is a stress hormone that is necessary for the proper functioning of our body. It is important to keep your cortisol levels balanced; this will not only improve your emotional background, but will also reduce inflammation and also maintain normal body weight.
How is cortisol produced?
Cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands when we feel threatened or experience certain external pressure. The pituitary gland determines how much adrenal hormone to release to enable the body's fight-or-flight response.
IN modern life, when we are constantly under stress due to the pressure of circumstances, intensive work, having a large number of obligations, anxiety does not stop.
In this state of constant danger (anxiety), the body activates cortisol, which contributes to many problems - insomnia, constant worry, chronic fatigue and others.
The hormone is not produced solely under the influence of stress, it has other functions, but chronic stress activates cortisol, increasing its levels in the blood. Cortisol is also a regulatory hormone that organizes the work of hormones such as estrogen, testosterone and hormones thyroid gland.
This graph shows how cortisol levels fluctuate throughout the day. Normally, cortisol increases in the morning and gradually decreases in the evening. Curves of different colors reflect the natural levels of variation of a given hormone in different people and then we will analyze them.
But when we are in a state of chronic stress, cortisol is produced almost constantly, and the curve becomes like a roller coaster.
Ideal cortisol
IN perfect condition cortisol is highest in the morning, allowing us to wake up refreshed and stay focused throughout the day. It gradually decreases during the day and evening. But if your energy is quickly depleted during normal activities, this could be a warning that your cortisol curve is off. Frequent colds or bursting are signs of an imbalance in cortisol levels. You can determine your cortisol levels using laboratory tests, but identifying the actual imbalance can be difficult and requires a comprehensive assessment.
High morning cortisol levels
Cortisol levels are typically lowest around 3am, then begin to rise rapidly, peaking at 8am. If you regularly wake up before dawn feeling anxious, it's likely your cortisol that's waking you up too early.
How to spot early morning cortisol increases
- Rarely sleep through the night without waking up;
- The mind upon awakening is immediately overwhelmed torrent thoughts;
- In the morning you easily get out of balance;
- Your energy drops sharply around noon.
High cortisol levels all day long
If you are constantly stressed, live under time pressure, don't get enough sleep, and live in a polluted environment big city, meaning you are more likely to develop high cortisol levels throughout the day. You can drink a lot of coffee, go on a diet avoiding carbohydrates, work a lot, and then cortisol stress will not be long in coming.
How to identify the primary signs of such chronic cortisol stress:
- You are constantly behind schedule and chasing after your plans;
- At the same time you feel empty and, nevertheless, are able to find the strength to move forward;
- People notice the excited tone of your conversation, fast speech;
- You are easily irritated and lose interest in life;
High cortisol levels in the evening
If you play sports in the evenings, you feel a special boost of energy just after sunset - all this indicates a high level of cortisol in the evening hours.
Some general signs high level cortisol during the evening:
- The process of falling asleep takes a very long time and is sometimes almost impossible;
- You feel restless and nervous in the evenings;
- You try to distract yourself by spending a lot of time on the Internet, watching TV, or even working at night, which usually leads to even higher cortisol levels in the evenings.
Low cortisol levels all day long
After cortisol has been elevated for a long period of time, it may disappear completely. When this happens, you will feel it.
This is sometimes called "adrenal fatigue" syndrome, but now this concept is being revised – low level cortisol is increasingly associated with pituitary dysfunction.
Causes include prolonged and intense stress, long periods of irregular sleep and a general lack of physical and mental rest.
Signs of low cortisol:
- You feel drained even after a full night's sleep.
- It takes several cups to boost your energy strong coffee and high-intensity training, but this vivacity does not last long;
- You fall asleep on the go, including situations that require your attention;
How to restore cortisol balance
As they say, this was bad news, but good news will follow. And they consist in the fact that the level of cortisol can be controlled and is done by following certain rules, which we will consider below.
Is a low-carb diet healthy?
Following a low-carbohydrate diet can give rapid decline weight, but if you have problems with cortisol, then this is the main contraindication for following this diet. There have been studies where people with cortisol imbalances ate healthy carbohydrates throughout the day, with an emphasis on the evening. Of course, these were not sweet cakes, but low-glycemic vegetables. As a result of this diet, they regained proper adrenal function.
Why is this happening? The fact is that cortisol decreases in response to the intake of carbohydrates. Have you ever wondered why we crave sweets so much when we’re stressed? Carbohydrates increase blood sugar levels and the pancreas increases the amount of insulin to cope with this increase. Insulin reduces the release of cortisol. When blood sugar levels rise, cortisol decreases.
Reducing carbohydrate intake can cause cortisol to be higher than its normal physiological values.
Dietary supplements for high cortisol
Exists great amount recommendations for dietary supplements for cortisol imbalance. The main ones often isolated are vitamin C and B5 (pantothenic acid). In a 2010 study published in the Journal of International Society sports nutrition, healthy subjects who took 2,400 mg of fish oil daily for six weeks had lower cortisol levels and showed leaner body weight.
Because vitamin B5 appears to reduce cortisol hypersecretion, it is recommended for patients with chronic stress. A complex of B vitamins in active methyl or hydroxyl forms will be useful here (mainly for B9 and B12); it is also useful to consume vitamin C, but not more than 1000 mg per day.
Sufficient hydration
We are more likely to become dehydrated when we are stressed, the fact is that the feeling of anxiety increases the heart rate and causes a faster and faster hard breath which leads to fluid loss.
