Home Preparations for the winter Historians of Russia. Domestic historiography. Prominent Russian historians

Preparations for the winter

Historians of Russia. Domestic historiography. Prominent Russian historians

THOMAS CARLYLE (1795-1881) English thinker, historian, publicist. Tried to explain world history the decisive role of great personalities. Carlyle was born in the town of Ecclefecan (Scotland), in a rural family ...

Thierry Augustin

AUGUSTIN THIERRY (1795-1856) A graduate of the Higher Normal School, Thierry at the age of 19 became the secretary and closest student of Saint-Simon (see. Utopian socialism). Together with him he wrote a number of journalistic articles. IN…

Francois Pierre Guillaume Guizot

FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME GUIZOT (1787-1874) French historian and political figure. From 1830, Guizot served as Minister of the Interior, Education, Foreign Affairs and, finally, Prime Minister.Internal…

Thucydides

THUCYDIDES (CA. 460 - CA. 400 BC) Thucydides belonged to that group of ancient thinkers whose youth coincided with the "golden age" of Athenian democracy (see. Ancient Greece). This largely determined...

Chulkov Mikhail Dmitrievich

Chulkov Mikhail Dmitrievich (1743-1792). A native of various circles. He studied at the gymnasium at Moscow University together with S. S. Bashilov, S. E. Desnitsky, M. I. Popov, I. A, Tretyakov, and in the noble ...

Schlozer August Ludwig

Schlozer August Ludwig (1735-1809). Born in the family of a German pastor. Studied at Wittenberg and Göttingen Universities. In 1761 he went to St. Petersburg as Miller's assistant in publishing…

Shcherbatov Mikhail Mikhailovich

Shcherbatov Mikhail Mikhailovich (1733-1790). One of the founders of the Russian historical science, was born into a famous princely family on July 22, 1733 in Moscow. Since childhood, he was enrolled in the Semenovsky regiment and consisted ...

Edward Gibbon

EDWARD GIBBON (1737-1794) English scholar, the first professional historian, in whose writings advanced philosophical ideas 18th century connected with high scientific level critical analysis of a wide range ...

Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich

Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich (1686-1750). Born in Pskov. At the age of seven he was taken to the court of Ivan V as a steward. After the death of Tsar Ivan, he leaves the court. Since 1704 - in the service of the Azov Dragoon ...

Toynbee Arnold Joseph

ARNOLD JOSEPH TOYNBEE (1889-1975) English historian, sociologist and leading exponent of the philosophy of history. Toynbee graduated from Winchester College and Oxford University. He was a recognized connoisseur of the ancient ...

Thomas Babington Macaulay

THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY (1800-1859) English historian, poet, literary critic, speaker, public and political figure of the Liberal Whig Party. Born in Leicestershire (England), received a humanitarian ...

Sima Qian

SIMA QIAN (145 OR 135 - CA. 86 B.C.) Ancient China big role played a cult of the past. The assessment of any act, any political step was necessarily correlated with examples of the past, real or sometimes ...

Tarle Evgeny Viktorovich

YEVGENY VIKTOROVICH TARLE (1876-1955) Russian historian, academician. Born in Kiev. He studied at the 1st Kherson gymnasium. In 1896 he graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology Kiev University. Worked under...

Publius Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (OK.58-OK.117)

PUBLIC GAI CORNELIUS TACITOUS (CA.58-CA.117) Tacitus was born into an humble family in Narbonne Gaul and received a traditional education for this environment. Outstanding abilities and diligence allowed him already in ...

Solovyov Sergey Mikhailovich

Solovyov Sergey Mikhailovich (1820-1879). The largest historian of pre-revolutionary Russia, was born in the family of a clergyman. He studied at the theological school, gymnasium, Moscow University. In 1845 he defended ...

