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Who brought writing to Russia. How the alphabet of ancient Russia appeared

”, And emphasizes the pagan nature of this practice. It is not known whether we are talking here about writing in the proper sense of the word.

From the pre-Christian era, a number of sequences are known from the East Slavic territory, reminiscent written signs(an inscription from Alekanov and some others), however, they have not been deciphered and their written (and not symbolic, etc.) nature has not even been proven. A number of authors, mainly amateurs, also suggested the existence of Slavic runes.

Cyril and Methodius mission and Russia

Cyril and Methodius, the creators of the Slavic alphabet (this statement is incorrect, because Cyril and Methodius only modified the Slavic alphabet, because the letters needed for the introduction of the Bible did not exist in the Russian (Slavic) language), and their immediate students , as far as can be judged from the sources known to us, did not personally preach at Eastern Slavs... However, according to some circumstantial evidence, it is assumed that the Eastern Slavs could enter into the perspective horizon of their mission. In the "Life of Cyril" it is said about the miraculous acquisition of the Gospel and the Psalter by the "Russian writings" in the Crimea (a number of researchers suggest that this place is ruined instead of the "Surs" - Syrian). In the 9th century, presumably in the Reichenau monastery in Swabia, where, as recently proved, Methodius stayed with his companions, the so-called Bavarian geographer was created, where the Eastern Slavs, including Russia, and their neighbors, the Khazars and the Hungarians who then lived in the Black Sea region, are mentioned. The complex of Bulgarian monuments associated with the mission of Cyril and Methodius (their lives, "The Legend of the Laying of Books", "The Legend of the Monk Brave about the Writings", possibly also the apologetic "Speech of the Philosopher"), came to Russia in the 10th century and became very popular. The creators of the Slavic alphabet in Russia are perceived as enlighteners of all Slavs, including the Eastern ones.

Penetration of the Slavic alphabet into Russia

The Cyril and Methodius alphabet was used in Russia already in the pagan period, in particular, for writing official translations treaties with Byzantium in 907, 911, 944 and 971. From the very beginning, the Cyrillic alphabet undoubtedly predominates, however, there is evidence of existence and Glagolitic in Russia in the X-XI centuries, and from the record of the priest Upir Likhoi that has come down to us in 1044, it is known that Glagolitic in Russia was associated with Cyril and was called "Kurilovitsy". The penetration of writing into Russia became widespread after the Baptism of Russia by Vladimir in 988. The centralized "book teaching" of the children of the social elite ("deliberate child") begins. The monuments of the earliest period include: the Gnezdov inscription on the korchag (third quarter of the 10th century), church books (Novgorod Codex at the turn of the 10th-11th centuries, the Ostromir Gospel of the mid-11th century), inscriptions on Old Russian wooden "lock cylinders" (seals) and swords (end of the 10th century), legends of the coins of Vladimir, Svyatopolk and Yaroslav, texts on princely seals, inscriptions on the walls of churches, birch bark letters (from about 1030).

Old Russian writing of the XI-XIV centuries.

Book writing

Household writing

Second South Slavic influence

Great Russian (Old Russian) writing of the XIV-XVII centuries.

Peter's reform of type and graphics

In the city, a Russian civil type was created, and Peter I himself took an active part in making the sketches of the letters. A sample of the new alphabet font was approved in the city. This was the first reform of Russian graphics. The essence of Peter's reform was to simplify the composition of the Russian alphabet by eliminating from it such redundant letters as "psi", "xi", "omega", "Izhitsa" and others, the abolition of homophonic pairs "like - and" (I-I) , "Green - earth" (S-З). However, some of these letters were subsequently restored to use. During the introduction of the civil font, the letter E ("E" is reverse) appeared in order to distinguish it from the letter E, and the small yus was supplanted by the letter I (ascending to one of its cursive versions).
For the first time, uppercase (large) and lowercase (small) letters are installed in civilian type.

Changes in graphics and spelling of the 18th-19th centuries

Letter Th(and short) was introduced by the Academy of Sciences in Bukva Yo was first used by N.M. Karamzin in 1797 to denote the sound [o] under stress after soft consonants, for example: sky, dark.
By the XVIII century. v spoken language letter sound yat, coincided with the sound [ NS] (v literary language before late XVII 1st century in place of "yat" it was supposed to pronounce the diphthong "ye", this pronunciation was preserved in early XIX v. in a number of provincial dialects). Letter Ѣ , ѣ (yat), thus, turned out to be superfluous, but according to tradition, it is still long time kept in the Russian alphabet, until 1917-1918.