Even if we drink a lot of water, we are still susceptible to dehydration when we are stressed because we urinate more often. If you go to the toilet within half an hour after drinking liquid, this means that the body does not receive enough liquid; water does not enter the cells. Drink mineral-fortified water to improve hydration and mineral saturation.
Proper relaxation
The task of the adrenal glands is to protect us from possible threats. We are not evolutionarily designed for a lot of emotional stress. Basically, the threats were related to physical damage, and so the fight-or-flight response is ingrained in our genes. Now the level of stress forces us to develop either new reactions to stress, but this takes time, or to come up with options for adapting to stress. And one of the possible effective methods is proper relaxation, which will allow the normal functioning of the adrenal glands to be restored.
As such relaxation, a walk, meditation, the opportunity to be in silence, without rushing anywhere, can be useful. It's best to try several different methods and choose what suits you. Practicing mindful eating will also help you eliminate emotional (cortisol) eating and help you maintain your body weight.
The best time for exercise is in the morning. The fact is that intense physical activity in the evening can provoke a non-physiological rise in cortisol and thereby cause insomnia or anxiety.
Plan yours evening exercises in a relaxing way, let it be yoga or stretching, this will reduce your cortisol.
In traditional Tibetan medicine, the functions of cortisol described above are associated with an imbalance of lung, which means “wind.” Cortisol, like lung, increases in the morning hours and is active in the evening in people with imbalance. Approaches Tibetan medicine Balancing lungs includes not only following a diet and a special daily routine, but also using spices. The best ones to balance out the moong are nutmeg, green cardamom and cumin. Add them to food for prevention or when the symptoms described by you appear.
There is also a whole set of complex compound preparations of Tibetan medicine to balance the wind and restore kidney (adrenal) function. Preparations containing withania somnifera include, for example,
Sleep is the key to health!
Getting enough rest is the key to restoring proper cortisol levels in the body. Eight hours of sleep is essential when elevated level stress, and here proper preparation will allow you to go to bed in the best possible way get enough sleep. Meditation and yoga in the evening will reduce cortisol levels. Adding the right low-glycemic carbohydrates to dinner and consistently taking herbal medications will improve.
Is taking melatonin justified in case of cortisol imbalance?
Melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle, works in tandem with cortisol. When cortisol drops, melatonin takes over and makes you sleepy. When you sleep, relatively low cortisol levels allow your cells to repair themselves. If cortisol levels remain elevated, your body cannot make repairs and you wake up feeling tired. Therefore, taking melatonin in a dose not exceeding 3 mg is justified in case of cortisol imbalance.
Once your cortisol levels are restored to proper levels, you will be able to:
- cope better with stress;
- actively make decisions;
- feel active throughout the day without experiencing a loss of energy;
- the quality of sleep will improve;
- the number will decrease colds and the body will recover faster.
Source: yusipova.com
Editorial opinion may not reflect the views of the author.
In case of health problems, do not self-medicate, consult your doctor.
Do you like our texts? Join us on social networks to stay up to date with all the latest and most interesting things!
Cortisol, produced by the adrenal cortex, is responsible for the most important processes in the human body. It regulates metabolism, suppresses inflammatory reactions, participates in the synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates, and controls blood pressure levels. A blood test for cortisol allows timely detection of disturbances in the hormonal system.
Reasons for appointment
A cortisol test is prescribed in the following cases:
- Suspicion of Itsenko-Cushing syndrome or disease. In the first case, the pathological focus is in the adrenal cortex, and in the second - in the hypothalamic-pituitary system. With this condition, the patient is concerned about weight gain, high blood pressure, bone pain, excess hair growth and dry skin.
- Persistent long-term arterial hypertension that cannot be corrected. Reason of this state may be a hormone-producing tumor of the adrenal cortex.
- Suspicion of Addison's disease. Another name for this disease is adrenal insufficiency, a condition in which the adrenal glands are unable to fully perform their functions. Symptoms of this disease are severe hyperpigmentation skin, weakness, lethargy, abdominal pain, digestive problems, sudden weight loss.
- Disorders of sexual development in adolescents. Early or late onset of puberty occurs due to disruption of the endocrine system.
- Problems with the menstrual cycle in women, long-term unsuccessful attempts get pregnant.
- Rapid weight gain or loss not associated with changes in diet or physical activity.
- Excessive hair growth in women; acne, gynecomastia in men.
- Sexual dysfunction, decreased libido.
Preparing for analysis
Before taking the test, the attending physician gives general recommendations to the patient:
- 3 days in advance you must give up intense physical activity and training;
- try to avoid stress and mental strain;
- the day before the study, it is prohibited to use stimulants and alcoholic drinks;
- It is recommended to refrain from smoking 3 hours before the test;
- women should conduct research on days 3-7 menstrual cycle;
- The test should be taken in the morning on an empty stomach.
Before conducting a biochemical study, the patient should warn the doctor about taking all medications. If necessary, they are canceled for the period of preparation for analysis.
The price of a blood test for cortisol largely depends on the region and clinic. In Moscow, the average cost of analysis is 600 rubles.
Research process
Most optimal time The time to take a cortisol test is between 6 and 9 a.m., when the concentration of the hormone in the body is maximum. Venous blood is taken for examination. The test tube is marked with the patient’s name, the date and time of the test, and for women, the day of the menstrual cycle.
Decoding the results
An important condition after conducting the study is the correct interpretation of the data obtained. The concentration of cortisol in the blood depends on factors such as:
- patient's age;
- psycho-emotional state;
- accompanying illnesses;
- time of analysis.
