The Hans Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) will help you find out your temperament, determine your temperament type, taking into account introversion and extroversion of personality, as well as emotional stability. Diagnosis of self-esteem according to G. Eysenck is, perhaps, a classic technique for determining temperament and one of the most significant in modern psychology.
By passing the Eysenck temperament test, you will be able to better know your own self. You will understand what your character is and will be able to take a more correct position in life. Knowing the temperament of your loved ones and friends will help you get along comfortably in your family and in life. work collective. For example, in some schools, applicants must pass a temperament test. In accordance with these tests, classes will be formed in the future. When hiring, many employers also offer to take a temperament test in order to select the applicant who will successfully fit into the team.
Instructions.
You are asked to answer 57 questions. The questions are aimed at identifying your usual way of behavior. Try to imagine typical situations and give the first “natural” answer that comes to your mind. If you agree with the statement, put a + (yes) sign next to its number; if not, put a - (no) sign next to its number.
Stimulus material for G. Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (EPI Temperament Test. Diagnosis of self-esteem according to Eysenck. Methodology for determining temperament).
- Do you like the excitement and bustle around you?
- Do you often have a restless feeling that you want something, but you don’t know what?
- Are you one of those people who don't mince words?
- Do you feel sometimes happy and sometimes sad for no reason?
- Do you usually keep a low profile at parties or in company?
- As a child, did you always do immediately and without complaint what you were told?
- Do you sometimes have a bad mood?
- When you are drawn into a quarrel, do you prefer to remain silent, hoping that everything will work out?
- Are you easily susceptible to mood swings?
- Do you like being around people?
- Have you often lost sleep because of your worries?
- Are you stubborn sometimes?
- Would you call yourself dishonest?
- Do good thoughts often come to you too late?
- Do you prefer to work alone?
- Do you often feel lethargic and tired for no good reason?
- Are you a lively person by nature?
- Do you sometimes laugh at indecent jokes?
- Do you often get so bored with something that you feel “fed up”?
- Do you feel self-conscious in anything other than casual clothing?
- Do your thoughts often wander when you are trying to focus on something?
- Can you quickly express your thoughts in words?
- Are you often lost in your thoughts?
- Are you completely free from all prejudices?
- Do you like April Fools' jokes?
- Do you often think about your work?
- Do you really like to eat delicious food?
- Do you need a friendly person to talk you out when you're angry?
- Do you hate borrowing or selling something when you need money?
- Do you brag sometimes?
- Are you very sensitive to certain things?
- Would you rather be alone at home than go to a boring party?
- Do you sometimes get so restless that you can't sit still for long?
- Do you tend to plan your affairs carefully and earlier than you should?
- Do you ever feel dizzy?
- Do you always respond to emails immediately after reading them?
- Do you do a better job of thinking about it on your own rather than discussing it with others?
- Do you ever feel short of breath even if you haven't done any strenuous work?
- Would you say that you are a person who doesn't care about things being exactly the way they should be?
- Do you prefer to plan rather than act?
- Do you sometimes put off until tomorrow what you should do today?
- Do you get nervous in places like an elevator, subway, tunnel?
- When meeting people, are you usually the first to take the initiative?
- Do you have severe headaches?
- Do you usually think that everything will work itself out and go back to normal?
- Have you ever lied in your life?
- Do you sometimes say the first thing that comes to mind?
- How long do you worry after the embarrassment that happened?
- Are you usually closed off to everyone except your close friends?
- Do troubles often happen to you?
- Do you like to tell stories to your friends?
- Do you prefer to win more than lose?
- Do you often feel awkward in the company of people higher than you?
- When circumstances are against you, do you usually think that something else is worth doing?
- Do you often get a queasy feeling in the pit of your stomach before an important task?
Key, processing of the results of the Personality Questionnaire of G. Eysenck (EPI Temperament Test. Diagnostics of self-esteem according to Eysenck. Methodology for determining temperament)
Extraversion - introversion:
- “yes” (+): 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56;
- “no” (-): 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 51.
Neuroticism (emotional stability - emotional instability):
- “yes” (+): 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52 , 55, 57.
"Lie Scale":
- “yes” (+): 6, 24, 36;
- “no” (-): 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.
Answers that match the key are worth 1 point.
Interpretation of the results of the G. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPI temperament test. Diagnosis of self-esteem according to Eysenck. Methodology for determining temperament)
When analyzing the results, you should adhere to the following guidelines.
Extraversion - introversion:
- over 19 - bright extrovert,
- over 15 - extrovert,
- more than 12 - a tendency towards extroversion,
- 12 - average value,
- less than 12 - tendency towards introversion,
- less than 9 - introvert,
- less than 5 - deep introvert.
Neuroticism:
- more than 19 - very high level of neuroticism,
- more than 13 - high level of neuroticism,
- 9 - 13 - average value,
- less than 9 - low level of neuroticism.
Lie:
- more than 4 - insincerity in answers, which also indicates some demonstrative behavior and the subject’s orientation towards social approval,
- less than 4 is normal.
Description of scales
Extraversion - introversion
Characterizing a typical extrovert, the author notes his sociability and outward orientation of the individual, a wide circle of acquaintances, and the need for contacts. He acts under the influence of the moment, is impulsive, quick-tempered, carefree, optimistic, good-natured, and cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions are not strictly controlled, and he is prone to risky actions. You can't always rely on him.
A typical introvert is a quiet, shy, introjective person who is prone to introspection. Reserved and distant from everyone except close friends. Plans and thinks about his actions in advance, does not trust sudden impulses, takes decisions seriously, loves order in everything. He controls his feelings and is not easily angered. He is pessimistic and highly values moral standards.
Neuroticism
Characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability or instability). Neuroticism, according to some data, is associated with indicators of lability nervous system. Emotional stability is a trait that expresses the preservation of organized behavior, situational focus in ordinary and stressful situations. Characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety, as well as a tendency to leadership and sociability. Neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, preoccupation, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations. Neuroticism corresponds to emotionality and impulsiveness; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, tendency to irritability. A neurotic personality is characterized by inappropriately strong reactions in relation to the stimuli that cause them. Individuals with high scores on the neuroticism scale may develop neurosis in unfavorable stressful situations.
Eysenck circle.
Explanation for the drawing "Eysenck circle":
Sanguine = stable + extroverted
Phlegmatic = stable + introverted
Melancholic = unstable + introverted
Choleric = unstable + extroverted
The results on the extraversion and neuroticism scales are presented using a coordinate system. The interpretation of the results obtained is based on psychological characteristics individuals corresponding to one or another square of the coordinate model, taking into account the degree of expression of individual psychological properties and the degree of reliability of the data obtained.
Drawing on data from higher physiology nervous activity, Eysenck hypothesizes that the strong and weak type s, according to Pavlov, are very close to extroverted and introverted personality types. The nature of introversion and extraversion is seen in the innate properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition.
Thus, using survey data on the scales of extraversion, introversion and neuroticism, it is possible to derive indicators of personality temperament according to the classification of Pavlov, who described four classical types: sanguine (according to the basic properties of the central nervous system is characterized as strong, balanced, mobile), choleric (strong, unbalanced, mobile), phlegmatic (strong, balanced, inert), melancholic (weak, unbalanced, inert).