XX century

Reform of graphics and spelling 1917-1918

Spelling reform - gg. all letters duplicating each other were excluded: "yat", "fita", "and decimal". The letter b (ep) was retained only as a separating character, b (ep) as a separating character and to indicate the softness of the preceding consonant. In relation to E, the decree contains a clause on the desirability, but not mandatory, use of this letter. Reform 1917-1918 simplified Russian letter and drew serious criticism from I. A. Bunin, I. A. Ilyin, V. I. Ivanov and other prominent figures in philosophy and literature.

On December 24, 1942, by order of the People's Commissar of Education Potemkin, the use of the letter E was recognized as mandatory, and the letter Ј was introduced instead of the letter Y. Due to the unfortunate moment (war with Germany), the last order was ignored, but this letter was preserved in the Cyrillic alphabets of a number of other peoples of the USSR (for example, in the Azerbaijani alphabet). Released in 1956, the new orthographic dictionary finally canceled the "Potemkin reforms".

Notes (edit)

Links

The second South Slavic influence in Ancient Rus: historical and cultural conditions and book centers

Russian language

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The emergence of writing in Russia Prepared by Milena Kochergina GOU SOSH № 2038

early XXI centuries unthinkable to imagine modern life without books, newspapers, indexes, the flow of information, and the past without an ordered history, religion without sacred texts... The emergence of writing has become one of the most important, fundamental discoveries on the long path of human evolution. In terms of significance, this step can perhaps be compared with making a fire or switching to growing plants instead of a long period of gathering. The development of writing is a very difficult process that lasted for millennia. V

The main sources in the study of the history of the Russian language are its ancient written monuments. The question of the time of the origin of writing in Russia has not yet been finally resolved. Traditionally, it is believed that writing in Russia arose with the adoption of Christianity, that is, in the X century. An undeciphered pre-Christian Russian Alekanian inscription found by A. Gorodtsov near Ryazan. After baptism in Russia, handwritten books appeared, written in the Old Slavonic language, brought here from Byzantium and Bulgaria. Then Old Russian books began to be created, written according to Old Slavonic models, and later the Russian people began to use the alphabet taken from the South Slavs and in business correspondence.

Slavic writing had two alphabets: verb and Cyrillic. The name of the glagolitic alphabet comes from the Slavic word verbolati - to speak. The Bashchan (Boshkan) slab is one of the oldest known monuments of Glagolitic alphabet, XI century. "Kiev Glagolic Leaves", sheet 3 The second alphabet was named in Cyrillic after one of the two brothers - Slavic educators who lived in the 9th century on the territory of present-day Bulgaria, compilers of the first Slavic alphabet.

Cyril (his secular name is Constantine) and Methodius were monks. To write church books, they (mainly Cyril) created an alphabetical system of thirty-eight letters based on the characters of the Greek alphabet. The letters were supposed to reflect the subtlest nuances of Slavic sounds. This system became known as the Glagolitic. It is assumed that the work on the creation of the Glagolitic alphabet was completed in 863. The alphabet of the late Glagolitic alphabet (XX century). Initial caps and letters After death, the brothers were canonized and on the icon, as you can see here, they are always depicted together. Cyril and Methodius

In Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, there is a monument to Cyril and Methodius, it is installed in front of the building National Library that bears their name. In Moscow, there is also a monument to the great Slavic enlighteners, erected in 1992. The sculptural composition (work of the sculptor V. Klykov) is located in the center of Moscow on Slavyanskaya Square (at the beginning of Ilyinsky Square, which leads to the Polytechnic Museum and the monument to the heroes of Plevna). Day Slavic writing and culture is celebrated in Russia on May 24.

At the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th centuries, the followers of the Slavic enlighteners created a new Slavic alphabet based on the Greek; to convey phonetic features Slavic language it was supplemented with letters borrowed from the Glagolitic alphabet. The letters of the new alphabet required less effort in writing, had clearer outlines. This alphabet, which was widespread among the eastern and southern Slavs, was later named the Cyrillic alphabet in honor of Cyril (Constantine), the creator of the first Slavic alphabet. In Ancient Russia, both alphabets were known, however, mainly the Cyrillic alphabet was used, the monuments were written in Cyrillic Old Russian language... In the life of St. Clement of Ohrid, it is directly written about the creation of Slavic writing by him after Cyril and Methodius. Laurentian Chronicle

Cyrillic letters denoted not only the sounds of speech, but also numbers. Only under Peter I, Arabic numerals were introduced to denote numbers.