All these circumstances must be taken into account by the doctor. In some cases, additional laboratory and instrumental diagnostics may be required to clarify the diagnosis:
- blood test for ACTH;
- urine test for cortisol;
- ultrasound examination of the adrenal glands;
- CT and MRI.
Normal indicators
On average, in men and women, cortisol levels range from 138 to 640 nmol/l. In pregnant women, the level of the hormone can exceed the norm by 2-5 times.
In children, values should be assessed depending on age. There are special tables where for each age period Here are your standards:
|
Norms for cortisol levels (nmol/l) |
|
|
children of the first year of life |
|
|
from 1 to 5 years |
|
|
from 5 to 10 years |
|
|
from 10 to 14 years |
|
|
from 14 to 16 years old |
Reasons for deviations
The hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal cortex take part in the synthesis of this hormone. It follows from this that a deviation of the cortisol indicator from the norm will be observed in diseases and pathologies of these systems and organs. Stress and depression also affect hormone levels.
Reduced cortisol concentrations may mean:
- infectious diseases affecting the functioning of the adrenal glands;
- pathologies of the hypothalamic-pituitary system;
- adrenal insufficiency;
- Addison's disease;
- hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver;
- neurological and mental illnesses.
Elevated levels of cortisol in the blood are indicated by:
- hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex;
- benign and malignant tumors of the glands;
- violations of the regulatory function of the pituitary gland or its tumor;
- liver diseases;
- intense physical activity;
- high carbohydrate diet;
- hyperglycemia;
- pregnancy;
- stress.
Changing hormone levels in response to pregnancy and stress is a physiological response of the body. Cortisol returns to normal immediately after the cessation of exposure to these factors, so the patient does not need therapy.
In other cases, it is necessary to establish the root cause of the increase in the hormone in the blood, and then begin medical or surgical treatment.
Some medications can also increase the level of cortisol in the blood, which is important to consider when deciphering. These medications include:
- combined oral contraceptives;
- glucocorticosteroids;
- interferon preparations;
- antiemetics.
Timely detection and treatment of diseases of the endocrine system are important stage on the road to recovery. Therefore, it is not recommended to self-medicate, and if abnormalities are detected in the tests, it is recommended to visit a doctor.
Cortisol (hydrocortisone, 17-hydrocorticosterone) is the main glucocorticoid, the so-called “stress” hormone, which, without remaining aloof from the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, reacts to everything that happens in the body by increasing its level.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone has a stimulating effect on the production of this hormone, regulating the activity of the adrenal cortex, and its layers (middle and fascicular) are actually involved in the production of cortisol from cholesterol, releasing up to 30 mg of this glucocorticoid per day (in an adult). The rate of hormone formation increases (as a response) under stress, any traumatic impact, infectious process, hypoglycemia (decreased blood glucose levels). An increase in cortisol levels inhibits the production of ACTH and corticoliberin synthesized by the hypothalamus (negative feedback mechanism).
Cortisol testing in blood and urine is used in laboratory diagnostics various pathological conditions, mainly associated with disorders of the functional abilities of the endocrine system, namely the adrenal glands (Cushing's disease and syndrome, Addison's disease, secondary adrenal insufficiency).
Cortisol norm
Science does not note any special differences between women and men regarding the content of the stress hormone, however, in women who are pregnant, cortisol in the blood increases slightly with each month. Experts consider such an increase to be false, since it is not caused by any pathological disorders in the body of a pregnant woman, but occurs due to an increase in corticobinding plasma proteins in the blood.
It should be noted that the reader, if he tries to independently decipher the results of a cortisol test, must take into account the units of measurement adopted by a particular laboratory (µg/l nmol/l) and reference values. However, it is undoubtedly better to entrust the interpretation of the results to professionals.
But what significantly affects the indicators accepted as the hormone norm in the test sample is the time of day, which is presented in the small plate below.
Table: normal cortisol levels in the blood of adults
The highest level of cortisol is observed at 6 – 8 am, and the lowest is recorded starting at 20 o’clock, which is taken into account when collecting blood samples for research.
What is this “stress” hormone cortisol?
Cortisol is the main one in the group of glucocorticoids that constantly circulate through the bloodstream. By binding to proteins (albumin, corticosteroid-binding globulin - transcortin), it takes over the lion's share (up to 90%) of all hormones synthesized by the adrenal cortex. A certain amount (approximately 10%) in the form of a biologically active fraction is present in the plasma by itself, without combining with proteins; this is free cortisol, which will not experience any metabolic transformations and will subsequently (after filtration in the glomeruli of the kidneys) be removed from body.
In the bloodstream, cortisol moves, being connected to a carrier protein - corticosteroid-binding globulin. The protein that transports 17-hydrocorticosterone is produced by liver cells and, in addition to its transport function, acts as a reservoir of this hormone in the blood. The carrier protein binds to cortisol and transports it to target cells. Once in the liver, the hormone undergoes various transformations, resulting in the formation of water-soluble metabolites that do not have any hormonal activity. Subsequently, they leave the body through the excretory system (through the kidneys).
The biological role of cortisol is extremely high. This hormone takes an active part in various metabolic processes, but it has a special relationship with carbohydrate metabolism.
Cortisol activates gluconeogenesis - the formation of glucose from other substances that do not contain carbohydrates, but may have an energy resource: pyruvic acid (pyruvate), free amino acids, lactic acid (lactate), glycerol.