"Clean" sanguine(high extraversion and low neuroticism) quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly gets along with people, and is sociable. Feelings arise and change easily, emotional experiences are usually shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, does not sufficiently regulate his impulses, and does not know how to strictly adhere to the established routine, life, or work system. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out work that requires an equal expenditure of effort, prolonged and methodical tension, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, creative activity superficiality and inconstancy are developed.
Choleric(high extraversion and high neuroticism) characterized by increased excitability, actions are intermittent. He is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, and vivid expression of emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, carried away by a task, he tends to act with all his might and become more exhausted than he should. Having public interest, temperament shows initiative, energy, and integrity. In the absence of spiritual life, choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, efficiency, lack of restraint, hot temper, and inability to self-control under emotional circumstances.
Phlegmatic person (high introversion and high neuroticism) characterized by a relatively low level of behavioral activity, new forms of which are developed slowly but are persistent. Possesses slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods. A persistent and persistent “worker of life”, he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to emotions, having calculated his strength, gets things done to the end, is even in relationships, moderately sociable, and does not like to chat in vain. Saves energy and doesn’t waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person may be characterized by “positive” traits - endurance, depth of thoughts, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy, indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to perform just habitual actions.
Melancholic(high introversion and high neuroticism). His reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus; there is depth and stability of feelings with weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong impacts often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic person (give up). He is characterized by restraint and subdued motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, and indecisiveness. Under normal conditions, a melancholic person is a deep, meaningful person who can be a good worker and successfully cope with life’s tasks. Under unfavorable conditions, he can turn into a closed, fearful, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult internal experiences of life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.
Section: psychology tests with answers.
Temperament- this is a set of mental properties of an individual associated with the speed of occurrence of feelings and their strength.The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates is considered the creator of the doctrine of temperament. He argued that people differ in the ratio of four “body juices”: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Based on the teachings of Hippocrates, the ancient Roman physician Claudius Galen developed the first typology of temperaments based on the “juices” prevailing in the body:
. sanguine (from Latin sanguis - blood);
. phlegmatic (from the Greek phlegma - mucus);
. choleric (from the Greek chole - bile);
. melancholic (from the Greek melas chole - black bile).
In subsequent centuries, numerous concepts and typologies of temperaments emerged. In many of them, the properties of temperament were associated with body features. Among such constitutional typologies in Europe greatest distribution received the typology of E. Kretschmer. Kretschmer identified three main constitutional types and three corresponding types of temperament:
1. Leptosomatics (a person with a fragile physique, tall stature, flat chest, narrow shoulders, long and thin limbs) corresponds to a schizothymic type of temperament. A schizothymic person is closed, stubborn, and not inclined to change attitudes and views.
2. Picnic (for an obese person, small or medium height, with big belly and a round head on a short neck) corresponds to the cyclothymic type of temperament. Cyclothymic is realistic in his views, easily contacts people; his emotions fluctuate between joy and sadness.
3. Athletic (a person with a strong physique, tall or average height, broad shoulders and narrow hips) corresponds to the ixothymic type of temperament. An ixothymic person is a calm, unimpressive person with restrained gestures and facial expressions, and low flexibility of thinking.
In the USA, W. Sheldon’s concept of temperament has gained great popularity. They also identified three body types and three corresponding temperament types:
1. Ectomorphic body type (fragile body, flat rib cage, long thin limbs) corresponds to the cerebrotonic type of temperament. Cerebrotonic is characterized by lethargy, fear of social contacts, tendency to solitude.
2. The endomorphic body type (weak body with excess fatty tissue) corresponds to the viscerotonic type of temperament. The viscerotonic person is emotionally even, sociable, and friendly.
3. Mesomorphic body type (slim and strong body, large physical strength) corresponds to the somato-tonic type of temperament. The somatotonic person is energetic, aggressive, and self-confident.
The concepts of temperament based on the peculiarities of the functioning of the nervous system deserve more serious attention. The studies of I. P. Pavlov are deservedly considered the most significant for understanding the physiological foundations of temperament. Pavlov described four properties of the nervous system:
. excitation strength;
. braking force;
. balance of excitation and inhibition processes;
. mobility (speed of transition from excitation to inhibition and vice versa).
Depending on the relationship between these properties, Pavlov identified four types of nervous system, corresponding to four classic types temperament:
1) strong, balanced, mobile type - sanguine;
2) strong, balanced, inert type - phlegmatic;
3) strong, unbalanced (with a predominance of excitement) - choleric;
4) weak type - melancholic.
Pavlov's research was continued by B. M. Teplov (highlighted the most significant properties of temperament), V. D. Nebylitsyn (introduced the concept of lability of the nervous system), V. M. Rusalov (highlighted such properties of temperament as ergicity, plasticity, speed, emotionality) .
Among the methods that diagnose temperament, the following are quite well known abroad:
. Infant Temperament Questionnaire by V. Karey and S. McDevitt (for children 4-8 months);
. R. Martin Temperament Assessment Battery (3-7 years);
. average temperament questionnaire childhood V. Kareya and S. McDevitt (8-12 years old);
. temperament questionnaire by R. Kruise, V. Blitchington and V. Futcher (18-35 years old);
. Marche-Niemann temperament scale by W. Baumann and J. Angst (20-80 years).
Among domestic diagnostic methods, the most famous is the development of V. M. Rusalov.
Character- this is a set of mental properties of an individual, manifested in his typical modes of action and forms of behavior.
There are quite a few classifications of character traits. In Russian psychology, two approaches are most often found.
1. In connection with mental processes, volitional, emotional and intellectual character traits are distinguished.
2. In accordance with the orientation of the personality, character traits are divided into four groups:
. attitude towards other people;
. attitude towards oneself;
. attitude to activity;
. attitude towards the surrounding world.
Character is a lifetime formation, that is, it is formed after a person’s birth. The main role in the formation and development of a child’s character is played by his communication with people around him. The sensitive period for character development can be considered the age from 2-3 to 9-10 years, when children communicate a lot and actively with both adults and peers.
Earlier than others (according to some sources, in the first months of life), such traits as kindness, sociability, responsiveness, or their opposites, are formed. Hard work, accuracy, conscientiousness, and responsibility are formed somewhat later - in early and preschool childhood. In junior school age character traits that manifest themselves in relationships with people are formed. IN adolescence strong-willed character traits are actively developing, and in early youth the moral foundations of the individual are formed.
By the end of school, a person’s character can be considered basically established. However, character is not
frozen formation and can be transformed throughout life.
Attempts to study character were made back in time immemorial. The most important problem Characterology for centuries has been identifying character types. A great contribution to the description of character types was made by K. Jung, E. Kretschmer, K. Leongard, E. Fromm, as well as domestic scientists P. B. Gannushkin, A. E. Lichko.
Thus, C. Jung identified two types of character: extroverted (aimed at external world) and introverted (directed towards one’s own inner world). E. Kretschmer also describes two types of character: cycloid (with alternating phases of good and bad mood) and schizoid (closed).