The Cyrillic alphabet gradually changed: the number of letters decreased, their style was simplified. Yus (large and small), xi, psi, fita, izhitsa, zelo, yat were removed from the alphabet. Yus big Yus small xi psi fita izhitsa zelo yat But they introduced the letters e, y, i into the alphabet. The Russian alphabet was gradually created (from initial letters the Old Slavic alphabet - az, beeches) or the alphabet (the names of two Greek letters - alpha, vita). Currently, our alphabet has 33 letters (of which 10 are used to designate vowels, 21 - consonants and 2 signs - ъ and b).

In Cyril's letter big letters were used only at the beginning of a paragraph. Big cursive letter was intricately painted, so the first line of the paragraph was called red (that is, a beautiful line). Old Russian handwritten books are works of art, they are so beautifully, masterfully designed: bright multicolored drop caps (capital letters at the beginning of the paragraph), brown columns of text on pinkish-yellow parchment ... Emeralds and rubies were ground into the smallest powder, and paints were prepared from them , which still do not wash off and do not fade. The initial letter was not only decorated, its very style conveyed a certain meaning. In the initial caps, you can see the bend of the wing, the step of the beast, the plexus of roots, the windings of the river, the contours of two doubles - the sun and the heart. Each letter is individual, unique ...

So the Slavs who received both the alphabet and Christian books on native language, and the literary language, the chance to quickly join the world's cultural treasury and, if not destroy, then significantly reduce the cultural gap between the Byzantine Empire and the "barbarians", has sharply increased.

http: // ruslit.ioso.ru/kir_meph.htm http://virlib.eunnet.net/depository/? nch = 0 http://nauka.relis.ru / http: // pkr.orthgymn.ru/textbook/p08.html http: // www.svetozar.ru/index/id/38368/index.html http: / /www.predanie.ru/music/Rannee_russkoe_mnogogolosie / List of sources used on the Internet.

Thank you for the attention!

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Solginskaya secondary school number 86"

ORTHODOX LOCAL STUDIES GOD'S READINGS

Research topic:

"The emergence of writing in Russia"

Rogutkina A., student

6 class MBOU

"Solginskaya secondary school No. 86"

Supervisor:

A. N. Kulagina

teacher of Russian language and literature

2016 year

I. Introduction

As a result of communication with a wide circle of my peers, I found out that some of them think that the theme of the emergence of Slavic writing in modern world irrelevant; that it has been studied so much that there are no “blank spots” left in it; some do not understand the significance of the appearance of writing for the Slavs.

I want to show how important, fateful it was to create your own alphabet for Slavic peoples; tell how the Slavic writing developed.

The Russian writer and historiographer Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin said: “The history of the mind represents two main eras: the invention of letters and typography; all others were a consequence of them. Reading and writing open up to a person new world, - especially in our time, with the current successes of reason. "

At the beginning of the 21st century, it is unthinkable to imagine modern life without books, newspapers, indexes, the flow of information, and the past without an ordered history, religion without sacred texts ... The emergence of writing has become one of the most important discoveries in the history of mankind. In terms of significance, this step can perhaps be compared with making a fire or switching to growing plants instead of a long period of gathering. The development of writing is a very difficult process that lasted for millennia.How did the invention of the letter come about? What do people know about this?

The road to writing was long and difficult. It all started, as some scientists think, with bears. It was a long time ago. In those distant times, people lived in caves, because there were no houses yet. But some caves were inhabited by bears.

Once people drove the bears out of a cave, looked around and saw some mysterious signs on the walls of their new homes. These were the scratches the bears made as they sharpened their claws against the wall. Then people realized that some kind of image can be scrawled on a flat surface. This is how the road to writing arose.

This is a pictorial letter. But the picture can be misread. If the writer attached one meaning to the signs, and the reader - another, then nothing good could come of it.

Picture writing was replaced by "sacred signs" - hieroglyphs. And then the Phoenicians who lived two thousand years ago invented letters - signs only for consonants. On the basis of the Phoenician writing, the Greek alphabet appeared in Greece, which gave rise to both Latin and Slavic letter... Our Russian alphabet appeared in Russia together with liturgical books of the New Testament.

The purposeour work is to study the history of the emergence of writing in Russia.

Tasks research:

1. Find out why there was a need for the emergence of writing?

2. Who are they - the creators of Slavic writing - Constantine and Methodius?

3. Cyrillic and Glagolitic - two Slavic alphabets. What do they have in common and what is the difference?

4. Study the composition of the Cyrillic alphabet.

5. Track what reforms were carried out in the Russian alphabet?

The object of research is the Russian alphabet.

The subject of research is the history of its origin and development.

II. Main part

1. Versions of the origin of writing in Russia

There are several versions of the appearance of writing in Russia.

One of the versions is that before baptism in Russia was used so-called"Velesovitsa". The name is given conditionally, already in the 20th century, named after the god Veles, the patron saint of wisdom, knowledge.