By regulating carbohydrate metabolism, cortisol helps the body survive fasting and does not allow glucose to drop below a critical level (forces the synthesis of sugars and inhibits their breakdown). Cortisol is an important protector of the body from any disturbance in the physiological balance, that is, from stress, for which it was given the name “stress” hormone.
- Here are the main actions that cortisol produces in the body:
- Affects protein metabolism, reducing protein production in cells, enhances catabolism processes;
- By reducing the consumption of sugar by cells, it increases its amount in the blood (therefore, an increase in the hormone contributes to the development of steroid diabetes);
- Helps break down fats, increases the level of free fatty acids, enhancing their mobilization, and thus helps provide the body with energy;
- Participates in the regulation of blood pressure;
- It has an anti-inflammatory effect by stabilizing the membranes of cellular organelles (lysosomes), reducing the permeability of vascular walls, and participating in immunological reactions.
Cortisol, being a stress hormone, reacts to any external influences. How does this happen?
Various irritating factors cause a natural reaction of the nervous system, which in such cases sends signals to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus, having received the “message,” increases the synthesis of corticoliberin (CRH), which is “picked up” by the flowing blood and carries it through the so-called portal system straight to the pituitary gland, causing the latter to increase production (ACTH).
ACTH obtained in this way is released into the bloodstream, travels with the blood and, upon reaching the adrenal glands, stimulates the process of cortisol synthesis. Cortisol produced in the adrenal glands enters the bloodstream, “searches” for target cells, which are mainly hepatocytes (liver cells), penetrates them and combines with proteins that serve as cortisol receptors.
What happens next is complicated biochemical reactions with activation of individual genes and increased production of specific proteins. These proteins form the basis of the human body’s response to the stress hormone itself.
High cortisol and low hormone levels
High cortisol in the blood, or rather, an increase in its content, is observed in a number of pathological conditions. Of course, the main causes of such disorders (increased hormones in the blood and urine) are considered to be diseases of the endocrine system, however, it cannot be said that other diseases and even physiological conditions are not able to influence the level of cortisol when they find themselves in certain situations. For example, cortisol is increased in the following cases:
Itsenko-Cushing's disease
- Diseases (excessive synthesis of ACTH) and Itsenko-Cushing syndrome (damage to the adrenal glands - excessive production of the hormone);
- Adrenal tumors;
- Significant influence of stress, which is usually observed in people suffering from other severe pathologies;
- Infectious process in the acute period;
- Individual malignant tumors(secretion of cortisol by endocrine cells located in other organs - pancreas, thymus, lungs);
- Uncompensated;
- Therapy with drugs from certain pharmaceutical groups and, first of all, estrogens, corticosteroids, amphetamine;
- Terminal conditions (due to disruption of cortisol dissimilation processes);
- Asthmatic status;
- Shock states;
- Serious damage to the liver and kidney parenchyma;
- Acute alcohol intoxication in people who are not prone to abuse;
- Constant intake of nicotine into the body (in experienced smokers);
- Obesity;
- Increased emotional excitability (even during venipuncture);
- Long-term use of oral contraceptives;
- Pregnancy.
A constant increase in cortisol levels due to any circumstances, even if not related to serious disorders of adrenal function, can have a negative effect on the entire body:
- The nervous system suffers, and as a result, intellectual abilities decline;
- The activity of the thyroid gland is upset;
- Blood pressure increases, often leading to hypertensive crises;
- Excessive appetite appears, which leads to weight gain;
- Women begin to have problems in the form of hirsutism (male type of hair growth), Cushingoid-type changes in figure;
- At night, insomnia overcomes;
- The body's defense against various types of infectious agents decreases;
- The risk of developing heart attacks and strokes increases.
The symptoms listed above cannot but alert a person, leaving him indifferent to his health, because they, significantly affecting vital activity, darken life itself.
Low cortisol or a decrease in its concentration in the blood also has its own reasons, these are:
- Primary adrenal insufficiency (for example, Addison's disease as a result of apoplexy, hemorrhage);
- Functional failure of the pituitary gland;
- Deficiency of thyroid hormones, which leads to a decrease in the amount of cortisol;
- Long-term use of adrenocorticotropic hormone or glucocorticoids as treatment (inhibition of the functional abilities of the adrenal cortex);
- Lack of certain enzymes, in particular 21-hydroxylase, without which the synthesis of this hormone is difficult;
- Nonspecific infectious polyarthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, spondylitis;
- Bronchial asthma;
- Chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis;
- Application of some medications: danazol, levodopa, trilostane, morphine, etc.
- Gout.
Low cortisol in the blood can be a consequence of such a severe pathology as hypocortisolism or Addison's disease, which develops for various reasons. Insufficient production of the hormone in in this case is caused by the pathology of the adrenal glands themselves, which cannot synthesize the amount of glucocorticoids required by the body, including cortisol. Hypocortisolism produces symptoms that are difficult to miss: chronic fatigue, muscle weakness, indigestion, bronze coloration of the skin (Addison's disease is therefore also called bronze disease), tremors of the limbs, rapid heartbeat, and a decrease in circulating blood volume (CBV) due to dehydration.
Cortisol test
Of course, if a stress hormone is to be determined in the laboratory, then in order to obtain reliable results, the approach to testing for cortisol must be appropriate. Seemingly simple anxiety can easily distort the results, and the patient will have to donate blood again (or will it mislead the doctor?), because there is no doubt that cortisol will be increased in this case.
