the help of the eye muscles, we can control eye movement and change the direction of gaze. But always, when looking at a new object, the gaze moves so that the image of parts of the object sequentially falls on the macula. Long processes extend from the nerve cells of the retina. In one place of the retina they gather in a bundle and form the optic nerve. More than a million of its fibers transmit visual information to the brain in the form of weak nerve impulses. The place on the retina from which the optic nerve emerges is devoid of receptors and is called blind spot. Every schoolchild can verify its existence with the help of a simple experiment.
Visual hygiene. Prevention of eye diseases
Vision hygiene. Many people develop myopia. If you follow simple rules, then in most cases you can prevent this visual impairment. It is very harmful to keep books and notebooks closer than 30 cm from your eyes. When we look at objects at close range, the muscular apparatus of the eye tenses, the curvature of the lens changes, and rapid fatigue and deterioration occur. visual perception. With constant poor lighting and improper seating, you develop the habit of looking at everything up close. As a result, myopia develops. Staying in nature, where a wide horizon is provided, is a wonderful rest for the eyes. Good lighting is important for normal eye function. The study table should be placed closer to the window and so that the light falls from the left. Placed on the left side of the desktop desk lamp with a 60-75 W light bulb, protected by a lampshade so that the light does not enter the eyes, but only illuminates a book or notebook. Too bright lighting irritates the eyes and leads to rapid fatigue. It is harmful to read in moving vehicles, especially in poor lighting. Due to constant jolts, the book either moves away from the eyes, then approaches them, or deviates to the side. At the same time, the curvature of the lens either increases or decreases, and the eyes turn all the time, “catching” the elusive text. As a result, vision deterioration occurs. When we read lying down, the position of the book in the hand in relation to the eyes also constantly changes, its illumination is insufficient. The habit of reading while lying down harms your eyesight.
Eyes should be protected from injury. This is the most common reason clouding of the cornea (cataract) and blindness. The cause of eye injuries in children is most often pranks and fights. Some guys throw sticks, stones, and shoot with slingshots. All this can lead to eye injuries. In school workshops and factories, schoolchildren must strictly follow safety rules (use safety glasses, a screen, etc.). Do not blow away sawdust or shavings, as they may get into your eyes. When dust gets into your eyes, it irritates them. Pathogenic microbes can be carried along with dust. The infection can get into the eye from dirty hands, an unclean towel, or a handkerchief. This may cause various diseases eyes, for example, inflammation of the mucous membrane - conjunctivitis, which often leads to deterioration of vision. Therefore, eyes must be protected from injury and from contact with foreign objects, dust, do not rub them with your hands, wipe only with a completely clean towel or handkerchief.
Visual impairment. One of important characteristics view is sharpness vision. Visual acuity determines the maximum ability of the eye to distinguish small details in the field of view. Visual acuity depends on the general illumination, the contrast of image details against a certain background and other reasons. The most common visual impairments are myopia and farsightedness. The presence of these disorders is determined by the doctor when measuring visual acuity using special tables. Myopia can be congenital or acquired. With congenital myopia, the eyeball has an elongated shape. Therefore, a clear image of objects located far from the eyes does not appear on the retina, but as if in front of it. Acquired myopia develops due to an increase in the curvature of the lens, which can occur due to improper metabolism or poor visual hygiene. Myopic people see distant objects as blurry. Glasses with biconcave lenses help ensure that clear images of objects appear accurately on the retina. Farsightedness It can also be congenital and acquired. With congenital farsightedness, the eyeball is shortened. Therefore, a clear image of objects located close to the eyes appears as if behind the retina. Acquired farsightedness occurs due to a decrease in the convexity of the lens and is most typical for older people. Farsighted people see close objects as blurry and cannot read text. Glasses with biconvex lenses help the image of a nearby object appear precisely on the retina.
You cannot use someone else's glasses or choose glasses for yourself without a doctor's prescription. This leads to further deterioration of vision.
Hearing analyzer
The meaning of hearing. The sense of hearing is one of the most important in human life. Hearing and speech together make up important tool communication between people serve as the basis for relationships between people in society. Hearing loss can lead to disturbances in a person's behavior. Deaf children cannot learn full speech. With the help of hearing, a person picks up sounds that signal what is happening in the world. outside world, the sounds of the nature around us - the rustling of the forest, the singing of birds, the sounds of the sea, as well as various musical works. With the help of hearing, the perception of the world becomes brighter and richer.
Ear and its function. Sound, or sound wave, is an alternating rarefaction and condensation of air, spreading in all directions from the sound source. And the source of sound can be any oscillating body. Sound vibrations are perceived by our hearing organ. The organ of hearing is very complex and consists of
· external,
· average,
· inner ear.
Outer ear comprises
auricle,
· ear canal.
The ears of many animals can move. This helps the animal to catch where even the most quiet sound. The human ears also serve to determine the direction of sound, although they are not mobile. The auditory canal connects the outer ear with the next section, the middle ear. The ear canal is blocked at the inner end of the tightly stretched eardrum. A sound wave hitting the eardrum causes it to vibrate and vibrate. The higher the sound, the higher the sound, the higher the vibration frequency of the eardrum. How stronger sound, the more the membrane vibrates. But if the sound is very weak, barely audible, then these vibrations are very small. The minimum audibility of a trained ear is almost on the border of those vibrations that are created by the random movement of air molecules. This means that the human ear is a unique hearing device in terms of sensitivity. Behind the eardrum lies the air-filled cavity of the middle ear. This cavity is connected to the nasopharynx by a narrow passage - auditory tube. When swallowing, air is exchanged between the pharynx and the middle ear. Changes in outside air pressure, for example on an airplane, cause an unpleasant sensation - “stuffy ears”. It is explained by the deflection of the eardrum due to the difference between atmospheric pressure and pressure in the middle ear cavity. When you swallow, the auditory tube opens and the pressure on both sides of the eardrum is equalized. In the middle ear there are three small bones connected in series:
· hammer,
· anvil,
· stirrup
The malleus, connected to the eardrum, transmits its vibrations first to the anvil, and then the enhanced vibrations are transmitted to the stirrup. In the plate separating the cavity of the middle ear from the cavity of the inner ear, there are two windows, held together by thin membranes. One window oval, the stirrup “knocks” on it, another - round. Behind the middle ear begins the inner ear. It is located deep in the temporal bone of the skull. The inner ear is a system of labyrinths and convoluted canals filled with fluid. The labyrinth contains the organ of hearing - snail. This is a spirally twisted bone canal that has two and a half turns in humans. Vibrations of the membrane of the oval window are transmitted to the fluid filling the inner ear. And it, in turn, begins to oscillate with the same frequency. Vibrating, the liquid irritates the auditory receptors located in the cochlea. The cochlear canal is divided in half along its entire length by a membranous septum. Part of this septum consists of a thin membrane - membranes. It contains sensory cells - auditory receptors. Fluctuations in the fluid filling the cochlea irritate individual auditory receptors. They generate impulses that are transmitted along the auditory nerve to the brain.
Auditory perception. The brain distinguishes between the strength, height and nature of sound, and its location in space. We hear with two ears, and this has great importance to determine the direction of sound. If sound waves arrive simultaneously in both ears, then we perceive the sound in the middle (front and back). If sound waves arrive a little earlier in one ear than in the other, then we perceive sound either on the right or on the left.
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