Home Berries Lesson "Orthoepy. The main rules of Russian orthoepy. Intonation." Russian orthoepy rule

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Lesson "Orthoepy. The main rules of Russian orthoepy. Intonation." Russian orthoepy rule

Introduction

Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) is a science that studies the pronunciation norms of oral speech.

Native speakers learn pronunciation norms from birth; we do not need to explain how to speak correctly: zu [b] or zu [n]. But foreigners studying Russian face difficulties. In English, for example, there is no stunning of consonants at the end of a word, the sound [d] in the word friend sounds loud. This is how the English read the Russian words plant, year, fruit. We ourselves, without noticing, strive to deafen the consonants in English words: This is my frien [t] Bo [p].

The peculiarities of pronunciation are so firmly seated in our minds that even people, long time living in another country usually speak with an accent. It is easy for a specialist to determine where the speaker has come from by the accent. But those who speak the same language since childhood often speak it in different ways. Everyone knows examples of northern okanya (m [o] l [o] ko, s [o] tank) or South Russian fricative [ ?].Spelling features can impede the perception of speech, distract the attention of listeners.

Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is essential. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech. Pronunciation corresponding to orthoepic norms facilitates and speeds up the communication process. That's why social role correct pronunciation is very great, especially at the present time, when oral speech has become the means of the widest communication in different areas human activity.

Modern Russian literary language

The Russian national language is the language of the Russian nation, of all Russian people. The level of its development reflects the level of development of the people, conveys the characteristics national culture... All social trends and processes are traced in the national language, it serves a wide variety of communicative spheres, therefore the national language includes all the diversity of its territorial and social varieties. These are local dialects, and vernacular, and jargon. different layers society. The literary language is also part of the national language, its highest, written form.

Literary language is the main, written form of the national language.

The lifetime of the modern Russian literary language is often defined as follows: from Pushkin to the present day. A.S. Pushkin is called the creator of the Russian literary language in that general view in which we use this language now. How did it happen that one person could have such an impact on the entire national language?

Pushkin, as is often the case with people of genius, caught the tendencies that were outlined in the language of that time, was able to comprehend these tendencies, systematize and approve in literature. Of course, literature in Russia existed even before Pushkin. But the language of literature of the pre-Pushkin era was very different from the language spoken by people. On the one hand, Church literature was strong, written in Old Church Slavonic, which many did not understand even then. On the other hand, there is secular literature focused on opposing rough reality, and therefore often characterized by excessive ornate syllables. And, finally, scientific literature (philosophical, political) generally existed not in Russian, but mainly in French, German, English.

In everyday communication, the speech of educated people who speak more French than Russian, sharply differentiated from the colloquial speech of peasants and city dwellers. We can say that the wealth of the Russian language by the educated part of the then Russian society was not realized or used. Remember, for example, Pushkin's Tatiana, who1:

... did not know Russian well,

I haven't read our magazines

And expressed herself with difficulty

In your native language.

Pushkin's innovation was especially vividly manifested in the central work of his work, the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin". The poet describes the life of people as they are. Here Eugene begins to settle down on the estate of the late uncle:

He settled in that peace,

Where is the village old-timer

For forty years he scolded with the housekeeper,

I looked out the window and crushed the flies.

But Tatiana meets with relatives:

“How Tanya has grown! Long time ago

I think I baptized you?

And I took it in my arms!

So, Pushkin's contribution to the formation of the modern literary language is to attract colloquial speech v literary works, simplification of syntax, in striving for the accuracy of word use and the appropriateness of the choice of the word, as well as for the use of all the wealth of the language to achieve communicative and aesthetic goals.

2. Orthoepy and accentology of the Russian literary language

Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - "correct" and epos - "speech") is the science of correct literary pronunciation1.

Orthoepic norms are the rules for the pronunciation of vowels and consonants.

The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over the centuries, changing. Moscow and later Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, the centers of the economic, political and cultural life of Russia, so it turned out that the basis of the literary pronunciation was based on the Moscow pronunciation, which was subsequently "layered" with some features of Petersburg.

For successful mastering of orthoepic norms it is necessary:

) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

) learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

) listen and study the exemplary literary pronunciation, which should be mastered by radio and television announcers, masters of the artistic word;

) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

) correct mistakes by constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

) incomplete (colloquially colloquial), which is common in everyday life.