The person assigned this study, first explain the significance of the analysis (it will allow you to find out whether the clinical manifestations of the disease are related to hormonal changes or whether the cause of the symptoms lies in something else). The patient knows in advance what time the test needs to be taken, and also that blood will be taken from a vein (for some, even applying a tourniquet can expect an increase in cortisol). Then the patient is asked to pay attention to several important points that he must do the following before blood is taken:
- 3 days before the study, he begins to control the content of table salt in his diet; it should not exceed 3 g per day;
- Within 2 days, stops taking pharmaceuticals that can affect the values of cortisol in the blood (androgens, estrogens, etc.), but if the medications are used for health reasons and cancellation is impossible, then there must be a mark on the analysis form;
- The patient comes to the laboratory on an empty stomach, having abstained from food for at least 10 hours (10 – 12), as well as limiting physical activity (10 – 12 hours);
- Half an hour before the test, the person donating blood for cortisol should lie down and relax as much as possible.
The most reliable results are obtained if blood samples are taken for testing between 6 and 9 am.
example of cortisol dynamics during the day, the highest level is within an hour after getting up
Urinary cortisol and free cortisol
A cortisol test involves more than just taking blood samples for testing. Endocrinologists consider the determination of the hormone content in daily urine to be an important test.
Increased levels of cortisol in urine are typical for:
- Itsenko-Cushing syndrome;
- Acute mental disorders;
- Stress of a different nature, for example, in case of a serious illness.
On the contrary, less stress hormone is excreted from the body if:
- Primary adrenal insufficiency caused by another pathology, for example, neoplasm, autoimmune disease, hemorrhage (Addison's disease);
- Adrenal insufficiency of a secondary nature, which often happens after using hydrocortisone for a long time (the functional ability of the pituitary gland suffers).
Free cortisol testing is the crux of the matter laboratory analysis, which is determined in daily urine, but shows how much of this biologically active fraction is present in the blood. Free cortisol in urine is increased in the following cases:
- Itsenko-Cushing syndrome;
- Decreased blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia);
- Nocturnal hypoglycemia (diabetes mellitus);
- Neuroses, depressive states;
- Obesity;
- Acute inflammatory process localized in the pancreas;
- Alcoholism;
- Conditions after injuries and surgical interventions;
- Hirsutism (in women - excess hair growth on the face and other parts of the body according to the male pattern).
When interpreting the results of this analysis, it should be borne in mind that a separate pathology (impaired hydrocortisone metabolism, renal failure), as well as excessive subcutaneous fat accumulation on the patient’s body and high physical activity (sports, hard work) may distort the reliability of the results and not give a picture, indicating the size of its actual production to the adrenal glands
Managing hormones is challenging
The constant question from patients about how to increase or decrease this or that laboratory indicator is also relevant for cortisol. Meanwhile, not everything is so simple. Of course, if the level is elevated due to strong psycho-emotional stress, then it is enough to just calm down and you can go and take a cortisol test again. Most likely, the normal concentration of the hormone will spontaneously restore after pregnancy; heavy smokers can also lower its values after breaking up with bad habit, or obese people, if interested healthy eating and lose weight (although cortisol itself is often the cause of obesity).
And doctors strive to lower the level of cortisol in the blood, based on the reason that prompted the growth of this glucocorticoid. For example, if a developing tumor gives an increase, it means it is removed. In other cases, therapy is predominantly symptomatic: combating stress, prescribing antihypertensive drugs (if arterial hypertension), treatment chronic diseases, causing an increase in hormones.
However, if the reason for the increase in this laboratory indicator is a serious pathology that requires long-term complex treatment (the reader has probably noticed that in most cases the hormone is increased precisely due to such circumstances), then the patient simply cannot do without the participation of a specialist. Unfortunately, there is no one universal way to reduce the level of 17-hydrocorticosterone; each case requires its own, individual method.
They approach the treatment of pathological conditions accompanied by low cortisol in a similar way, that is, they act on the cause of changes in hormonal status. However, in this case, the most popular method can be considered replacement therapy, because cortisol can be obtained in the form medications. True, only a doctor prescribes it, systematically monitoring the level of the hormone in the patient’s blood.
For people who notice symptoms of corticoid imbalance, it is important to remember that in most cases, both high and low cortisol levels require serious treatment, mainly with the involvement of an endocrinologist who has necessary knowledge to control hormones synthesized in the human body. Folk remedies or medications taken on one’s own initiative are likely to be ineffective in such a situation, and, moreover, may have the opposite effect.
Cortisol is a hormone that helps concentrate energy in emergencies. In addition, it increases the level of glucose and adrenaline in the body, thereby helping to focus on danger and make the necessary decision in a given situation.
The role of cortisol
The hormone cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex. This is one of the types of glucocorticoids. In the blood it binds to red blood cells and proteins. In the early morning, the level of the hormone is higher than in the evening hours.
The hormone cortisol is responsible for the following in women: it takes part in the metabolism of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, which affects water-salt balance. In addition, it affects the conservation of energy in the body and takes part in the synthesis of cellular enzymes.
Cortisol is sometimes called the stress hormone and for good reason. It shapes defensive reactions to external stimuli and stressful situations. Increases blood pressure and heart rate. However, it maintains normal vascular tone and does not allow critical changes in blood pressure. During stress, the hormone activates muscle function, reduces glucose consumption in them, taking it from other organs.
However, cortisol may increase the risk of developing diabetes mellitus, obesity, due to the fact that muscles do not waste glucose if there was no threat physical activity. In addition, those organs that lack glucose begin to require it. Accordingly, a person begins in large quantities eat sweet and starchy foods.