The second version says that in ancient pagan times in Russia there was almost 100% literacy.

Numerous excavations ( birch bark letters dating from the pre-Christian period) confirm the fact that almost every city dweller

Possessed the skills of the simplest arithmetic counting;

He knew how to write a household message on birch bark;

By means of the then "mail" to send it to the address.

Not only in cities, but also in villages, many children were taught by the "wizards" (hierarchs of communities) the simplest literacy required in everyday life.

According to the third and most common version, the Eastern Slavs did not have a written language, and the Cyrillic alphabet, created by the Solun brothers Cyril and Methodius, became the first Russian alphabet. According to the chronicle, they simply added some new characters to the already existing Greek alphabet, resulting in an alphabet called by the name of one of the brothers.

2. Cyril and Methodius

In the IX century. the state union of the Western Slavs was known - the Moravian principality, located on the territory of present-day Slovakia. German feudal lords sought to subjugate Moravia politically, economically, culturally... German missionaries were sent to Moravia to preach Christianity in Latin In an effort to preserve independence, the Moravian prince Rostislav sent an embassy to the Byzantine emperor Michael III with a request to send teachers to Moravia (preachers of Christianity according to the Byzantine rite) who would teach the inhabitants of Moravia Christianity in their native language, since in Moravian churches, services were performed in Latin. And how many Slavs knew Latin? Almost everyone in the church did not understand what was being read and sung, and could not read a single line of the Gospel themselves.

Patriarch Photius sent two missionaries to Moravia, the brothers Methodius and Constantine.

They became the enlighteners of the Slavs and the creators of the Slavic alphabet, which later became the basis of the modern Russian alphabet. The brothers were born in the Macedonian city of Thessaloniki, then belonging to Byzantine Empire... Their father Leo was a Greek and served in the Byzantine army, almost nothing is known about their mother - Mary, although some authors believe that she was a Bulgarian. The eldest son Methodius (in total Leo and Mary, according to the Life of Cyril and Methodius, had seven children, the names of five are unknown) was born in 820, the younger Constantine, in monasticism Cyril, was born in 826.

Originally life paths the brothers parted.

Methodius entered military service continuing family tradition, and made a successful military career. He was tall, handsome in face and strong in body, character was strong-willed and hot. As a young man, he distinguished himself in hostilities, and the emperor granted him control over the Strimon region, inhabited by the Slavs.

For everyone, Methodius suddenly resigned and took monastic tonsure as a complete surprise. “The good of our soul is not in worldly honors,” he said.

Constantine, on the other hand, followed the learned path from the very beginning. Since childhood, he was distinguished by poor health, and childhood fun was not of interest to him. But the boy loved to think, read and early showed aptitude for all kinds of sciences. He received an excellent education in Constantinople.

From the beginning of the 850s, Constantine began missionary work in neighboring countries where he preached Christianity. Trips to Bulgaria, Syria and other countries gave Konstantin a lot in terms of studying the languages and cultures of these peoples. So he mastered the Hebrew script, which he later used to create the Slavic alphabet.

The character and life of the brothers are similar. Both of them lived mainly a spiritual life, not attaching importance to either wealth, fame or career. They had no family, no permanent home, and even both died in a foreign land. Younger brother created the Slavic alphabet, laid the foundations of the Slavic writing. The elder practically developed what the younger had created. The younger was a talented scientist, philosopher, subtle philologist, the elder was a capable organizer and practitioner.

Constantine was a very educated person for his time. Even before his trip to Moravia, he compiled the Slavic alphabet and began to translate the Gospel into the Slavic language. In Moravia, Constantine and Methodius continued to translate church books from Greek into the Slavic language, taught the Slavs to read, write and conduct worship in the Slavic language. The brothers stayed in Moravia for more than three years, and then went with their disciples to Rome to the Pope. There they hoped to find support in the struggle against the German clergy, who did not want to give up their positions in Moravia and hindered the spread of Slavic writing.

In Rome, Constantine was tonsured a monk, taking the name Cyril. In the same place, in 869, Cyril was poisoned. Before his death, he wrote to Methodius: "You and I are like two oxen; one fell from a heavy burden, the other must continue on his way." Methodius returned to Moravia with his disciples.

By that time, the situation in Moravia had changed dramatically. After the death of Rostislav, his prisoner Svyatopolk became the Moravian prince, who obeyed the German political influence... The activity of Methodius and his disciples proceeded in a very difficult conditions... The Latin-German clergy in every possible way prevented the spread of the Slavic language as the language of the church.