The complete style is characterized by:

) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic norms;

) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation;

) the correct arrangement of verbal and logical stress;

) at a moderate pace;

) correct speech pauses;

) in neutral intonation.

With an incomplete pronunciation style, 1 is observed:

) excessive contraction of words, loss of consonants and whole syllables, for example: right now (now), thousand (thousand), kilogram of tomato (kilograms of tomatoes), etc.;

) indistinctness of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations;

) inconsistent speech tempo, unwanted pauses.

If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

Accentology (from Latin accentus - "stress" and gr. Logos - "word, concept, teaching") 2 - a section of linguistics that studies the stress system of a language.

The accentological norms of the Russian literary language are the rules for placing stress in words.

Verbal stress- this is the selection of one of the syllables of a non-syllable word. The stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its greater duration, strength and tone movement.

3. Orthoepic and accentological norms literary pronunciation to adhere to

In Russian, the main norm for the pronunciation of vowels is reduction - the weakening of the sound of unstressed vowels. Stressed vowels are pronounced with full articulation, unstressed vowels are pronounced weakened, less clearly and lastingly than stressed ones. Moreover, the further the sound is from the stressed syllable, the weaker this sound.

The vowels [o] and [a] in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as weakened [^]: ravine, castle. In the rest of the unstressed syllables, this is a very short obscure sound, close at the same time to [a] and [s]. It is conventionally denoted by [b]: r [b] l [^] va, d [b] p [^] goy. In some dialects in place [s] one can clearly hear [s], in others [a], such features of speech are called ykanye and akani, respectively.

Pronunciation [o] in unstressed syllables is typical for some foreign words: oasis, poet, radio, cocoa, the names Voltaire, Flaubert, Shope

The vowels e and I in the first pre-stressed syllable denote a sound between [and] and [e]: straight, log.

The basic laws of consonant pronunciation are stunning and assimilation. We have already given examples of stunning. Here are a few more: post, pilaf, cottage cheese. In words ending with the letter g, you can sometimes hear the sound [x]: smo [x] (instead of smo [k]). This is mistake. The only word in which this kind of stunning is literary is God. The use of the fricative [x] will also be the norm, for example, in the phrase "Fear Bo [x] a!" Correct and the pronunciation of [g] in the word [g] reign. Sound [x] is in Greek, it was also in Old Slavonic, and in Russian it was supplanted by the explosive [r], preserved only in a few words of Christian themes.

Stunning is also noted in the middle of a word, before a voiceless consonant: lo [sh] ka, ry [p] ka. And before the voiced consonants, the deaf are also pronounced loudly: to do, to give. This phenomenon is called assimilation. There is no assimilation before [l], [m], [n], [p], [v]. Words are pronounced the way they are spelled.

Attention should be paid to the combination of chn, since mistakes are often made when pronouncing it. In the words of correspondence, eternal, careless pronunciation of this combination does not cause difficulties. But, for example, in the word bakery there are already possible variants: [chn] or [shn]. In accordance with the norms of the Russian language, a double pronunciation of chn in words is permissible: milky, decent. In the words diner, the creamy pronunciation of [shn] is outdated. But in many words it remains the only possible one: a mustard plaster, of course, scrambled eggs, a birdhouse, in the patronymics Ilyinichna, Fominichna, etc.

Difficulties are often caused by the pronunciation of hard or soft consonants before e in borrowed words. If words have long been mastered by the Russian language, then, as a rule, the consonants in front of e are pronounced softly: museum, greatcoat, rector, theory. But sometimes the hardness of the consonants is preserved: plug, square, model, dumping, energy. Short list such words are given in the textbook "Russian language and culture of speech", published in our academy. The word manager is so often used in modern Russian that the old norm [mene] jer is gradually giving way to the new [mene] jer.

A common spelling mistake is associated with the nondiscrimination of the letters e and e in writing. Remember: scam, custody, bigamy, but bigamy; mockery, nonsense.

And in the word bile, both options are acceptable. The norms of orthoepy are adjoined by accentological norms - the rules for setting stress.

The stress in Russian is free. It can fall on any syllable, which distinguishes it from stress in some other languages, such as French or Polish. In addition, stress in Russian can be mobile, that is, move to different forms one word: for example, Order - Order of A.

Thanks to freedom and mobility, stress can perform a meaningful function (to distinguish between words and word forms).