Over time, the number of character types increases: in P. B. Ganushkin we find 7 types, and in A. E. Lichko - 11.
To diagnose character traits, you can use:
. a method of express diagnostics of personality characteristics (T. V. Matalina);
. multifactorial personality questionnaire R. Cattell.
To diagnose accentuations - tests by K. Leonhard, G. Shmishek, A. E. Lichko and others.
The relationship between temperament and character: among the views on the relationship between temperament and character in modern psychology, four main approaches can be distinguished:
1) identification of character and temperament (E. Kretschmer);
2) contrast between character and temperament (V. Virenius);
3) the opinion that temperament is part of character (S. L. Rubinstein);
4) consideration of temperament as the natural basis of character (L. S. Vygotsky, B. G. Ananyev).
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CONTENT
Introduction
- General information about temperament
Methods for diagnosing temperament
- Method of empirical signs (Obozov’s method)
Methodology of G. Eysenck’s two-factor model of extraversion and neuroticism
Methodology for diagnosing temperament by A.Belov
Literature
INTRODUCTION
We begin to encounter the concept of temperament from childhood. Looking at the behavior of children, we can give some characteristics to each. We call one “choleric,” another “sanguine,” the third “phlegmatic,” and the fourth “melancholic.” And we usually classify ourselves into one of four categories.
It turns out that most often people consider themselves choleric or sanguine. Phlegmatic people are found less often, and rarely does anyone agree to admit to being melancholic, as if ashamed. Meanwhile, people of very different temperaments can achieve high achievements in the same type of activity. If we take the largest writers, then A.I. Herzen was a typical sanguine person, I.A. Krylov was a phlegmatic person, A.S. Pushkin was a choleric person, and N.V. Gogol was a melancholic person. In one era, two outstanding Russian commanders with different temperaments became famous - the choleric A.V. Suvorov and the phlegmatic M.I. Kutuzov.
Familiarity with the concept and methods of diagnosing temperaments allows not only to satisfy cognitive interest. Knowledge in this area is necessary for the professional activity of a teacher when choosing an individual approach to the learning process, for managers at all levels when building tactics for business relationships with subordinates, when choosing a profession, as well as during professional selection, when people communicate with each other, when developing professional skills etc.
The abstract will describe several diagnostic methods, which, in my opinion, are the most significant and popular in determining the temperament of a person and a group of people.
1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT TEMPERAMENT
The word “temperament” is of Latin origin (temperamentum), meaning proportionality, “proper relationship of parts.” The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (V-IV centuries BC) is considered to be the founder of the doctrine of temperament. Hippocrates believed that there are four fluids in the human body: blood (sanguis - Latin), mucus (phelgma - Greek), bile (chole - Greek) and black bile (melaina chole - Greek). If these liquids are mixed correctly, a person will be healthy, if mixed incorrectly, he will be sick. One of the liquids predominates, Hippocrates believed. This determines the type of person’s temperament (sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic).
Subsequently, the Roman physician Galen (2nd century AD), the German philosopher I. Kant (late 18th century), the German psychologist W. Wundt (late 19th century), and the German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer, American sociologist W. Sheldon, Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov and other researchers.
In the middle of the 20th century, scientists' interest in temperament types awakened with renewed vigor. This allowed, as N.N. notes. Obozov, clarify and expand ideas about the basic properties of the nervous system. Scientists from the school of B.M. Teplov-V.D. Nebylitsyn discovered that the strength of the human nervous system, which acts as the level of its performance, has not only the main positive value, but also negative aspects. It has been proven, for example, that in those with a weak type of nervous system, low performance is significantly compensated by an increase in sensitivity, which makes it possible to more clearly perceive changes in the surrounding reality.
Temperament is the individual properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person’s mental activity, behavioral characteristics and the degree of balance in reactions to life influences.
2. METHODS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF TEMPERAMENT
How can you determine a person’s temperament type without special means? Exist and apply various techniques Temperament diagnostics to determine its type. Let's look at the most famous of them.
2.1 Method of empirical signs (Obozov’s method)
N.N. For this purpose, Obozov proposes to use 15 empirical signs characterizing types of temperament: balance of an individual’s behavior, level of emotional experience, mood, speech, patience, adaptation, sociability, aggressiveness in behavior, attitude to criticism, activity, attitude to new things, attitude to danger, desire for goals, self-esteem, suggestibility. The degree of manifestation of these signs for each type of temperament is different (Table 1).
To determine the types of temperament, a line-by-line selection is made from Table 1 of the degree of manifestation of each of the characterological traits. For example, in the line “Balance of behavior,” the most appropriate value for the subject is “Well balanced,” and the value “Excellently balanced” is somewhat less appropriate. In this case, the first value is assigned a score of “2 points”, and the second value – “I point”. The remaining values in this line are scored 0 points. Indicators for all other characterological characteristics are assessed in the same way. Column scores are then calculated. The personality type for which the highest amount of points is scored is the main one for the subject.
Table 1. Psychological characteristics of temperament types
| Types of temperament Characterological sign |
Sanguine | Phlegmatic person | Choleric | Melancholic |
| 1. Balance behavior |
Well balanced |
Perfectly balanced |
Unbalanced |
Very unbalanced |
| 2. Emotional experiences |
Superficial, | Weak | Strong, short-term |
Deep and long lasting |
| 3. Mood | Steady, cheerful |
Sustainable, without great joys and sorrows |
Unstable with predominance cheerful |
Unstable with the predominance of pessimism |
| 4. Speech | Loud, lively, smooth |
Monotonous, joyful |
Loud, harsh, uneven |
Quiet with a gasp |
| 5. Patience | Moderate | Very big | Weak | Very weak |
| 6. Adaptation | Excellent | Slow | good | Difficult (closedness) |
| 7. Sociability | Moderate | Low | High | Low (closedness) |
| 8. Aggressive behavior | Peaceful | Restraint in behavior | Aggressive | Hysteria, avoidance of difficulties |
| 9.Attitude towards criticism | Calm | Indifferent | Excited | Touchy |
| 10. Active in activities | Energetic (business) | Passionate, | Behavior of a tireless worker | Uneven |
| 11. Attitude towards new things | Indifferent | Negative | Positive | Optimistic |
| 12. Attitude to danger | Prudent, without much risk | Cool, imperturbable | Combat is risky, without much calculation | Anxious, depressed |
| 13. Striving for a goal | Fast, avoiding obstacles | Slow steady | Strong, with full dedication | Sometimes strong, sometimes weak, avoiding obstacles |
| 14. Self-esteem | Some overestimation of one's abilities | Real assessment of your abilities | Significant overestimation of one's abilities | Most often - underestimation of one's abilities |
| 15. Suggestibility and suspiciousness | Small | Stable | Moderate | Big |
2.2. Methodology of G. Eysenck’s two-factor model of extraversion and neuroticism
This technique for diagnosing temperament was developed based on an analysis of examination materials of 700 neurotic soldiers. This model uses the temperament-related concepts of extraversion and neuroticism.
Extroversion is a kind of characteristic of a person’s individual psychological differences, the extreme poles of which correspond to the personality’s focus either on the world of external objects (extraversion) or on the phenomena of his own subjective world (introversion) (Fig. 2).