Methodius was imprisoned, where he died in 885, and after that his opponents managed to achieve the prohibition of Slavic writing in Moravia. Many students were executed, some moved to Bulgaria and Croatia. In Bulgaria, Tsar Boris converted to Christianity in 864. Bulgaria becomes the center for the spread of Slavic writing. Here Slavic schools are created, Cyril and Methodius originals of liturgical books are copied, new Slavic translations are made from Greek, there are original works in the Old Church Slavonic language.

3. Glagolitic and Cyrillic

The Old Slavonic alphabets, which have survived the monuments, are called Glagolitic and Cyrillic.

The first surviving Cyrillic and Glagolitic inscriptions date back to approximately the same time - the turn of the 9th-10th centuries. But the Cyrillic alphabet was widespread mainly among the eastern and southern Slavs, and the Glagolitic alphabet - among the southern and western. Many modern Slavic (and not only Slavic) alphabets were created on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet, while the Glagolitic alphabet turned out to be an absolutely dead alphabet, from which none of the modern systems letters The first Old Slavonic monuments were written in the Glagolitic script, which is supposed to have been created by Constantine on the basis of the Greek cursive script of the 9th century. with the addition of some letters from other oriental alphabets. This is a very peculiar, intricate, loop-shaped letter, which for a long time in a slightly modified form was used by the Croats (until the 17th century). The appearance of the Cyrillic alphabet, which goes back to the Greek statutory (solemn) letter, is associated with the activities of the Bulgarian school of scribes. Cyrillic is the one Slavic alphabet, which underlies the modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian alphabets.

The widespread use of Slavic writing, its "Golden Age", dates back to the reign of Simeon (893-927) in Bulgaria, the son of Boris. Later, the Old Slavonic language penetrates into Serbia, and at the end of the 10th century. becomes the language of the church in Kievan Rus.

The Old Church Slavonic language, being the language of the Church in Russia, was influenced by the Old Russian language. It was the Old Slavonic language of the Russian edition, as it included elements of lively East Slavic speech.

The characters of the Greek statutory alphabet served as a model for writing the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet. The first books in Cyrillic are also written by the charter. The charter is such a letter when the letters are written right at the same distance from each other, without a tilt - they are, as it were, "set". The letters are strictly geometric vertical lines, as a rule, thicker than horizontal ones, there is no space between words. Old Russian manuscripts of the 9th - 14th centuries were written by the charter.

From the middle of the XIV century, semi-ustav became widespread, which was less beautiful than ustav, but it made it possible to write faster. A slant has appeared in the letters, their geometricity is not so noticeable; the ratio of thick and thin lines; the text was already divided into words.

In the 15th century, semi-ustav gave way to cursive writing. The manuscripts written by "quick custom" are distinguished by the coherent spelling of neighboring letters, the sweep of the letter.

In cursive writing, each letter had many spellings. With the development of speed, signs of individual handwriting appear.

The oldest book in Russia, written in Cyrillic, is the Ostromir Gospel - 1057 years. This Gospel is kept in St. Petersburg, in the library Russian Academy sciences.
In Cyril's writing, capital letters were used only at the beginning of a paragraph. The large capital letter was intricately painted, so the first line of the paragraph was called red (that is, a beautiful line). Old Russian handwritten books are works of art, they are so beautifully, masterfully designed: bright multicolored drop caps (capital letters at the beginning of the paragraph), brown columns of text on pinkish-yellow parchment ... Emeralds and rubies were ground into the smallest powder, and paints were prepared from them , which still do not wash off and do not fade. The initial letter was not only decorated, its very style conveyed a certain meaning. In the initial caps, you can see the bend of the wing, the step of the beast, the plexus of roots, the windings of the river, the contours of two doubles - the sun and the heart.The Old Russian scribe did not just decorate the initial letter with an ornament, he, first of all, tried to beautifully convey the idea. He did not consider the initial letter to be just a designation of sound; the style itself meant a lot to him. For old Russian man the whole world and even the sky itself overhead was a book, an unfolded scroll that not everyone can read.Each letter is individual, unique ...

Old Russian handwritten books differ high culture decoration, original calligraphy. Multicolored drop caps (or initials), headpieces, illustrations, brown columns of text evoke the idea of a handwritten book as a work of art.

4. Writing reforms

The Cyrillic alphabet existed practically unchanged until the time of Peter the Great, during which changes were made in the outline of some letters, and 11 letters were excluded from the alphabet. The new alphabet has become poorer in content, but simpler and more adapted to the printing of various civil business papers. It got the name “civilian”.

The Cyrillic alphabet, as it was used in the Russian language, has undergone a gradual improvement.

The development of the Russian nation in early XVIII century, the emerging need for printing civilian books caused the need to simplify the outlines of the letters of the Cyril alphabet.