For example: book (cover with armor) - book (assign to someone);

drive (from the verb lead, for example, to the police) - drive ( technical device);

These same characteristics of Russian stress lead to the fact that sometimes we find it difficult to choose the correct pronunciation option. This is especially true of words that we use infrequently: sparkle or sparkle? WHITE OR WHITE? GIRL OR GIRL? (Both are acceptable in these words.) These words are called accent words. The difficulty in using accent variants is that there are no uniform rules for their use. In some cases, both options exist within the framework of literary pronunciation: barge and barge, fonts and fonts, poor and poor, aggravate and aggravate. In other cases, there is one preferred option and the other belongs to a limited area of use. For example, in the following words, the first option is generally used, and the second is outdated: bills - bills, combine - combine, Christian - Christian,

Previously, these options were also the norm, you can hear them in the speech of older people, but today they are no longer relevant and are becoming obsolete. And in the next group of words, on the contrary, the second accent variant exists in colloquial speech. This option has never been the norm, but perhaps someday, under the influence of most speakers, it will become: scrap - rag, camphor - camphor, keta - ketA. It so happens that one of the accent options becomes an accessory professional speech... Many have heard the line from the song about sailors: "We are not talking about compass, but compass ...". Here are some more examples:

complex - complex (mat.) 1, diopter - dioptry (med.) 2, fingerprinting - fingerprinting (forensic), report - report (in the speech of sailors), foil - foil (engineer, military).

In dictionaries, such options are accompanied by special marks, by which you can understand whether a word is normative or outdated, or colloquial, or used only in certain professional circles. But still, most words have a clearly defined norm of stress, and if inadmissible variants are given in dictionaries, they have the prohibitive label not with them. dubbing (not dubbing or dubbing), pullover (not pullover).

They often make mistakes in the words sorrel, tunika, silkworm, seal (do not seal) ( correct option participles - sealed), rinsed.

In participles and adjectives, an accentological error often coexists with the nondiscrimination of e and e. In the following words, ё is written and, of course, the corresponding sound is percussive:

longhaired

newborn

convicted

brought up

For state of the art the Russian accentological system is characterized by:

) strengthening the grammatical function of stress, as a result of which there is a clearer opposition of the grammatical forms of the word (p. p. sing. of windows - and. p. pl. of windows).

) fixing obsolete accent options for stable combinations words and phraseological phrases(from the morning, on the forehead).

) in some cases, stress performs a meaningful function (happy - happy, castle - castle).

In order to avoid mistakes in staging the stress, it is necessary to know not only the norm, but also the types of its variants. There are three possible cases of the ratio of accentological options:

only one option is the norm, the rest are prohibited (document, Ukrainian),

one option is the norm, the second option is acceptable (cottage cheese and tvorog, culinary and cooking),

both options are equal (salmon and salmon).

In many nouns, the stress is fixed in all forms, it can be fixed either on the basis or on the ending (bant, tyul, ski, bench). There are five groups of nouns with a movable stress:

) the stress from the stem in the singular moves to the ending in plural in nouns male which endings in plural form

u / s, -a / z (ball - balls, poplar - poplar);

) the stress from the ending in the singular moves to the stem in the plural in nouns female on -a / I and neuter on -o (goat - goats, okno - Windows);

) the stress from the stem in the singular moves to the ending in indirect cases plural in feminine nouns and male birth ending in a soft consonant (horse - horses, deep - dove);

) the stress from the ending in the singular moves to the base in the three plural cases (nominative, genitive, accusative) in feminine nouns ending in -а / я (wavesА - вОлны);

) the stress moves from the ending in the singular to the stem in accusative case singular, in the plural there is no stable pattern of stress movement (cheek - cheek).

In adjectives, stress is least stable in short forms. In most adjectives, the stress in the short form falls on the same syllable as in the full form (golden - golden, non-repudiation - non-refundable). Movable stress is characteristic of adjectives with monosyllabic stems (WHITE - WHITE, BELLA, VAZHNY - VAZHEN, IMPORTANT). The short form of the plural is stressed depending on the ratio of the short forms of the feminine and neuter gender. If in these forms the stress is the same, then it is preserved in the plural (bogAta, bogAto - bogAty). If these forms are stressed on different syllables, then in the plural the stress is placed on the pattern of the neuter gender (pale, pale - pale).