Domestic historians - scientists S. M. Solovyov, N. M. Karamzin, V.O. Klyuchevsky, M. N. Pokrovsky, B. A. Rybakov, B. D. Grekov, S. V. Bakhrushin and others and their contribution to the development of Russian historical science

CM. Solovyov

Author of many historical works written in contemporary political topics(“The History of the Fall of Poland”, 1863; “Emperor Alexander I. Politics, Diplomacy”, 1877; “Public Readings on Peter the Great”, 1872, etc.). The main work is "The History of Russia from Ancient Times" (29 volumes, 1851-1879), in which, on the basis of huge amount historical sources scientist substantiated new concept national history. Its originality was explained by three factors: “the nature of the country” (natural and geographical features), “the nature of the tribe” (ethno-cultural originality of the Russian people) and “the course of external events” (foreign political reasons). He recognized the common features of the historical path of Russia and the West. Europe and the possibility of a comparative historical method of research. He proved the historical regularity and preparedness of the reforms of Peter I, their necessity for the country to enter the path of "Europeanization". Attaching peasants to the land and serfdom considered as a forced measure caused by the "spreading" of the peasantry over the vast territory of Russia and the military needs of the state.

N.M. Karamzin

He was appointed by Nicholas 2 to the post of historiographer. Until the end of his life, he was engaged in writing the "History of the Russian State", practically ceasing the activities of a journalist and writer.

Karamzin's "History of the Russian State" was not the first description of the history of Russia, before him there were works by V. N. Tatishchev and M. M. Shcherbatov. But it was Karamzin who opened the history of Russia to the general educated public. According to A. S. Pushkin, “Everyone, even secular women, rushed to read the history of their fatherland, hitherto unknown to them. She was a new discovery for them. Ancient Russia seemed to be found by Karamzin, like America by Columbus. This work also caused a wave of imitations and oppositions (for example, "History of the Russian people" by N. A. Polevoy)

Karamzin took the initiative to organize memorials and erect monuments to outstanding figures of Russian history, in particular, K. M. Minin and D. M. Pozharsky on Red Square (1818).

IN. Klyuchevsky

Today it is difficult to imagine the study of national history without the works of Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky. His name is among the largest representatives of the national historical science of the second half of XIX- the beginning of the 20th century Contemporaries secured his reputation as a deep researcher, a brilliant lecturer, an inimitable master of the artistic word.

The scientific and pedagogical activity of Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky lasted about 50 years. The name of a brilliant and witty lecturer was widely popular among the intelligentsia and students.

Noting the significant contribution of the scientist to the development of historical science, the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1900 elected him an over-staff academician in the category of history and Russian antiquities, and in 1908 he became an honorary academician in the category of fine literature.

In recognition of the merits of the scientist in the year of the 150th anniversary of his birth International Center on minor planets assigned his name to planet No. 4560. In Penza, the first monument in Russia to V. O. Klyuchevsky was erected and in the house where his youth, a memorial museum was opened.

M.N. Pokrovsky

Author of works on the history of Russia, the revolutionary movement of the XIX-XX centuries, historiography and methodology of history. He argued that the development of Russia is based on economic processes. He put the doctrine of socio-economic formations as the basis of his concept, considering the history of Russia as a successive change of the primitive communal, feudal, capitalist stages. He exposed the aggressive, colonial-oppressive policy of tsarism, showed class struggle popular masses in Russian history.

B.A. Rybakov

Many scientific works Rybakov contained fundamental conclusions about life, way of life and the level of socio-economic and cultural development population of Eastern Europe. So, in the work "Craft Ancient Russia» (1948), the researcher was able to trace the origin and stages of development of handicraft production in Eastern Slavs from the 6th to the 15th centuries, as well as reveal dozens of handicraft industries. Rybakov's goal was to show that pre-Mongolian Rus not only did not lag behind in its economic development from countries Western Europe, as previously stated by many scientists, but also ahead of these countries in some respects.