Neuroticism is a concept that is characterized by emotional instability, anxiety, excitement, poor health, and autonomic disorders. This factor is already bipolar. One of its poles has a positive meaning, characterized by emotional stability, the other pole - emotional instability. Emotional stability is inherent in sanguine and phlegmatic people, emotional instability - in choleric and melancholic people.
G. Eysenck's research led to the conclusion that most people are between the poles of the two-factor model he developed
extroversion and neuroticism and, according to the normal distribution, closer to its middle. The result of this study was a clear classification of a person into one of four types of temperament, as indicated in Fig. 2 and 3. .
Extroverts (sanguine and choleric) are characterized by sociability, impulsiveness, flexible behavior, great initiative, high social adaptability, but low persistence.
Introverts (phlegmatic people, melancholic people) are characterized by observation, isolation, a tendency to introspection, difficulty in social adaptation, fixation of interests on the phenomena of their own inner world, social passivity with sufficient persistence.
In order to determine the place of the subject's temperament type in G. Eysenck's two-factor model, a test in the form of questions is used. Each question asked must be answered “Yes” or “No”. There is no average for the answer.
Questions from G. Eysenck.
1. Do you often feel a craving for new experiences in order to distract yourself and experience strong sensations?
2. Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand you and express sympathy?
3. Do you consider yourself a carefree person?
4. Is it very difficult for you to give up your intentions?
5. Do you think about your affairs slowly and prefer to wait before acting?
6. Do you always keep your promises, even if it is unprofitable for you?
7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?
8. Do you usually act and speak quickly and do you spend a lot of time thinking?
9. Have you ever had the feeling that you are unhappy, although there was no serious reason for this?
10. Is it true that during a dispute you are able to decide on anything? 11. Do you feel embarrassed when you want to meet a person of the “opposite” sex who you like?
12. Does it happen that when you get angry, you lose your temper?
13. Do you often act thoughtlessly, on the spur of the moment?
14. Do you often worry about the idea that you shouldn’t do or say something?
15. Do you prefer reading books to meeting people?
16. Is it true that you are easily offended?
17. Lovers Do you often go out with others?
18. Do you have thoughts that you would not like to share with other people?
19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything in your hands burns, and sometimes you feel very lethargic?
20. Do you try to limit your circle of acquaintances? a large number closest friends?
21. Do you dream a lot?
22. When people shout at you, do you respond in kind?
23. Do you often feel guilty?
24. Are all your habits good and desirable?
25. Are you able to give free rein? own feelings and have a lot of fun in a noisy company?
26. Can we say that your nerves are often tense to the limit?
27. Are you considered a lively and cheerful person?
28. After something is done, do you often return to it in your mind and think that you could have done it better?
29. Is it true that you are usually silent and reserved when you are among people?
30. Does it happen that you spread rumors?
31. Does it ever happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts pop into your head?
32. Is it true that it is often more pleasant and easier for you to read about what interests you in a book, although it is faster and easier to learn about it from friends? 33. Do you have palpitations?
34. Do you like work that requires close attention?
35. Do you have tremors?
36. Is it true that you always say only good things about people you know, even when you are sure that they will not know about it?
37. Is it true that you find it unpleasant in a company where they constantly make fun of each other?
38. Is it true that you are irritable?
39. Do you like work that requires quick action?
40. Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts about various troubles and “horrors” that could happen, although everything ended well?
41. Is it true that you are leisurely in your movements?
42. Have you ever been late for a date or for work?
43. Do you often have nightmares?
44. Is it true that you are such a lover of conversation that you never miss an opportunity to talk with a stranger?
45. Do you have any pain?
46. Would you be upset if you couldn’t see your friends for a long time?
47. Would you call yourself a nervous person?
48. Are there people among your friends that you clearly don’t like?
49. Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work?
50. Would you say that you are a confident person?
51. Do you find it difficult to really enjoy events in which there are many participants?
52. Does the feeling that you are somehow worse than others bother you?
53. Would you be able to bring some life into a boring company?
54. Does it happen that you talk about things that you don’t understand at all?
55. Are you worried about your health?
56. Do you like to make fun of others?
57. Do you suffer from insomnia?
Processing and interpretation of testing results.
Test processing should begin with determining the reliability of the test subjects' answers. If the answers match those indicated in the key, then each of them is assigned 1 point. The key to the questions is given below. If the total score for the sincerity of responses is 5 or 6, then the results obtained are questioned.
If the sum of points is more than 7, then the testing data is considered unreliable and further processing of the results is not performed.
With a score from 0 to 4, the answers are reliable.
On clean slate paper, two mutually perpendicular axes of extroversion and neuroticism are drawn, with scale values from 0 to 24. The intersection point of the axes corresponds to the value 12.
The sum of points is calculated according to the indicator of extroversion - introversion. Points for answers to this indicator are awarded in the same way as for the “Sincerity of answers” indicator (for each answer that matches the extraversion indicator in the questionnaire key, I point is assigned).
Questionnaire Key
| Indicators of temperament properties | ||
| Extraversion | Neuroticism | Response sincerity indicator |
| 1. Yes 29. No | 2. Yes 31. Yes | 6. Yes |
| 3. Yes 32. No | 4. Yes 33. Yes | 12. No |
| 5. No 34. No | 7. Yes 35. Yes | 18.No |
| 8. Yes 37. No | 9. Yes 38. Yes | 24. Yes |
| 10. Yes 39. Yes | 11. Yes 40. Yes | 30. No |
| 13. Yes 41. No | 14. Yes 43. Yes | 36. Yes |
| 15. No 44. Yes | 16. Yes 45. Yes | 42.No |
| 17. Yes 46. Yes | 19. Yes 47. Yes | 48. No |
| 20. No 49. Yes | 21. Yes 50. Yes | 54. No |
| 22. Yes 51. No | 23. Yes 52. Yes | |
| 25. Yes 53. Yes | 26. Yes 55. Yes | |
| 27. Yes 56. Yes | 28. Yes 57. Yes |
Suppose that when calculating points on the extraversion indicator, the sum turned out to be equal to 15. In this case, through the value of 15 on the extroversion axis we draw vertical line. The total score for the neuroticism indicator is calculated in the same way. Let the total score for this indicator be 19. A horizontal line is drawn through the value of 19 on the neuroticism axis. The point of intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines will show the subject’s place in G. Eysenck’s two-factor model. In this case, a choleric temperament was identified, as indicated in Fig. 2.
Obviously, in G. Eysenck’s interpretation, the subject is a clear extrovert with somewhat pronounced emotional instability.
According to the extroversion factor (extroversion - introversion), the subjects can be divided into two groups. If the subject scores less than 12 points on the extroversion indicator, then he is more likely to be introverted. If the sum of points is more than 12, then the subject is characterized by extraversion. Score values from 0 to 12 reflect the severity of introversion, from 12 to 24 - extroversion.
Scoring for the neuroticism indicator is done in the same way.
With a total score of less than 12, subjects are classified as representatives distinguished by emotional stability (stability). With a total score of more than 12, subjects are classified as emotionally unstable personality types. It should be borne in mind that the reliability of the test results, as is generally accepted by psychologists, does not exceed 0.8 (i.e. 80%).