Accent in forms comparative defined by the short form of the feminine gender. If in this form the stress falls on the ending, then in the form of the comparative degree it turns out to be on the suffix -ee (visible - seen, needed - needed). If in the short form the stress is on the base, then in the form of the comparative degree it remains in the same place (beauty is more beautiful).

The predominant type of stress in verbs is fixed stress, falling on the root or suffix. Some groups of verbs are characterized by mobility of stress in the forms of the present tense (walk - walk). In past tense forms, stress is usually the same as in

infinitive (to run - ran, ran). If the infinitive form ends in -ch, -sti, the stress in all forms of the past tense (except for the masculine gender) falls on the ending (vestI - led, velA, velI).

In a group of verbs with monosyllabic stems, the stress in the past tense moves to the feminine ending (was - wasA, were).

Conclusion

Russian literary language orthoepic

The language rule is the rules of use speech means v certain period development of the literary language, that is, the rules of pronunciation, word usage, the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means adopted in social and linguistic practice.

Salient features norms are relative stability, prevalence, general use, general validity, compliance with the capabilities of the language system.

The sources of the norm are cultural traditions, the internal properties of the language and trends in its development, the recognition of the norm by authoritative writers and journalists, the degree of use, prevalence, general use, general validity. The value of the norm lies in the fact that it ensures the uniformity of the use of a speech unit, restrains linguistic changes and regulates the speech behavior of people.

The culture of speech involves adherence to language norms with varying degrees obligation.

Orthoepic norms are the pronunciation norms of oral speech. They include pronunciation norms and stress norms.

Pronunciation norms determine the choice of acoustic phoneme variants. The basic laws of consonant pronunciation are stunning and assimilation.

Stress rates determine the choice of placement and movement of the stressed syllable among unstressed ones. The features and functions of stress are studied by a section of linguistics called accentology. The stress in Russian is free, it can fall on any syllable, therefore it is called different.

List of used literature

1.Big pronouncing dictionary modern Russian language // Ed. Kasatkina. - M .: AST-Press, 2012.

.Dobrycheva A.? A. Russian speech culture: textbook. allowance. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: publishing house of SakhSU, 2013.

.Esakova M.N. Russian language and culture of speech. Norms of the modern Russian literary language: textbook. a guide for translators. - M.: FLINT: Science, 2012.

.Kamenskaya O. G., Kan R. A., Strekalova E. T., Zaporozhets M. N. Russian language and culture of speech .: Tutorial for students. - M .: Publishing house of the Togliatti state. University, 2005.

.Russian language and culture of speech: A course of lectures / G.K. Trofimova - M .: Flinta: Nauka, 2004 - P. 50

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Spelling rules cover only the area of pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the peculiarities of pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words Oh.

It should be highlighted:

a) the rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);

b) the rules of pronunciation of combinations of sounds;

c) the rules of pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;

d) the rules of pronunciation of certain borrowed words.

The selection of styles in the literary language in the field of vocabulary and grammar is also manifested in the field of pronunciation. There are two types of pronunciation style: colloquial style and public (book) speech style. Conversational style- this is ordinary speech, dominant in everyday communication, stylistically weakly colored, neutral. The absence in this style of setting for perfect pronunciation leads to the appearance of pronunciation variants, for example: [пp O with "ut] and [pr O with "ът], [high O ky] and [high O to "uy]. Book style finds expression in different forms. public speech: in radio broadcasting and sound films, in reports and lectures, etc. This style requires impeccable linguistic design, strict preservation of historically formed norms, elimination of pronunciation variants. In cases where differences in pronunciation are due solely to the field of phonetics, two styles are distinguished: full and colloquial (incomplete). The full style is characterized by clear pronunciation of sounds, which is achieved by a slow speech rate. The conversational (incomplete) style is characterized by a faster tempo and, naturally, less careful articulation of sounds.

In the Russian literary language, due to certain sound laws (assimilation, dissimilation, reduction) the pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, which does not correspond to the spelling, was established in the words. We write what, whom, went, study, but we must pronounce [ INTO ], [cavo ], [hadil ], [uchitza ], etc. This is considered to be the pronunciation norm of the literary language, which was established long before the appearance of the rules of orthoepy. Over time, pronunciation rules have developed that have become mandatory for literary speech.