In the monograph "Ancient Russia. Legends. Epics. Letopisi (1963), he drew parallels between epic stories and Russian chronicles. He hypothesized that individual weather records in Kievan state began to be made not in the 11th century, but already in the second half of the 9th-10th centuries, which gave rise to a fashion for speculation about the existence of a pre-Christian written tradition among the Eastern Slavs

The scientist studied in detail Old Russian chronicle, proposed versions of the authorship of individual chronicle fragments, subjected to a thorough analysis of the original news of the 18th century historian V.N. Tatishchev and came to the conclusion that they are based on trustworthy ancient Russian sources and that Tatishchev did not falsify history.

Thoroughly studied B. A. Rybakov and such outstanding monuments ancient Russian literature, as "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" and "The Prayer of Daniil the Sharpener". In the books The Tale of Igor's Campaign and His Contemporaries (1971), Russian Chroniclers and the Author of The Tale of Igor's Campaign (1972) and Pyotr Borislavich: Search for the Author of The Tale of Igor's Campaign (1991) he substantiated the hypothesis according to which the "Word" was written by the Kiev boyar Pyotr Borislavich. According to another hypothesis by Rybakov, the outstanding thinker and publicist of the late 12th - early 13th centuries Daniil Zatochnik was the Grand Duke's chronicler at the courts of Vsevolod Big Nest and his son Constantine. In the works "Paganism of the Ancient Slavs" (1981) and "Paganism of Ancient Russia" (1987), B. A. Rybakov actually reconstructed the pre-Christian beliefs of the Eastern Slavs, causing accusations against him of fantastic speculation and the lack of a unified methodology

S.V. Bakhrushin

Soviet historian, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1939), full member of the APS of the RSFSR (1945), Honored Scientist of Uzbekistan. SSR (1943). In 1904 he graduated from the historical and philological. Faculty of Moscow. university Ped. activity began in 1905 as a teacher of history in the Moscow mountains. early schools. Since 1909 - Privatdozent, and then until the end of his life prof. Moscow university From 1937 he also worked at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where for the last 10 years he was in charge of the sector of the history of the USSR until the 19th century. Participated in the preparation of the "History of Diplomacy" (State Prize of the USSR, 1942),

B.D. Greeks

First research work B. D. Grekov were devoted to social economic history Novgorod. He focused on the socio-economic side of feudal relations and the study internal processes that took place in the feudal patrimony. The main topic of Grekov's research was the history of Ancient Russia and the Eastern Slavs. In his fundamental research « Kievan Rus"(1939), based on a thorough analysis of all types of sources, he refuted the opinion that existed in the historical literature about the slave-owning nature of ancient Russian society and proved that the Eastern Slavs switched from the communal system to feudal relations, bypassing the slave-owning formation. He showed that the basis economic activity Ancient Russia had a highly developed plow agriculture, and not hunting and animal trade, and thus challenged the opinions of Western historians about the backwardness of the socio-economic system of the Eastern Slavs. Grekov was an opponent of the theory of the Normanists and stood on the position of having a state in Ancient Russia, which played a significant role in international affairs. At the same time, in his work “Culture of Kievan Rus” (1944), he refuted the nationalist concept of the Ukrainian historian M. S. Grushevsky and proved that Kievan Rus was the common cradle of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples.

An important topic of scientific research by B. D. Grekov was the study of the history of the Russian peasantry. In 1946, he published the work Peasants in Russia from Ancient Times to the 17th Century, in which he examined the history of the Russian peasantry in the 10th-17th centuries. in close connection with the history of the peasants of Lithuania and Poland. Grekov made a significant contribution to the development of historiography and the development of source studies in Russia, great attention collection and publication of many primary sources, especially historical chronicles.

HISTORIOGRAPHY

Historical science is inconceivable without historiography. The historian treats countries, peoples, entire epochs and outstanding personalities as a judge. The historiographer has been given an even more honorable right: he acts as a judge in relation to the historian himself.

Historiographyis a science that studies the process of accumulation of historical knowledge. Unlike historical science, which studies the past by extracting data from historical sources and analyzing them, historiography explores this science itself. Therefore, historiography is, as it were, the history of history.