Let us present the psychological characteristics of the above types of subjects, as described by A.I. Krasilo.
Extraversion. Most likely, you are socially open, disinhibited, and good at making and maintaining emotional contacts. This can be useful in situations where the ability to take control of a situation is required. For example, the work of a merchant, broker, sales worker, journalist. You are characterized by sociability, initiative, flexibility of behavior, the ability to find your place in society and adapt to its requirements. Are you in to a greater extent tend to act under the influence of a sudden impulse rather than according to a planned program. You, like a magnet, are attracted to objects and objects of the outside world.
Introversion. Most likely, you are modest, do not need constant support from the group (you are self-sufficient), perhaps you are overly constrained in personal contacts and experience communication difficulties.
These traits can help in situations where focus and hard work is required. You are more prone to introspection, shyness, and social passivity. It is not easy for you to engage in group problem-solving processes, and you prefer individual work. Your interests are aimed at the inner world of a person, which you consider more significant than the world of objects and external circumstances that force you to reckon with their existence.
Neuroticism. It is more likely that you are not satisfied with your ability to solve life's problems and achieve the desired results. You have increased anxiety about small things everyday problems. There may also be anxiety about your health, which often has no real basis. You are characterized by high sensitivity and increased sensitivity to danger, so you tend to rely on the opinion of the majority. You are distinguished by a developed sense of responsibility, commitment, and constant worry about the fate of your loved ones. Feelings of compassion and empathy can fluctuate depending on the object of affection. You tend to doubt and check even work well done. Your self-esteem is most likely underestimated and does not coincide with your overestimate in an ideal way“desired self” that you consider necessary to correspond to. And at the same time, you do not have sufficient internal motivation to really want to achieve this.
Emotional stability. Your characteristics are the opposite of those who are characterized by neuroticism. You are not prone to anxiety, are compliant in relation to influences from surrounding people and circumstances, are prone to leadership, and are able to win over and inspire confidence in the majority of those around you.”
2.3 Methodology for diagnosing temperament by A.Belov
IN pure form There are no temperament types. Between the four types of temperament there are up to 16 intermediate forms, as variations of the main types. The relationship between different types of temperament in the same individual can be determined using the Temperament Formula test by A. Belov.
The test allows you to determine the percentage of temperament types inherent in a particular person. The subject marks with a “+” sign those qualities of temperament that are common and everyday for him.
So, if you
1) restless, fussy;
2) short-tempered, hot-tempered;
3) impatient;
4) harsh and straightforward in relationships with people;
5) decisive and proactive;
6) stubborn;
7) resourceful in argument;
8) work in jerks;
9) prone to risk;
10) not vindictive;
11) have fast, passionate speech with confused intonations;
12) unbalanced and prone to ardor;
13) aggressive bully;
14) are not tolerant of shortcomings;
15) have expressive facial expressions;
16) are able to act and decide quickly;
17) tirelessly strive for something new;
18) have sharp, impetuous movements;
19) persistent in achieving the set goal;
20) are prone to sudden mood swings, then you are pure choleric
If you:
1) cheerful and cheerful;
2) energetic and businesslike;
3) often do not finish what you start;
4) tend to overestimate themselves;
5) are able to quickly grasp new things;
6) unstable in interests and inclinations;
7) easily experience failures and troubles;
8) easily adapt to different circumstances;
9) take on any new business with enthusiasm;
10) quickly cool down if the matter ceases to interest you;
11) quickly get involved in a new job and quickly switch from one job to another;
12) are burdened by the monotony of everyday painstaking work;
13) are sociable and responsive, do not feel constrained with people who are new to you;
14) hardy and able to work;
15) have loud, fast, distinct speech, accompanied by gestures and expressive facial expressions;
16) maintain composure in unexpected difficult situations;
17) are always in a cheerful mood;
18) you quickly fall asleep and wake up;
19) are often disorganized and show haste in decisions;
20) tend to sometimes skim over the surface, get distracted - then you, of course, sanguine
If you:
1) calm and cool;
2) consistent and thorough in business;
3) careful and reasonable;
4) know how to wait;
5) are silent and do not like to chat in vain;
6) have a calm, even speech, with stops, without sharply expressed emotions, gestures and facial expressions;
7) restrained and patient;
8) finish what you start;
9) do not waste your energy;
10) adhere to the developed daily routine, life, work system;
11) easily restrain impulses;
12) low sensitivity to approval and censure;
13) are not malicious, show a condescending attitude towards barbs addressed to you;
14) are constant in their relationships and interests;
15) slowly get involved in work and slowly switch from one task to another;
16) have equal relations with everyone;
etc.................
Possible answers to the questions: “yes”, “no”. The first answer that comes to your mind is correct. Write down your answers - "yes" - plus, "no" - minus - on a piece of paper.
- 1) Do you often crave new experiences in order to experience strong sensations?
- 2) Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand you, encourage you, and express sympathy?
- 3) Do you consider yourself a carefree person?
- 4) Is it true that it is very difficult for you to answer “no”?
- 5) Do you think about your affairs slowly and prefer to wait before acting?
- 6) Do you always keep your promises, even if it is not profitable for you?
- 7) Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?
- 8) Do you usually act and speak quickly, and do you spend a lot of time thinking?
- 9)Have you ever had the feeling that you are unhappy, although there was no serious reason for this?
- 10) Is it true that you can decide on anything in a dispute?
- 11) Do you feel embarrassed when you want to meet a person of the opposite sex who you like?
- 12) Does it happen that when you get angry, you lose your temper?
- 13) Do you often act under the influence of a momentary mood?
- 14)Are you often bothered by thoughts that you shouldn’t do or say something?
- 15) Do you prefer reading books to meeting people?
- 16)Are you easily offended?
- 17) Do you often like to be in company?
- 18) Do you sometimes have thoughts that you would like to hide from other people?
- 19) Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything in your hands burns, and sometimes you feel very lethargic?
- 20) Do you prefer to have fewer friends, but especially close ones?
- 21) Do you often dream?
- 22) When people shout at you, do you respond in kind?
- 23) Are you often bothered by feelings of guilt?
- 24)Are all your habits good and desirable?
- 25)Are you able to give free rein to your own feelings and have a lot of fun in a noisy company?
- 26) Do you consider yourself an excitable and sensitive person?
- 27) Are you considered a lively and cheerful person?
- 28) After something is done, do you often return to it in your mind and think that you could have done it better?
- 29)Are you usually silent and reserved when you are among people?
- 30) Do you sometimes gossip?
- 31) Does it ever happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts are popping into your head?
- 32) Is it true that it is more pleasant and easier for you to read about what interests you in a book, although it is faster and easier to learn about it from friends?
- 33) Do you have palpitations?
- 34) Do you like work that requires constant attention?
- 35) Does it ever happen that you “shiver”?
- 36) Is it true that you always say only good things about people you know, even when you are sure that they will not know about it?
- 37) Is it true that you don’t like being in a company where they constantly make fun of each other?
- 38)Are you irritable?
- 39) Do you like work that requires quick action?