Cortisol, among other things, reduces the number of white blood cells circulating in the plasma. This leads to poor wound healing, but helps block immune and allergic reactions.
Cortisol affects protein biosynthesis: it stimulates in the liver, and inhibits in tissues. When cortisol levels increase, it negatively affects muscle tissue, breaks it down into amino acids. Bodybuilders do not like it for this, since the hormone does not allow them to pump up the desired muscle volume. Cortisol also suppresses collagen production and leads to wrinkles, sagging and thinning skin. However, this same hormone helps you get up on time in the morning and mobilizes strength after a night's rest.
Cortisol reacts to menstruation, insomnia, and pain. If the level of cortisol in the blood increases, then significant changes occur in the metabolism:
- sugar and cholesterol levels increase;
- water and sodium are retained;
- blood pressure increases;
- blood clotting increases.
If cortisol levels are insufficient, this can lead to life-threatening states: collapse, shock, death.
If we summarize the information presented, then cortisol in female body performs the following functions:
- Protects against stress, helps to correct the reaction in a particular dangerous situation, protects against negative consequences overvoltage. If the amount of this hormone is insufficient, a woman may become confused.
- Anti-inflammatory. At normal indicator cortisol levels narrow the limits of the inflammatory response. The hormone reduces sensitivity to pathogenic agents and suppresses their effect.
- Immunoregulatory. Lack of the hormone leads to decreased immunity.
- Regulating: normalization of metabolic processes.
- Affects blood vessels: narrows them, normalizes blood pressure.
- Energy supply. If the pressure rises, the resulting glucose flows to the brain, which gives a surge of energy to the muscles.
Cortisol norm
Normal levels of cortisol in the blood of men in the morning are 138 - 635 nmol/l, in the afternoon and before night 83 - 441.
In women, cortisol levels increase during puberty, and during pregnancy the surges of the hormone are even more intense. Cortisol decreases during menopause.
The normal level of cortisol in the blood of women:
- in the morning 138 – 638 nmol/l;
- in the evening 65 – 325 nmol/l.
The lower limits of normal indicate that the body is at rest. A sharp increase indicators occurs during times of stress, severe physical activity, with depression of sleep and psycho-emotional state.
Cortisol levels in children
Standards for a child are determined based on age:
- up to one year – 30 – 996 nmol/l;
- 2 – 5 years – 30 – 1049 nmol/l;
- 5 – 10 years – 30 – 1049 nmol/l;
- 10 – 14 years – 55 – 690 nmol/l;
- 14 – 16 years – 28 – 285 nmol/l.
At the age of up to 3 years, children may have deviations from the norm that are not associated with the presence of any pathologies, since before this age the level of hormone secretion normalizes.
In children, cortisol levels are closely related to sleep and wake patterns. If the regime is violated, then there may be deviations from the norms.
If a child’s cortisol is elevated, this is manifested by the following symptoms:
- Excitability, irritability. The child becomes whiny and reacts sharply to any comments and changes in life.
- Sudden weight gain.
- Cardiopalmus.
- Excessive sweating.
- Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
When the level of the hormone increases in a child, the adaptive functions of the body are disrupted, immunity decreases, the frequency of colds increases and infectious diseases. Calcium is washed out of the bones, which negatively affects the osteoarticular system.
It is necessary to take a cortisol test in the following situations:
- When the baby's behavior changes. He becomes apathetic, anxious, irritable, and gets tired quickly.
- Constantly feels weak and complains of pain in the limbs.
- Weight loss or gain occurs that is not related to changes in diet or physical activity.
- Hypoglycemia.
- Frequent vomiting, nausea, diarrhea.
- Early or delayed puberty.
- The appearance of acne, acne.
Cortisol plays important role when protecting the body from adverse factors or dangers. But with stable increased concentration the hormone has a detrimental effect on the growing body. This is especially important for infants and young children, in whom an uncontrolled increase in cortisol can cause irreparable brain damage. Low cortisol is no less dangerous, since in this case the functioning of many organs is disrupted.
Moreover, studies have shown that between different mental disorders There is a connection between children and increased cortisol. Excess of the hormone can lead to depression, affective disorders, hysteria, attacks of aggression, and antisocial behavior. There have even been recorded cases of the development of schizophrenia.
Cortisol and pregnancy
When preparing for pregnancy, the level of cortisol in the blood is important, since it is known that due to stress, ovulation and fertilization of the egg may not occur. Accordingly, conception will be impossible. For this reason, an increase in cortisol levels in preparation for pregnancy negatively affects the functioning of the reproductive system.
During pregnancy, the level of the hormone is no less important, since it ensures the occurrence of all catabolic processes, feeding the body with the necessary energy and maintaining normal level blood glucose.
Cortisol affects the vasoconstrictor properties of other hormones. It has an anti-inflammatory effect, reduces the body's hypersensitivity in response to the influence of any agents that trigger inflammatory processes. Cortisol also affects the composition of the blood: it reduces the number of lymphocytes, but increases the content of platelets, red blood cells and neutrophils.
During pregnancy, the level of the hormone will increase, as the body perceives this condition as stress. A number of physiological and psychological changes also occur in the female body, which also affects the growth of the hormone.
If pregnancy proceeds normally, without complications, and health is also normal, then at 5–6 weeks of pregnancy the cortisol level increases to 206–236 nmol/l, and by childbirth the figure increases to 1038–1141 nmol/l.