Historiography has recently appeared. The need to describe all previously existing historical knowledge first arose in the middleXIX in. Teaching students of historical and historical-philological faculties, historians came to the conclusion that it is no longer enough to teach history itself, it is time to acquaint students with the experience of professional historians and their scientific methods. To this end, in 1848/49 academic year Professor of Moscow University, famous historian Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov gave students a course of lectures on historical literature. The lectures turned out to be useful for the students, and soon their reading became

regular. Similar lectures were given at St. Petersburg, Kazan and other universities. This is how historiography in Russia took its first steps. Nowadays, a historian who is not familiar with historiography will not be able to work professionally.

So much historical information has accumulated that it is impossible to conduct a serious study without making a historiographic review on this topic, i.e., before expounding his position on any problem, each scientist should find out the opinion of his predecessors. It is necessary to make sure either that the judgment is new, or that it is a confirmation of the already known opinion of other historians.

The description of the literature on the historical problem under study is the very first and the most important task historiography. Now in this science a lot has changed. The subject of her research has greatly expanded; and now what used to be called "historiography", meaning a review of the literature on a topic, is proposed to be called a "historiographic review on a topic". The term "historiography" itself is used today mainly in the sense of "history of historical science."

The historical past is a complex subject of study. How to find out about events alreadysewing? How to describe these events if people's memory is unreliable? And how to reconstruct the events that happened so long ago that there are no witnesses anymore? Where can I find the missing information? They are found in historical sources. Finding these sources and extracting the necessary information from them is the task of history. But how? What tools? In what ways? In different centuries, the methods and tools used by historians were different. Historiography is the study of them.

The whole process of accumulation of historical knowledge can be divided into two periods − prescientific And scientific. Before the advent of writing, legends about the past were passed from mouth to mouth. It was the time of oral traditions, epics, sagas. Some of them were recorded over time and in this form have survived to this day. Epics are the first sources that carry information about the past. Later historical information began to record. So the chronicles appeared - the first historical writings, which contained all the information that the chronicler could find out. Historical knowledge was not yet a science at that time, since information about the past was not analyzed. This period is called pre-scientific. The historical works of the pre-scientific period include oral tales, epics, chronicles, lives of saints,

chronicles, etc. The path to scientific historical knowledge was long and difficult and ended only in the middle - second halfXVIII in.

In the end XVII- early XVIII centuries there were works on history that cannot yet be called scientific, but they differ from the previous ones in that the authors not only described the events, but also tried to analyze them. Many of these works are associated with the activities of PeterI, reformer king. During this period, the historical writings of Prince Boris Ivanovich Kurakin (1676-1727), a participant in the Azov campaigns and the Northern War, who commanded the Semyonovsky regiment in Poltava battle. In his work "History Russian Empire» about a third of the narrative refers to the pre-Peter time, and the rest - the events of the reign of PeterI, in many of which Kurakin himself took part.

The work of Pyotr Pavlovich Shafirov (1669-1739) is called “Reasoning, what are the legitimate reasons for His Royal Majesty Peter the Great to

Old Russian chronicler.

the beginning of the war against King Carolus the Twelfth of Sweden in 1700 had. As the name suggests, it is about northern war. That is, again, about the event, a contemporary of which was the author himself. Unlike the ancient chroniclers, representatives of the historical literature of the endXVII- start XVIII centuries trying to make sense of the events they describe. Sometimes, for greater objectivity, they involve various sources information. So, Shafirov used documents about international relations, foreign policy RussiaXVII— XVIII centuries In his work, the reader was offered not just a list of events, but a kind of "view of events", the author's position. "Reasoning ..." liked PeterIwho understood the need for development historical knowledge in Russia and was interested in its distribution. That is why he himself wrote the preface to this work. Shafirov's work was translated into German and distributed abroad. Of course, Boris Kurakin, Pyotr Shafirov, Feofan Prokopovich, Dmitry Kantemir cannot be called professional historians. They did not specifically study history and did not have broad knowledge in this area. The beginning of historical science in Russia was laid by the works of the German historians Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738) and August Schlözer (1735-1809), who worked in our country. These scientists were the first to use special methods to extract reliable information from historical sources. HistoriansXIX in. their writings were greatly appreciated.