- 40) Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts about various troubles and “horrors” that could happen, although everything ended well?
- 41) Do you walk slowly and leisurely?
- 42) Have you ever been late for a date, work or school?
- 43) Do you often have nightmares?
- 44) Is it true that you are such a lover of conversation that you never miss an opportunity to talk with a stranger?
- 45) Do you have any pain?
- 46) Would you be upset if you couldn’t see your friends for a long time?
- 47) Can you call yourself a nervous person?
- 48)Are there people among your friends that you clearly don’t like?
- 49) Can you say that you are a confident person?
- 50)Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work?
- 51)Is it difficult to really enjoy a party?
- 52) Does the feeling that you are somehow worse than others bother you?
- 53) Would you be able to bring some life into a boring company?
- 54)Does it happen that you talk about things that you don’t understand at all?
- 55)Are you worried about your health?
- 56) Do you like to make fun of others?
- 57) Do you suffer from insomnia?
DOUGH PROCESSING
If the “key” answer matches your answer, you add one point to yourself. If it does not match, zero points.
1. Confidence scale.
The answer is “yes” to questions: 6, 24, 36.
The answer is “no” to questions: 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.
Count the amount. If the result is 5 or more points, this means that you answered not as it really is, but as you would like or as is accepted in society. In other words, your answers are not reliable.
2. Extraversion scale.
The answer is "yes" to questions: 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 37, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56.
The answer is “no” to questions: 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 41, 51.
Count the amount.
3. Emotional stability scale.
Answer "yes" to questions: 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52 , 55, 57.
Having received the sums for the “Extraversion Scale” and “Emotional Stability Scale” values, mark them, respectively, on the horizontal axis “Introversion-extroversion” and the vertical axis “Emotional stability”. The intersection point will show your temperament type.
Draw coordinate axes: the horizontal axis is the “extraversion scale”, the vertical axis is the “emotional stability scale”. Each scale from 1 to 24 intersects at point 12. Mark your indicators on the axes. Find the intersection point. A point can lie on an axis if one of the scales is 12.
The result you got is your predominant temperament type. On the extraversion scale, you can see the type of personality orientation: extrovert or introvert.
Four types of melancholic people
Pure, pronounced melancholic: introversion (int.) - from 1 to 9, emotional. stability (em. mouth) - 16 to 24 points.
Melancholic phlegmatic: int. - from 1 to 9, um. mouth - 12 to 16 points.
Mild melancholic: int. - 9 to 12, um. mouth - 12 to 16 b.
Melacholic choleric: int. - from 9 to 12, um. mouth - 16 to 24 b.
Four types of phlegmatic people
Pure, pronounced phlegmatic: introversion (int.) - from 1 to 9, emotional. stability (em. mouth) - 1 to 9 points.
Phlegmatic sanguine: int. - from 9 to 12, um. mouth - 1 to 9 points.
Slightly phlegmatic: int. - 9 to 12, um. mouth - 9 to 12 b.
Phlegmatic melancholic: int. - from 1 to 9, um. mouth - 9 to 12 b.
Four types of choleric people
Pure, pronounced choleric: introversion (int.) - from 16 to 24, emotional. stability (em. mouth) - 16 to 24 points.
Choleric melancholic: int. - from 12 to 16, um. mouth - 16 to 24 points.
Mild choleric: int. - 12 to 16, um. mouth - 12 to 16 b.
Choleric sanguine: int. - from 16 to 24, em. mouth - 12 to 16 b.
Four types of sanguine people
Pure, pronounced sanguine person: introversion (int.) - from 16 to 24, emotional. stability (em. mouth) - 1 to 9 points.
Sanguine choleric: int. - from 16 to 24, em. mouth - 9 to 12 points.
Slightly sanguine: int. - 12 to 16, um. mouth - 9 to 12 b.
Sanguine phlegmatic: int. - from 12 to 16, um. mouth - 1 to 9 b.
General concepts about temperament
Each person has his own characteristics of mental activity.
Temperament is a characteristic of a person, namely:
Temperament determines and ensures the speed, strength and balance of our reactions. It manifests itself in thinking, speech, and manner of communication.
At the same time, temperament does not affect interests, success, intelligence, business qualities- here we are able to independently develop our inclinations, turn them into abilities or forget about them.
The ability to make choices and take responsibility for them are indicators of a developed personality, and not manifestations of temperamental characteristics. Knowing your own type of temperament greatly simplifies the process of knowing yourself, accepting your manifestations and, as a result, choosing your own lifestyle.
Temperament human - a biological quality, innate, not acquired. Only 25% of 100% of temperament can be corrected. And this correction is our adjustment to the requirements of society (the world around us, society...). For what? For the purpose of a more efficient and successful existence.
Temperaments in their pure form are rare. Every person has something of choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. The question of who is better to be does not make sense, just like the question of what time of year is better. Each has its pros and cons. You need to know them and act, choosing effective model behavior depending on the situation. That is, do not follow the lead natural qualities, but to develop them.
Features of temperament must be taken into account when choosing a profession, but temperament should not be confused with character.
All these are character traits that are not inherent in nature, but are formed throughout life.
Can be a person with any temperament. A person’s success does not depend on his temperament, but on the abilities, knowledge, skills and orientation of the individual.
Basic components of temperament
Analysis internal structure temperament lead to the identification of three main, leading components. Each of these components has a complex multidimensional structure and different shapes psychological manifestations.
The sphere of general mental activity of a person.
- the individual’s desire for self-expression, effective mastery and transformation of external reality;
- intellectual and characterological characteristics, a complex of relationships and motives
Motor skills.
- In the motor (motor) component, the leading role is played by qualities associated with the function of the motor (and special speech-motor apparatus). Among the dynamic qualities of the motor component are:
- rapidity,
- force,
- sharpness,
- rhythm,
- amplitude and
- a number of other signs of muscle movement.
Emotionality.
- This is a large complex of properties and qualities that characterize the peculiarities of the emergence, course and cessation of various feelings, affects and moods.
- Impressionability- a person’s susceptibility, his sensitivity to emotional influences, his ability to find the basis for an emotional reaction where such soil does not exist for others.
- Impulsiveness- the speed with which emotion becomes the motivating force of actions and actions without prior thought and a conscious decision to carry them out.
- Emotional lability- the speed at which a given event ceases emotional condition or one experience is replaced by another.
This component is the most difficult. It has a branched structure of its own:
From the history of teachings about types of temperament
Hippocrates (5th century BC) first spoke about temperaments. He argued that people differ in the ratio of the 4 main “juices” of life that make up it:
Claudius Galen (2nd century BC) continued. He developed the first typology of temperaments (treatise “De temperamentum”) According to his teaching, the type of temperament depends on the predominance of one of the juices in the body. They identified temperaments that are widely known today:
I.P. Pavlov hypothesized that differences in behavior were based on some fundamental properties of nervous processes - excitation and inhibition. These properties include:
reflects performance nerve cell. It manifests itself in functional endurance, i.e. in the ability to withstand long-term or short-term, but strong excitement without going into the opposite state of braking
is understood as the functional performance of the nervous system during the implementation of inhibition. Manifests itself in the ability to form various inhibitory conditioned reactions, such as extinction and differentiation
balance of excitation and inhibition processes. The ratio of the strength of both processes decides whether a given individual is balanced or unbalanced, when the strength of one process exceeds the strength of the other
manifests itself in the speed of transition from one nervous process to another. The mobility of nervous processes is manifested in the ability to change behavior in accordance with changing living conditions. A measure of this property of the nervous system is the speed of transition from one action to another, from a passive state to an active one, and vice versa. The nervous system is more inert the more time or effort it takes to move from one process to another.