During pregnancy, elevated cortisol levels are normal. Due to the high content in the blood, it is much easier for a woman to bear a fetus. The hormone affects vascular activity and protects the body from inflammation. The hormone also increases the content of red blood cells in the blood.
It is important that during pregnancy, a high level of cortisol protects the body from stress, since expectant mothers are especially susceptible to emotional reactions.
Why cortisol may be elevated
The main reasons why cortisol may be elevated are as follows:
- Constant stressful situations. This main factor, leading to an increase in hormones. Thanks to nervous overload, the body uses all available energy to solve the current problem. But, being in such a mode constantly, the body is exhausted and its work is disrupted.
- Use of stimulants: caffeine, nicotine and others. Just one cup of coffee increases cortisol by 30%. This increase will last for 2 – 3 hours. If you drink coffee constantly, the production of the hormone increases to the maximum. Especially if all this is accompanied by stress and lack of sleep.
- Gym activities that put maximum stress on the body.
- Uncontrolled reception hormonal drugs: contraception, Prednisolone and others.
- Pregnancy.
- Overweight.
- Unbalanced diet.
Hormone levels can also increase as a result of certain diseases:
- Tumors in the pituitary gland that reduce or increase hormone synthesis.
- Adenoma and enlargement of the adrenal glands.
- Oncology.
- Anorexia.
- AIDS.
- Increased production of thyroid hormones, leading to stressful conditions.
- Cirrhosis of the liver.
- Hepatitis.
- Cushing's syndrome.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome.
- Alcoholism.
Symptomatic manifestations
When cortisol increases in women, the following symptoms appear:
- Feeling of stress even in the absence of objective reasons.
- Irritability.
- Unrest.
- Nervous state and increased anxiety without reason.
- Sleep disorders, including insomnia.
- Metabolic disease.
- Increased appetite, satisfied by fatty, heavy and sweet foods.
When cortisol levels are high, changes occur in the production of other hormones, which increases existing problems in organism. Exhaustion and weakening of muscles begins. The woman feels constant weakness, shortness of breath, muscle and joint pain, and it is difficult for her to move. Depression, apathy, and reluctance to live may even appear.
If cortisol is slightly elevated in men, this may be due to constant overload, injury, viral infections and inflammation. Symptoms of increased hormones are the same as in women. In addition to them, frequent colds and decreased immunity are characteristic, muscle pain, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
Such signs will indicate that the body is under an unbearable burden not only due to physical activity, but also training and diet. Overexertion is possible as a result of abuse of sedatives, energy drinks, and alcohol. In such a situation, perhaps you just need to give up destructive overloads, stop taking antidepressants and take a vitamin and mineral course for men.
The diet should contain the antioxidant vitamin C. You may need to relieve overstimulation by using valerian tincture for 2 weeks.
How to treat
If excessive amounts of cortisol are detected, then measures must be taken to eliminate the problem. Unfortunately, tests alone do not allow us to see the full picture of the state of the body and do not reveal why cortisol was elevated. Therefore, it is necessary to undergo additional examinations.
Treatment for high cortisol levels will be prescribed in accordance with the identified pathologies. If the cause is stress, then you need to learn how to get rid of it and increase the body’s resistance to various experiences. Various techniques help to achieve this, for example, psychological methods and practice. They provide an opportunity not only to relax, but also to put feelings and thoughts in order, tune in to positive emotions, and improve overall well-being and mood. All this leads to the fact that hormone production returns to normal.
Physical exercise also increases endurance and the body's defense reactions, but here it is necessary to adhere to the golden mean, since with excessive stress the level of cortisol increases. It will be enough to exercise for 30 minutes. cycling, swimming, running.
Positive emotions are also important. You should find time to meet with friends, travel, do what you love, and devote time to your beauty. It is also important to normalize sleep and get proper rest. You need to sleep at least 8 hours and go to bed no later than midnight. It is advisable to sleep during the daytime.
Ways to Reduce Cortisol
One of the most effective ways to reduce cortisol is to change your diet. You should avoid a number of foods:
- Drinks with high caffeine content: soda, coffee, energy drinks. These drinks increase cortisol levels.
- Processed food products: Sugar and simple carbohydrates lead to a surge in the hormone. Refined carbohydrates should be avoided white rice, pasta is not from whole grain, white bread, sweets, chocolate, cakes.
- Fast foods.
The menu should be filled with:
- eggs;
- cottage cheese and dairy products;
- healthy fats;
- onions;
- garlic;
- greens;
- tomatoes;
- spinach;
- broccoli.
Dehydration should be avoided. If the urine has acquired dark color, then this may indicate insufficient drinking regime. Black, green or chamomile tea is especially useful in this situation. To reduce cortisol, you need to supplement the menu fish oil. To do this, it is not necessary to buy special additives; you can limit yourself to sea bass, sardines, salmon, and mackerel.
Preparations containing radiola rosea, extracts of Eleutherococcus, St. John's wort, infusions of licorice, oats, chloride, citrate or sodium gluconate help reduce hormone levels.
To reduce cortisol levels, you also need to make lifestyle changes. It would be a good idea to learn to meditate. The duration of each session is half an hour. It is advisable to conduct classes 3 – 4 times a week.
Meditation technique:
- Sit in a quiet dark room, relax. If this doesn’t work out, then you can try to imagine a calm, quiet place. Feel your body relax. This relieves muscle tension.