In 1708, a Russian civil type was created, and Peter I himself took an active part in making the sketches of the letters. In 1710, a sample of the new alphabet was approved. This was the first reform of Russian graphics. The essence of the Peter's reform was to simplify the composition of the Russian alphabet by excluding from it such obsolete and unnecessary letters as "psi", "xi", "omega", "izhytsa", "earth", "ilk", "yus small". However, later, probably under the influence of the clergy, some of these letters were restored to use. The letter E ("E" is the reverse) was introduced in order to distinguish it from the letter E, as well as the letter I instead of the small iota.

For the first time, uppercase (large) and lowercase (small) letters are installed in civilian type.

The letter Y (and short) was introduced by the Academy of Sciences in 1735. The letter E was first used by N. M. Karamzin in 1797 to denote the sound [o] under stress after soft consonants, for example: palate, dark.

In the XVIII century. in the literary language, the sound denoted by the letter b (yat) coincided with the sound [e]. Thus, the letter b turned out to be practically unnecessary, but by tradition it remained in the Russian alphabet for a long time, up to 1917-1918.

The spelling reform of 1917-1918. two letters were excluded that duplicated each other: "yat", "fita", "and decimal". The letter b (ep) was retained only as a separator character, b (ep) - as dividing mark and to indicate the softness of the preceding consonant. In relation to Y, the decree contains a clause about the desirability, but not necessarily the use of this letter. Reform of 1917-1918 simplified the Russian writing and thereby made it easier to learn to read and write.

In the modern Russian alphabet, 33 letters, of which 10 denote vowel sounds, 21 - consonants and 2 letters do not denote special sounds, but serve to convey certain sound features. The Russian alphabet shown in the table has uppercase (large) and lowercase (small) letters, printed and handwritten letters.

III. Conclusion

May 24 - Day of Slavic Culture and Writing (Day of Saints Cyril and Methodius) - a holiday known as the day of remembrance of the first teachers of the Slavic peoples - brothers Cyril and Methodius. The celebration of the memory of the holy brothers in old times took place among all Slavic peoples, but then, under the influence of historical and political circumstances has been lost. At the beginning of the 19th century, along with the revival of the Slavic peoples, the memory of the Slavic first teachers was also renewed. In 1863, a decree was adopted in Russia to celebrate the memory of Saints Cyril and Methodius.

The creation of their own writing, which took place in the 9th century, was a great achievement for the Slavs of that time - akin to a real revolution in the minds. It used to be thought that only three languages could exist in the world: Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Cyril and Methodius, creating the Slavic alphabet and translating books into the language of the Slavs Scripture, contributed by:

Dissemination of knowledge among the Slavic peoples;

The successful struggle of Orthodoxy with Catholicism, which in turn played a great role in strengthening the consciousness of the Slavs and in the acquisition of statehood in the future.

The fact of the creation of writing is of great importance for the present. After all, we still use the Cyrillic alphabet - the letters that Cyril and Methodius invented. It is not for nothing that the monastic brothers are numbered among the saints, monuments have been erected for them, and in Bulgaria there is even an order named after them.

List of used literature

1. Zemskaya E.A. Russian colloquial speech / Ed. Kitaigrodskoy M.V. - M .: Nauka, 1981. - 276 p.

2. Ivanov V.V., Potiha Z.A. Historical commentary on Russian language classes in high school... - M .: Education, 1985 .-- 200 p.

3. Ivanova V.F. Modern Russian language. Graphics and spelling. - M .: Education, 1976 .-- 50 p.

4. Ivanova T.A. Old Slavonic language. - M .: graduate School, 1977 .-- 482 p.

5. Likhachev D.S.Problems of history. - M .: Nauka, 1951. - 260 p.

6. Likhachev D.S. Literary monuments of Ancient Russia. - M .: Nauka, 1988 .-- 158 p.

7. Minin Yu.P. The Key to the Russian Alphabet / Ed. Ivanova K.R. - M .: Culture, 1985. - 143 p.

8. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language. - M .: Ayris-Press, 2002 .-- 250 p.

9. Speransky M.N. Russian forgeries of manuscripts at the beginning of the 19th century. // Problems of source studies. M .: Slovo, 1986. V.5. P.72.

10. Yakubinsky L.P. History of the Old Russian language. -Moscow: Higher School, 1953. - 450 p.

11. http://www.detisavve.ru

CYRILLIC LETTERS AND THEIR NAMES

COMPOSITION OF THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET

Russian alphabet and the name of the letters:

Kuban State University

Faculty of Management and Psychology

on documentation on the topic:

"History of the Russian alphabet: from antiquity to the present day"

Completed by a student

2nd year preschool educational institution:

Elena Teterleva

Krasnodar 2010

Introduction

1. The emergence of the Slavic alphabet

2. Cyrillic letters and their names

3. The composition of the Russian alphabet

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Conveying speech in writing, letters are used, each of which has a specific meaning. A set of letters arranged in a prescribed order is called alphabet or alphabet .