I.P. Pavlov distinguished between the strength of excitation and the strength of inhibition, considering them two independent properties of the nervous system.
The 4 types of nervous system identified by I.P. Pavlov correspond according to their main characteristics to the 4 classical types of temperament:
Description of temperament types.
Types of temperament according to I.P. Pavlov
I.P. Pavlov understood the type of nervous system as innate, relatively weakly susceptible to changes under the influence of environment and upbringing. According to Ivan Petrovich, the properties of the nervous system form physiological basis temperament, which is a mental manifestation of a type of nervous system.
Two things to note:
A strong nervous system copes more successfully with some life tasks (for example, in work associated with large and unexpected loads).
A weak nervous system copes more successfully with others (for example, in monotonous work conditions). A weak nervous system is a highly sensitive nervous system, and this is its advantage over a strong one.
Hans Eysenck studied the works of C. Jung, R. Woodworth, I.P. Pavlov, E. Kretschmer and other famous psychologists, psychiatrists and physiologists. He proposed three basic dimensions of personality:
- neuroticism
- extra/introversion
- psychoticism
characterizes emotional stability/instability (stability/instability).
High scores on neuroticism are expressed in nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods, and strong reactions in relation to the stimuli that cause them.
Low performance according to neuroticism, it is expressed in the preservation of organized behavior, situational focus in ordinary and stressful situations. Characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension and anxiety.
Extrovert- a person who is outward-looking, sociable, optimistic, with a wide circle of acquaintances, impulsive, acting under the influence of the moment. He needs contacts like air. He prefers to act, move forward, rather than reason.
Introvert- a person turned inward prefers to communicate only with close people, and distances himself from others. He is reserved, not sociable, shy, reserved, keeps his feelings under control, and is prone to introspection. An introvert likes to think about his actions.
Extroverts are much more tolerant of pain than introverts; they pause more during work to chat and drink coffee than introverts; excitement increases the effectiveness of their actions and actions, while for introverts it only interferes.
Introverts prefer theoretical and scientific species activities (eg, engineering and chemistry), while extroverts tend to prefer jobs that involve people (eg, sales, social services).
Introverts are more likely to admit to masturbating than extroverts; but extroverts have sexual intercourse in more early age, more often and with a larger number of partners than introverts.
Introverts achieve greater academic success than extroverts. Also, students who leave college for psychiatric reasons are more likely to be introverts; while those students who leave for academic reasons are more likely to be extroverts.
Introverts feel more alert in the mornings, while extroverts feel more alert in the evenings. Moreover, introverts work better in the morning, while extroverts work better in the afternoon. In crisis situations, extroverts prefer to seek help and support from people, in communication with relatives and friends, in companies. Introverts crawl into their closet and hide from people.
indicator of propensity for antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inadequacy emotional reactions, high conflict, self-centeredness.
People with high degree Expressions of psychoticism are self-centered, impulsive, indifferent to others, and tend to resist social principles. They are often restless, have difficulty communicating with people and do not receive their understanding, and deliberately cause trouble to others.
The result of a combination of high and low levels of introversion and extraversion with high or low levels of stability and neuroticism became the four categories of people described by Eysenck. High level neuroticism (emotional instability/instability) is characteristic of melancholic and choleric people. Low level - for sanguine and phlegmatic people. But introversion is characteristic of melancholic and phlegmatic people, while extroversion is characteristic of choleric and sanguine people.
Description of temperament types.
Types of temperament according to G. Eysenck
Characteristics of temperament types according to G. Eysenck
G. Eysenck gave characteristics of “pure” types of temperament (that is, in the extreme angular positions of the quadrant). And we already realized that such types are extremely rare. Make adjustments accordingly when you receive test results. Moreover, the closer one type of temperament is to another, the more characteristics overlap.
For example, if you got the result: neuroticism 13, extraversion 17, then you are a sanguine choleric. Then you have the characteristics of both choleric and sanguine people, but not as pronounced as pure Cholerics and Sanguines. In different conditions, in different situations you can exhibit both characteristics.
Remember that the literature often provides characteristics of “pure” types of temperaments.
Pure types of temperament
Phlegmatic person
Unhurried, unperturbed, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy in the manifestation of emotions and feelings. Has logical judgments. He has a strong, balanced, efficient nervous system, a persistent, persistent worker, he gets things done to the end. Most often he is calm, restrained and constant in his feelings, his mood is even, he rarely loses his temper.
Capable of deep, stable and constant feelings. Phlegmatic is peaceful, attentive, caring. Moderately talkative, does not like to chat about trifles. Saves energy and does not waste it. Facial expressions, speech, gestures and actions are slow and calm, restrained, emotionally inexpressive. He is thorough, reliable, and distinguished by the depth and constancy of his thoughts.
But a phlegmatic person has difficulty switching from one job to another, “swings” for a long time, does not adapt well to a new environment, is passive (low level of activity), has difficulty developing new habits and behavior patterns, but at the same time they become persistent. He is characterized by lethargy, laziness, indifference to others, and lack of will. Tends to do familiar work in familiar, familiar surroundings.
Choleric
Fast, passionate, impetuous, open, with quick mood changes. Choleric is active, mobile, optimistic, impulsive, but at the same time easily excitable and restless. A choleric person also has a strong nervous system, but he is unbalanced, quick-tempered, irritable, impatient, touchy, and vulnerable.
He may have emotional breakdowns. Due to conflict, he does not get along well with other people. A choleric person easily switches from one task/topic of conversation to another task/topic; he is characterized by sudden mood swings. He is highly excitable, has pronounced emotional experiences, and is unable to control his emotions.
The movements and speech of a choleric person are fast, intermittent, abrupt, impetuous, and impulsive. Prone to exhaustion, because when he is passionate about a task, he acts with all his might. In the interests of society, he is proactive, principled, active, and energetic.
In the absence of spiritual and personal growth affective, irritable, hot-tempered, aggressive, unrestrained, conflictual.
Sanguine
A lively, hot-tempered, active person, with frequent changes of mood and impressions, with a quick reaction to all the events happening around him, quite easily coming to terms with his failures and troubles. Sanguine is cheerful, friendly, talkative, flexible, and responsive.
He has a strong, balanced nervous system, high performance, while he is active and mobile, easily experiencing failures. He easily communicates with people, quickly gets along with people, switches easily, easily and quickly reacts to what is happening around him. At the same time, he strives for novelty, a change of impressions, is restless, and does not sufficiently regulate his impulses. He has rich, agile facial expressions, fast, expressive speech.
A sanguine person cannot do things that require concentration, attention, perseverance, or patience. He has a rapid change of feelings, but the feelings are shallow, he is prone to inconstancy and superficiality.