- Close your eyes, take a deep breath. Repeat these steps until your heart rate slows down. It is worth paying attention to the beating of the heart in a relaxed state, imagining how tension leaves the body through the tips of the fingers and toes.
Watching a funny movie or reading a funny story will be very helpful. Scientists have proven that joyful laughter can inhibit the production of cortisol.
It is also advisable to perform special exercises to reduce hormone levels:
- You can do yoga or Pilates, which not only help reduce cortisol levels, but also burn calories and train muscles.
- You can use other exercises, such as a game console.
Listening to music can also reduce hormone levels.
Existing blockers
Anticatabolics or cortisol blockers are drugs that reduce the secretion of this hormone in the blood. These include protein and amino acid complexes.
Cortisol blockers are:
- Androgenic-anabolic steroids. They lead to increased synthesis of protein and other nutrients.
- Growth hormone causes a decrease in the level of adrenocorticotropic hormone, which affects the decrease in cortisol. Some peptide drugs have a similar effect, for example, pralmolerin or hexarelin.
- Agmantine is a drug used by athletes.
- Ascorbic acid. The effectiveness of the drug was proven by research: subjects took vitamin C at a dosage of 3000 mg/day for 6 days. As a result, cortisol levels decreased significantly and blood pressure also decreased.
- Glucose. By using a solution of this substance during intense training, you can avoid spikes in cortisol.
- In addition to its anti-catabolic effect, phosphatidylserine increases endurance, improves brain activity, and reduces post-workout muscle pain.
- Complex sports supplements containing vitamins C and E, glutamine, alpha-lipoic acid.
Cortisol and bodybuilding
Cortisol is a catabolic hormone that can break down proteins, promote fat storage, and increase blood glucose levels. However, depending on the situation, this hormone can bring a lot of benefits.
The described hormone can ruin your figure, not only reducing muscle volume, but also accumulating fat in the abdominal area. When cortisol levels are elevated, the immune system suffers, a person gets sick more often, and recovery is delayed. With a prolonged increase in cortisol, insulin resistance can occur.
But if there is not enough cortisol, it is bad, as it can be fatal. At low levels, a person will feel constant fatigue.
However, high cortisol in bodybuilding can also be beneficial. With a rapid and relatively sharp increase in hormone levels, a noticeable increase in strength indicators occurs. Strength endurance is increased, allowing athletes to train longer without compromising performance.
In such a situation, strength training can last no more than 40–50 minutes. After this time, cortisol will prevail over growth hormone and testosterone, and muscle breakdown will begin accordingly. However, there is also a nuance here. The hormone does not immediately begin to destroy muscles. First, it extracts energy from glycogen. And only then does it produce new glucose, which requires amino acids. If the level of the latter in the blood is insufficient, muscle destruction will begin.
But if you provide the body with the necessary amount of amino acids, especially BCAAs, before and during training, then cortisol will not be so terrible.
Ways to increase hormone levels
If the following conditions occur, this may indicate a lack of cortisol:
- lack of appetite;
- weight loss;
- low blood pressure;
- frequent fainting;
- chronic fatigue;
- stomach ache;
- nausea, vomiting;
- desire to eat salty food;
- appearance dark spots on the skin;
- muscle fatigue, pain;
- depression, apathy;
- irritability;
- rapid pulse;
- hair loss in women and decreased libido.
If at least one of these signs is present, then you should get tested and determine your cortisol level. If cortisol in the blood is low, then it needs to be increased. How? This is related to the cause of the deficiency.
However, here it is worth paying attention to lifestyle. It may need to be changed:
- try to avoid stress;
- normalize sleep patterns;
- do not consume caffeine and alcohol;
- do physical exercise, meditation, yoga;
- diversify your diet with oily fish, nuts, olive and coconut oil, avocado;
- do not consume processed foods, sugar, or processed foods.
It is also recommended to undergo a course of hormone replacement therapy. It is necessary to consult a doctor who will select synthetic corticosteroid drugs (Hydrocortisone, Cortisone Acetate, Prednisolone and others). During such therapy, it is necessary to undergo regular cortisol tests. Such drugs also have some side effects: increase body weight, activate mood swings. It is necessary to discuss with your doctor how to correct such side effects.
Cortisol and weight
At strict diet or fasting, a number of changes occur in the body. Changes due to dietary intake hormonal background. Weight loss results may not be successful due to cortisol as it is a steroid hormone.
Although there are known facts when people suddenly lost weight due to stress. But this is due to the production of another hormone - adrenaline, which reduces appetite and affects the rapid breakdown of fats.
But if stressful situations continue and become constant, then cortisol begins to affect the body and increases appetite. However, a person cannot always stop gluttony. Cortisol also slows down the rate of metabolic processes.
- accelerates the production of lipogenic enzymes that promote the synthesis of adipose tissue;
- accelerates the production of insulin, which promotes the accumulation of fat in cells;
- destroys muscles.
It is known that after 35 years there is a natural decrease in body weight. In a year, a person can lose 200–250 g of muscle mass. At the same time, outwardly it is almost imperceptible, since the weight itself does not decrease, but can even increase due to fat mass.
And if a person is in a stressful situation, then the decrease in muscle mass occurs even more intensely. If you add to this sleep disturbances and a lack of essential vitamins and minerals, then excess weight due to cortisol increases even more.
It turns out that someone who is constantly in stressful situations, the process of fat breakdown slows down, and weight does not decrease.
Cortisol is a hormone that can cause both benefit and harm. Therefore, it is necessary to keep its level under control.