But is it only scientific knowledge should be considered the subject of historiography? IN last years attention of historians is increasingly attracted historical ideas those who were not professionally connected with history. After all, many people who have expressed interesting thoughts about history have never specially studied the trade of a historian. Among them are philosophers - Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev, Alexei Stepanovich Khomyakov, Nikolai Yakovlevich Danilevsky, Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov; writers - Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. As a development of historical thought in its figurative form, one can also consider some works of Russian poets: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Alexander Alexandrovich Blok.

Historiography also studies everything that is directly connected with the life of historical science at different times: the activities of research institutes, higher educational

Russian historian XVIII in.

establishments, museums, periodicals etc. In not lesser degree historiography is interested in ideas about the fate of the fatherland that exist in the mass public consciousness(this is the least explored area). But the main subject of research in historiography is scientific historical knowledge. Complexity

its study consists in the need to comprehend what in itself is the result of comprehension.

Historiography is the self-knowledge of history. The emergence of this science testifies to the achievement of history high degree maturity. History tries to understand itself.

Banion- Banyon (Jean Bagnyon) - a Swiss writer who lived in the second half of the 15th century. It was known about him that he was a bachelor (bachelier), citizen and syndic of the city of Lausanne, and that in 1487 he wrote in defense ...
Narushevich- Narushevich (Adam-Stanislav) - Polish poet and historian (1733-1796); studied with the Jesuits and joined their order; was a professor at the Jesuit College in Vilna and the collegium nobilium in Warsaw; later Bishop Luc...
Historical Herald- Historical Herald - a historical and literary journal, published monthly since 1880, ed. S. N. Shubinsky; publisher - A. S. Suvorin. The magazine has set itself the goal of "acquainting readers in a live, social ...
Campredon- Campredon (H. de Campredon) - French diplomat. In the first years of the XVIII century. K. was in Sweden; in 1719 he was again sent there to support the interests of France during the tragedy that took place in Sweden ...
Kulomzin Anatoly Nikolaevich- Kulomzin Anatoly Nikolaevich - Secretary of State, chamberlain, b. in 1838. After graduating from the course of St. Petersburg. univ. in the Faculty of Law, served in the state. office and in the office of the committee of ministers; was comrade. mi...
ALDANOV- ALDANOV ( real name Landau) Mark Alexandrovich (1886-1957), Russian writer. He emigrated in 1919. In the historical tetralogy "The Thinker" (1921-27, the novels "The Ninth Thermidor", "Devil's...
BARSOV Nikolai Pavlovich- BARSOV Nikolai Pavlovich (1839-1889), historian. Professor at Warsaw University (since 1888). Proceedings on the historical geography of Russia ["Essays on Russian historical geography. Geography of the Primary (Non-Storo...
BYCHKOV- BYCHKOV, historians and archeographers, father and son. Afanasy Fedorovich (1818-99), Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1869). Member State Council(since 1890). Chairman of the Archeographic Commission. Works on the history...

Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev (1686-1750)

Renowned Russian historian, geographer, economist and statesman; author of the first major work on Russian history - ʼʼRussian Historyʼʼ. Tatishchev is rightly called the father of Russian history. “Russian History” (books 1-4, 1768-1784) - main work Tatishchev, on which he worked from 1719 until the end of his life. In this work, for the first time, he collected and critically comprehended information from many historical sources. Russian Truth (in short edition), Sudebnik 1550, Book Big Drawing and many others. others
Hosted on ref.rf
sources on the history of Russia were discovered by Tatishchev. "History of Russia" has preserved the news of sources that have not survived to our time. According to the fair remark of S. M. Solovyov, Tatishchev indicated “the way and means for his compatriots to engage in Russian history.” The second edition of the History of Russia, which is the main work of Tatishchev, was published 18 years after his death, under Catherine II - in 1768. The first edition of the Russian History, written in the ʼʼancient dialectʼʼ, was first published only in 1964.