Melancholic
A person who is easily vulnerable, prone to constant worry various events, he reacts sharply to external factors. A melancholic person is highly impressionable, easily emotionally vulnerable, touchy, but at the same time sensitive and empathetic, easily gets along with different people, non-conflict.
He has a weak nervous system, increased fatigue, low mental activity, and slowness. He is highly emotional, but tends to experience problems within himself, which leads to self-destruction. His feelings are deep, constant, stable, but at the same time poorly expressed. He has difficulty concentrating on anything for long periods of time.
A melancholic person experiences failures hard and acutely (they often give up), he is timid, shy, anxious, indecisive, unstable to stress, his speech is quiet, slow. He is withdrawn, uncommunicative, quiet, pessimistic, his mood changes easily, but at the same time he is melancholic and reasonable.
In a healthy environment, he is productive and can perform monotonous work that requires attention, perseverance, patience, and concentration. A deep, meaningful person. But under unfavorable circumstances, he becomes anxious, withdrawn, fearful, and vulnerable.
The technique allows us to identify the characteristics of a child’s temperament and determine what type of temperament the child belongs to. It is advisable to use the method of assessing temperament from 10–12 years of age.
The concept of temperament denotes one of the important substructures of individuality, which has a significant impact on the characteristics of human activity and behavior. Temperament has a variety of life manifestations that must be taken into account when taking an individual approach to training and education. Differences in temperament are manifested in the characteristics of the emotional sphere, communication, mental processes and the ways in which a person realizes his activities.
Known types of temperament - sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic - are diagnosed according to G. Eysenck, based on two main scales: the extraversion - introversion scale and the neuroticism (emotional instability) scale.
Extraversion according to G. Eysenck, it is associated with sociability, a thirst for new experiences, and excitement. An extrovert has many friends, is prone to uninhibited actions, acts under the influence of the moment, is impulsive, loves jokes, and “doesn’t put his money where his mouth is.” An extrovert is carefree, good-natured, cheerful, optimistic, loves to laugh, prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive, hot-tempered, his emotions are not strictly controlled, and he cannot always be relied upon.
Introvert- calm, shy, prone to introspection, prefers a book to communicating with people, reserved and distant from everyone except close people. Plans and thinks about his actions in advance, does not trust sudden impulses. He takes decision-making seriously, loves order in everything, controls his feelings, rarely acts aggressively, and does not lose his temper. Possessing pessimism, he highly values moral standards.
Neuroticism according to G. Eysenck, characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability - instability). Neuroticism, according to some data, is associated with indicators of nervous system lability. At the pole of emotional stability there is a personality type characterized by extreme stability, maturity, excellent adaptation, and at the other there is an extremely nervous, unstable, poorly adapted type.
In order to correct the survey results, another scale was introduced into the G. Eysenck questionnaire - social desirability, which reveals the tendency to respond to questions in such a way as to obtain the results desired by the subject. This scale is also called the “lie scale.”
The questionnaire consists of 60 questions, of which 24 are on the introversion-extroversion scale, 24 are on the neuroticism scale, and 12 are on the lie scale.
Instructions:“You are asked a series of questions about the characteristics of your behavior. If you answer the question affirmatively (“agree”), then put a “+” sign in the appropriate cell; if negatively (“disagree”), then put a “–” sign. Answer questions quickly, without hesitation, as your first reaction is important. You need to answer every question. The results are recorded on a test form.
Questionnaire text
1. Do you like vanity and noise around you?
2. Do you often need friends who could support you?
3. Do you always find a quick answer when asked about something?
4. Does it happen that you are irritated by something?
5. Do your mood often change?
6. Is it true that you find it easier and more enjoyable with books than with guys?
7. Do different thoughts often prevent you from falling asleep?
8. Do you always do as you are told?
9. Do you like to make fun of someone?
10. Have you ever felt unhappy, although there was no real reason for this?
11. Can you say about yourself that you are a cheerful, lively person?
12. Have you ever broken the rules of conduct at school?
13. Is it true that you are often irritated by something?
14. Do you like to do everything at a fast pace? (If, on the contrary, you are inclined to take your time, answer “no”).
15. Are you worried about all sorts of terrible events that almost happened, although everything ended well?
16. Can you be trusted with any secret?
17. Can you easily bring some life into a boring company?
18. Does it ever happen that your heart beats for no reason?
19. Do you usually take the first step in order to make friends with someone?
20. Have you ever told a lie?
21. Do you get upset easily when you and your work are criticized?
22. Do you often joke and tell funny stories to your friends?
23. Do you often feel tired?
24. Do you always do your homework first, and everything else later?
25. Are you usually cheerful and happy with everything?
26. Are you touchy?
27. Do you really like to communicate with other guys?
28. Do you always fulfill your family’s requests for help with housework?
29. Do you ever get dizzy?
30. Does it happen that your actions and actions put other people in an awkward position?
31. Do you often feel that you are tired of everything?
32. Do you like to brag?
33. Do you often sit and remain silent when you find yourself in the company of strangers? 34. Do you sometimes worry so much that you can’t sit still?
35. Do you usually make decisions quickly?
36. Do you never make noise in class, even if there is no teacher?
37. Do you often have scary dreams?
38. Can you give free rein to your feelings and have fun with your friends?
39. Are you easily upset?
40. Have you ever spoken badly about someone?
41. Is it true that you usually speak and act quickly, without stopping, especially to think?
42. If you find yourself in a stupid situation, how long do you worry about it?
43. Do you really like funny games?
44. Do you always eat what is served to you?
45. Do you find it difficult to say “no” when asked for something?
46. Do you like to visit often?
47. Are there times when you don’t want to live?
48. Have you ever been rude to your parents?
49. Do guys consider you a cheerful and lively person? .
50. Do you often get distracted when doing your homework?
51. Do you sit and watch more often than take an active part?
52. Do you usually find it difficult because of different thoughts?
53. Are you ever absolutely sure that you can cope with the task that you have to do?
54. Do you sometimes feel lonely?
55. Are you embarrassed to talk to strangers?
56. Do you often realize when it’s too late to fix something?
57. When one of the guys shouts at you, do you also shout back?
58. Does it happen that you sometimes feel happy or sad for no reason?
59. Do you think it is difficult to get real pleasure from lively company?
60. Do you often worry about doing something without thinking?
Processing and interpretation of results
1. Extroversion – introversion determined by the sum of positive answers “+” to questions: 1, 3, 9, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 25, 27, 30, 35, 38, 41, 43, 46, 49, 53, 57 and negative answers “–” to questions: 6, 33, 51,55, 59 (the higher the score, the more pronounced the extraversion).
2. Neuroticism (emotional instability) – emotional stability is determined by the sum of positive answers “+” to questions: 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 18, 21, 23, 26, 29, 31, 34, 37, 39, 42, 45, 47, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60 (the higher the score, the more pronounced emotional instability).
3. Social desirability scale(lie scale) is determined by the number of matches of signs when answering questions: with the “+” sign 8, 16, 24, 28, 36, 44 and with the “–” sign for questions: 4, 12, 20, 32, 40, 48 .