Word alphabet comes from the name of the first two letters Greek alphabet: α-alpha; β - beta(in modern Greek - vita).

Word ABC comes from the name of the first two letters of the ancient Slavic alphabet - Cyrillic: A - az; B - beeches.

How did the alphabet come about? How did it develop in Russia? The answers to these questions can be found in this abstract.

1. THE RISE OF THE SLAVIC ABC

Alphabet is a system of letters that convey sounds or phonemes of a language. Almost all known alphabetic writing systems have a common origin: they go back to the Semitic writing of Phenicia, Syria, Palestine in the 2nd millennium BC.

Phoenicians living on the east coast Mediterranean Sea, in ancient times they were famous sailors. They were active in trade with the Mediterranean states. In the IX century. BC NS. the Phoenicians introduced their writing to the Greeks. The Greeks slightly modified the outlines Phoenician letters and their names, keeping the order.

In the 1st millennium BC. NS. Southern Italy was colonized by the Greeks. As a result of this, they got acquainted with the Greek letter different nations Italy, including the Latins - the Italic tribe that founded Rome. The classic Latin alphabet was finally formed in the 1st century. BC NS. Some Greek letters they were not included in the Latin alphabet. In the era of the Roman Empire, the Latin language and writing were widely spread. Its influence increased in the Middle Ages due to the transition to. Christianity of all the peoples of Europe. Latin has become a liturgical language in all states Western Europe, and the Latin letter is the only acceptable letter for liturgical books. As a result, Latin has been the international language for centuries.

On the territory of Central of Eastern Europe, inhabited by the Slavs, starting from the VI-VII centuries. appear separate unions Slavic tribes, state associations.

ВIX century. the state union of the Western Slavs was known - the Moravian principality, located on the territory of present-day Slovakia. German feudal lords sought to subjugate Moravia politically, economically and culturally. German missionaries were sent to Moravia to preach Christianity in Latin. This threatened the political independence of the state. In an effort to preserve independence, the far-sighted Moravian prince Rostislav sent an embassy to the Byzantine emperor Michael III with a request to send teachers (preachers of Christianity according to the Byzantine rite) to Moravia, who would teach the inhabitants of Moravia Christianity in their native language. Michael III entrusted the Moravian mission to Constantine (monastic name - Cyril) and his brother Methodius. The brothers were natives of the city of Soluni (now Thessaloniki), which at that time was part of the Slavic (Bulgarian) territory and was cultural center Macedonia, Ancient Solun was a bilingual city, in which, in addition to the Greek language, the Slavic dialect sounded.

By that time, the situation in Moravia had changed dramatically. After Rostislav's death, his prisoner Svyatopolk became the Moravian prince, who submitted to German political influence. The activity of Methodius and his disciples proceeded in very difficult conditions. The Latin-German clergy in every possible way prevented the spread of the Slavic language as the language of the church.

Methodius was imprisoned, where he dies in 885, and after that his opponents managed to achieve the prohibition of Slavic writing in Moravia. Many students were executed, some moved to Bulgaria and Croatia. In Bulgaria, Tsar Boris converted to Christianity in 864. Bulgaria becomes the center for the spread of Slavic writing. Here Slavic schools are created, Cyril and Methodius originals of liturgical books (Gospel, Psalter, Apostle, church services) are being copied "new Slavic translations from Greek are made, original works in Old Slavonic appear (" 0 writing of Chrnorizets the Brave ").

The widespread use of Slavic writing, its "golden age", dates back to the reign of Simeon in Bulgaria (893-927), the son of Boris. Later, the Old Slavonic language penetrates into Serbia, and at the end of the 10th century. becomes the language of the church in Kievan Rus.

The Old Slavonic alphabets, which have written the monuments that have survived to this day, are called verb and Cyrillic... The first Old Church Slavonic monuments were written in the Glagolitic script, which is believed to have been created by Constantine on the basis of the Greek cursive script of the 9th century. with the addition of some letters from other oriental alphabets. This is a very peculiar, intricate, loop-shaped letter, which for a long time in a slightly modified form was used by the Croats (until the 17th century). The appearance of the Cyrillic alphabet, which goes back to the Greek statutory (solemn) letter, is associated with the activities of the Bulgarian school of scribes. Cyrillic is the Slavic alphabet that underlies the modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian alphabets.