Mikhail Mikhailovich Shcherbatov (1733-1790)

Russian historian, publicist. Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1776, member Russian Academy(1783). Shcherbatov was a historian and publicist, economist and politician, philosopher and moralist, a man of truly encyclopedic knowledge. In ʼʼRussian History from ancient timesʼʼ (brought to 1610) he emphasized the role of the feudal aristocracy, reducing historical progress to the level of knowledge, sciences and minds of individuals. At the same time, Shcherbatov's work is saturated big amount act, annalistic, etc.
Hosted on ref.rf
sources. Shcherbatov found and published some valuable monuments, incl. ʼʼRoyal bookʼʼ, ʼʼChronicle of many rebellionsʼʼ, ʼʼJournal of Peter the Greatʼʼ, etc.
Hosted on ref.rf
According to S. M. Solovyov, the shortcomings of Shcherbatov's works were the result of the fact that ʼʼ he began to study Russian history when he began to write itʼʼ, and he was in a hurry to write it. Until his death, Shcherbatov continued to be interested in political, philosophical and economic issues, expounding his views in a number of articles.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766 -1826)

Karamzin's interest in history arose from the mid-1790s. He wrote a story in historical theme- ʼʼMartha the Posadnitsa, or the Conquest of Novgorodʼʼ (published in 1803). In the same year, by decree of Alexander I, he was appointed to the position of a historiographer, and until the end of his life he was engaged in writing the History of the Russian State, practically ceasing the activities of a journalist and writer.

ʼʼHistoryʼʼ Karamzin was not the first description of the history of Russia, before him were the works of V.N. Tatishchev and M.M. Shcherbatov. But it was Karamzin who opened the history of Russia to the general educated public. In his work, Karamzin acted more as a writer than a historian - describing historical facts, he cared about the beauty of the language, least of all trying to draw any conclusions from the events he describes. Nevertheless, his commentaries, which contain many extracts from manuscripts, are of high scientific value. for the most part first published by Karamzin. Some of these manuscripts no longer exist.

Nikolay Ivanovich Kostomarov (1817-1885)

Public figure, historian, publicist and poet, corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, contemporary, friend and colleague of Taras Shevchenko. Author of the multi-volume publication ʼʼRussian History in the Biographies of Its Figuresʼʼ, researcher of the socio-political and economic history of Russia, especially the territory modern Ukraine called Kostomarov southern Russia and southern edge.

General value Kostomarov in the development of Russian historiography can, without any exaggeration, be called enormous. He introduced and persistently carried out in all his works the idea folk history. Kostomarov himself understood and implemented it mainly in the form of studying the spiritual life of the people. Later researchers extended the content of this idea, but this does not diminish Kostomarov's merit. In connection with this main idea of Kostomarov's works, he had another one - about the extreme importance of studying the tribal characteristics of each part of the people and creating a regional history. In case if in modern science a slightly different view of the national character was established, denying the immobility that Kostomarov attributed to him, then it was the work of the latter that served as the impetus, on the basis of which the study of the history of the regions began to develop.

Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov (1820-1879)

Russian historian, professor at Moscow University (since 1848), rector of Moscow University (1871-1877), ordinary academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the department of Russian language and literature (1872), privy councillor.

Solovyov worked tirelessly for 30 years on the History of Russia, the glory of his life and the pride of Russian historical science. Its first volume appeared in 1851, and since then, neatly from year to year, it has been published by volume. The last, 29th, was published in 1879, after the death of the author. ʼʼHistory of Russiaʼʼ brought to 1774. Being an epoch in the development of Russian historiography, Solovyov's work determined a well-known direction, created a numerous school. ʼʼHistory of Russiaʼʼ, according to the correct definition of Professor V.I. Guerrier, there national history: for the first time historical material, necessary for such work, has been collected and investigated with due completeness, with strict adherence to scientific methods, in relation to the requirements of modern historical knowledge: the source is always in the foreground, sober truth and objective truth alone guide the author's pen. Solovyov's monumental work for the first time captured the essential features and form historical development nation.

Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky (1841-1911)

Prominent Russian historian, tenured professor at Moscow University; Ordinary Academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (over staff in Russian History and Antiquities (1900), Chairman of the Imperial Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University, Privy Councillor.

Klyuchevsky is rightfully considered an unsurpassed lecturer. The auditorium of Moscow University, in which he taught his course, was always overcrowded. He read and published special courses “Methodology of Russian History”, “Terminology of Russian History”, “History of Estates in Russia”, “Sources of Russian History”, a series of lectures on Russian historiography.

The most important work Klyuchevsky became his "Course of Lectures", published in the early 1900s. He managed not only to compose it on a serious scientific basis, but also to achieve an artistic depiction of our history. "Course" received worldwide recognition.

Sergei Fedorovich Platonov (1860-1933)

Russian historian, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1920). Author of a course of lectures on Russian history (1917 ᴦ.). According to Platonov, starting position, which determined the features of Russian history for many centuries to come, is the "military character" of the Muscovite state, which arose at the end of the 15th century. Surrounded almost simultaneously with three parties offensive enemies, the Great Russian tribe was forced to adopt a purely military organization and constantly fight on three fronts. Purely military organization The Muscovite state resulted in the enslavement of estates, which for many centuries ahead predetermined internal development countries, incl. and the famous ʼʼTroubleʼʼ early XVII century.

The ʼʼliberationʼʼ of the estates began with the ʼʼliberationʼʼ of the nobility; The last act of the ʼʼemancipationʼʼ of the estates was peasant reform 1861. At the same time, having received personal and economic freedoms, the ʼʼliberatedʼʼ estates did not wait for political freedoms, which found expression in the ʼʼmental fermentation of a radical political natureʼʼ, which eventually resulted in the terror of the ʼʼNarodnaya Volyaʼʼ and the revolutionary upheavals of the beginning of the 20th century.

Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev (1686-1750)

Well-known Russian historian, geographer, economist and statesman; author of the first major work on Russian history - "Russian History". Tatishchev is rightly called the father of Russian history. "History of Russia" (books 1-4, 1768-1784) is the main work of Tatishchev, on which he worked from 1719 until the end of his life. In this work, for the first time, he collected and critically comprehended information from many historical sources. Russian Pravda (in a short edition), Sudebnik 1550, the Book of the Big Drawing and many more. other sources on the history of Russia were discovered by Tatishchev. "History of Russia" has preserved the news of sources that have not survived to our time. According to the fair remark of S. M. Solovyov, Tatishchev indicated “the way and means for his compatriots to engage in Russian history.” The second edition of the Russian History, which is the main work of Tatishchev, was published 18 years after his death, under Catherine II - in 1768. The first edition of the Russian History, written in the "ancient dialect", was first published only in 1964.

Mikhail Mikhailovich Shcherbatov (1733-1790)

Russian historian, publicist. Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1776, member of the Russian Academy (1783). Shcherbatov was a historian and publicist, economist and politician, philosopher and moralist, a man of truly encyclopedic knowledge. In The History of Russia from Ancient Times (brought to 1610) he emphasized the role of the feudal aristocracy, reducing historical progress to the level of knowledge, science and the mind of individuals. At the same time, Shcherbatov's work is saturated with a large number of act, annalistic and other sources. Shcherbatov found and published some valuable monuments, including the “Royal Book”, “Chronicle of many rebellions”, “Journal of Peter the Great”, etc. According to S. M. Solovyov, the shortcomings of Shcherbatov’s works were the result of the fact that “he began to study Russian history when he began to write it, ”and he was in a hurry to write it. Until his death, Shcherbatov continued to be interested in political, philosophical and economic issues, expounding his views in a number of articles.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766 -1826)

Karamzin's interest in history arose from the mid-1790s. He wrote a story on a historical theme - "Martha the Posadnitsa, or the Conquest of Novgorod" (published in 1803). In the same year, by decree of Alexander I, he was appointed to the position of a historiographer, and until the end of his life he was engaged in writing the History of the Russian State, practically ceasing the activities of a journalist and writer.

Karamzin's "History" was not the first description of the history of Russia; before him were the works of V.N. Tatishchev and M.M. Shcherbatov. But it was Karamzin who opened the history of Russia to the general educated public. In his work, Karamzin acted more as a writer than a historian - describing historical facts, he cared about the beauty of the language, least of all trying to draw any conclusions from the events he describes. Nevertheless, his commentaries, which contain many extracts from manuscripts, mostly first published by Karamzin, are of high scientific value. Some of these manuscripts no longer exist.

Nikolai Ivanovich Kostomarov (1817-1885)

Public figure, historian, publicist and poet, corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, contemporary, friend and colleague of Taras Shevchenko. The author of the multi-volume publication "Russian History in the Biographies of Its Figures", a researcher of the socio-political and economic history of Russia, especially the territory of modern Ukraine, called Kostomarov's southern Russia and the southern region.

The overall significance of Kostomarov in the development of Russian historiography can, without any exaggeration, be called enormous. He introduced and persistently pursued in all his works the idea of folk history. Kostomarov himself understood and implemented it mainly in the form of studying the spiritual life of the people. Later researchers extended the content of this idea, but this does not diminish Kostomarov's merit. In connection with this main idea of Kostomarov's works, he had another one - about the need to study the tribal characteristics of each part of the people and create a regional history. If in modern science a somewhat different view of the national character has been established, denying the immobility that Kostomarov attributed to him, then it was the work of the latter that served as the impetus, depending on which the study of the history of the regions began to develop.

Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov (1820-1879)

For 30 years Solovyov worked tirelessly on the History of Russia, the glory of his life and the pride of Russian historical science. Its first volume appeared in 1851, and since then, neatly from year to year, it has been published by volume. The last, 29th, was published in 1879, after the death of the author. "History of Russia" brought up to 1774. Being an epoch in the development of Russian historiography, Solovyov's work determined a well-known direction, created a numerous school. "History of Russia", according to the correct definition of Professor V.I. Guerrier, there is a national history: for the first time, the historical material necessary for such a work was collected and studied with due completeness, in compliance with strictly scientific methods, in relation to the requirements of modern historical knowledge: the source is always in the foreground, sober truth and objective truth alone guide the pen author. Solovyov's monumental work for the first time captured the essential features and form of the historical development of the nation.

Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky (1841-1911)

Klyuchevsky is rightfully considered an unsurpassed lecturer. The auditorium of Moscow University, in which he taught his course, was always crowded. He read and published special courses “Methodology of Russian History”, “Terminology of Russian History”, “History of Estates in Russia”, “Sources of Russian History”, a series of lectures on Russian historiography.

Klyuchevsky's most important work was his Lecture Course, published in the early 1900s. He managed not only to compose it on a serious scientific basis, but also to achieve an artistic depiction of our history. "Course" received worldwide recognition.

Sergei Fedorovich Platonov (1860-1933)

Russian historian, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1920). Author of a course of lectures on Russian history (1917). According to Platonov, the starting point that determined the features of Russian history for many centuries to come is the “military character” of the Muscovite state, which arose at the end of the 15th century. Surrounded almost simultaneously on three sides by offensive enemies, the Great Russian tribe was forced to adopt a purely military organization and constantly fight on three fronts. The purely military organization of the Moscow state resulted in the enslavement of the estates, which for many centuries ahead predetermined the internal development of the country, including the famous "Trouble" of the early 17th century.

The “emancipation” of the estates began with the “emancipation” of the nobility, which received its final design in the “Charter to the Nobility” of 1785. The last act of "emancipation" of the estates was the peasant reform of 1861. However, having received personal and economic freedoms, the “emancipated” classes did not wait for political freedoms, which found expression in the “mental fermentation of a radical political nature”, which eventually resulted in the terror of the “Narodnaya Volya” and the revolutionary upheavals of the early 20th century.