2. LETTERS OF CYRILLIC AND THEIR NAMES

Figure 1 - "Cyrillic letters and their names"

The Cyrillic alphabet, shown in Figure 1, has undergone gradual improvement as it is used in Russian.

The development of the Russian nation at the beginning of the 18th century, the emerging needs for printing civilian books made it necessary to simplify the outlines of the letters of the Cyril alphabet.

For the first time, uppercase (large) and lowercase (small) letters are installed in civilian type.

Letter Y ( and short) was introduced by the Academy of Sciences in 1735. The letter E was first used by N.M. Karamzin in 1797 to denote the sound [o] under stress after soft consonants, for example: palate, dark .

In the XVIII century. in the literary language, the sound denoted by the letter b ( yat), coincided with the sound [ NS ]. Thus, Bush was practically unnecessary to Kommersant, but according to tradition, it remained in the Russian alphabet for a long time, until 1917-1918.

The spelling reform of 1917-1918. two letters were excluded that duplicated each other: "yat", "fita", "and decimal". Letter b ( ep) was only kept as a separator, b ( er) - as a separator and to indicate the softness of the preceding consonant. In relation to Y, the decree contains a clause about the desirability, but not necessarily the use of this letter. Reform of 1917-1918 simplified the Russian writing and thereby made it easier to learn to read and write.

3. COMPOSITION OF THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET

In the Russian alphabet, 33 letters, of which 10 denote vowel sounds, 21 - consonants and 2 letters do not denote special sounds, but serve to convey certain sound features. The Russian alphabet, shown in Table 1, has uppercase (large) and lowercase (small) letters, printed and handwritten letters.

Table 1 - Russian alphabet and the name of the letters

CONCLUSION

Throughout the history of the Russian alphabet, there was a struggle with "superfluous" letters, crowned with a partial victory in the reforming of graphics by Peter I (1708-1710) and a final victory in the spelling reform of 1917-1918.

It is no secret that the formation of Old Russian church literature began after such a process as Christianization. According to certain data, literacy in Russia appeared thanks to Bulgaria, after the well-known religious act passed in 998. This version turned out to be not entirely correct. Historians have proved that the Old Russian letters, as well as the Old Russian writing, appeared thanks to Cyril and Methodius.

Many people know that in Russia before 988 they already had to write, and this is a recognized fact. Some researchers argue that writing began to appear in the Bronze Age. According to the treatise of Chernorizets the Brave, which is dedicated to the emergence of ancient Slavic writing, this process had several main stages. One of the main stages was the borrowing of Greek letters, as well as Latin alphabets... That is why Old Russian letters have well-known origins.

http://artgarmony.ru/

Features of the development of writing in Russia

Also, the development of writing was influenced by the signs of many local peoples. If we talk about the total number of basic such signs, then there were about two hundred. According to historians, the bearers of the so-called Chernyakhov culture maintained fairly good relations with the Greeks and Romans. Many members of this culture often visited ancient cities where the acquisition of certain writing skills took place.

In the Cathedral of St. Sophia, the Sophian alphabet was discovered, which was drawn on the wall with sufficient quality and in large expressive letters. According to some researchers, this alphabet is an ordinary Cyrillic alphabet. The main difference is that the Sophian alphabet is unfinished. By the way, Old Russian letters are depicted here quite accurately. This suggests that the Sofia alphabet deserves the full right to be called pre-Cyrillic, it ideally reflects the initial stage of the emergence of Slavic writing.

Creating the first library

It is worth noting that in the 11th century Yaroslav the Wise created a cultural and educational center in Kiev, where the first library appeared. In this library, according to historians,
very important political documents, various texts of treaties, etc. were kept. Also here you can see a large number of books, mainly literate translations of Christian literature, church documentation, etc.

Modern research has learned that the East Slavic writing appeared exclusively thanks to the missions of Cyril.

http://hvrax.ru/

Sources of Old Russian writing

The main source of the origin of ancient Russian writing was still Greek sources. Old Russian symbols also contributed to this. The first Cyrillic alphabet had several variants. One had 38 letters and the other had 43 letters. Many historians try to answer next question: What exactly was the alphabet that Kirill invented?

If we talk about Glagolitic, then this is one of the most mysterious problems of the entire period of the formation of Old Russian writing. By the way, the origin of Glagolitic before today is unknown. Today the Old Russian alphabet, drawing and reading is also a kind of mystery for researchers.

Most importantly, scientists have proved that Cyril put a lot of effort into the appearance in Russia of the first alphabet, alphabet and writing. Of course, this topic has been quite discussed for many decades, since, unfortunately, there are not many facts about the origin of the writing of Ancient Russia.

Video: The history of the birth of Slavic writing

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