The most important of these rules are the following:

1. Vowel sounds are pronounced clearly (in accordance with their spelling) only under stress ( talkAND whether, xO dim, cmE ly, bE lyy, nO Sim). In the unstressed position, vowel sounds are pronounced differently.

2. The vowel about in an unstressed position should be pronounced as a sound close to a [ vA Yes], [NSA RA sho], [ToA forcefully], [mountainsAT ], and write - water, well, mowed, city .

3. Unstressed e, I should be pronounced as a sound close to and [ vAND sleep], [passAND clear], [plAND sat down], [NSAND RAND smatrell], and write - spring, sowing, dance, revised .

4. Voiced consonants (paired) at the end of words and before voiceless consonants in the middle of a word should be pronounced as the corresponding paired unvoiced [ dooNS ], [mountainT ], [breadNS ], [maroWITH ], [daroNS ka], [grisNS ki], [aboutZ bang], [smallD bang], [reWITH cue], and it is written - oak, city, bread, frost, path, fungi, request .

5. The sound g should be pronounced explosive, except for the word God, which is pronounced with a breath. At the end of words, instead of r, he sounds deaf to him paired with [ otherTO ], [kniTO ], [sapoTO ], [moTO ], and it is written - friend, books, boot, could etc.

6. The consonants s, z before hissing w, w, h should be pronounced like sibilant long [ F burn], [F heat], [beLJ worn out], and written burn, with-heat, lifeless ... At the beginning of some words nt sounds like SCH [SCH astier], [SCH no], [SCH itat], and it is written - happiness, count, count .

7. In some words, the combination chn pronounced like [ caneSHN a], [skoSHN a], [Me andSHN itza], [squareSHN uk], [NikitiSHN a], [SavviNS on], [laundrySHN and I], and written of course, boring, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, Nikitichna, Savvichna, laundry ... In some words, double pronunciation is allowed - bakery -[buloSHN and I], lactic - [youngSHN th], but only bakery, dairy is written. In most words, the combination chn is pronounced in accordance with the spelling (eternal, country house, durable, night, stove).

8. The words what to pronounce should be like [ INTO], [to].

9. With a confluence of a number of consonants - pdc, stn, stl, etc. usually one of these sounds is not pronounced. We write: heart, honest, staircase, happy , and say [ beholdRC e], [whatCH th], [leCH itza], [uchaSL willow].

10. The endings of -th, -it should be pronounced as ava, willow [ redABA ],[synWILLOW ], [kAVO], [chIVO], and write red, blue, whom, what.

11. Endings to go,is(learn, learn) pronounced as - ttsa [teachCC A], [daringCC A], [shakingCC A].

12. At the beginning of words, letters NS - e written in accordance with the pronunciation (this, echo, standard, experiment; go, eat, huntsman).

In a number of foreign words after consonants and and written e although pronounced NS(diet, hygiene, atheist, tailor shop, muffler, coffee, pince-nez, parterre), exceptions: sir, mayor, peer. After the rest of the vowels, e is often written and pronounced (poetry, poet, silhouette, maestro, but: project, register).

In a number of foreign words after consonants that are pronounced softly, it is written and pronounced e(museum, college, academy, dean, decade, cologne, plywood, pace).

In Russian words after w, w, c pronounced NS, but it is always written e(iron, even, six, quieter, whole, at the end).

13. Double consonants in both native Russian words and words of foreign origin in most cases are pronounced as single (that is, without their length).

We write : Russia, Russian, eleven, public, made, chord, cancel, accompaniment, assistant, neat, balloon, saturday, gram, flu, class, correspondent, tennis, etc., and we say these words without doubling these consonants, for with the exception of a few words in which doubled consonants are written and pronounced (bath, manna, scales, etc.).

In orthoepy, there is a law of reduction (weakening of articulation) of vowels, according to which vowel sounds are pronounced without change only under stress, and in an unstressed position they are reduced, that is, they are subjected to weakened articulation.

In spelling, there is a rule according to which voiced consonants B, C, G, D, F, 3 at the end of a word sound like paired voiceless P, F, K, T, W, C. For example: forehead - lo [n], blood - cro [f "], eye - gla [s], ice - le [t], fright - isp [k]. (The sign" denotes the softness of a consonant).

In orthoepy, combinations of LZ and LJ, located inside the root of a word, are pronounced as a long (double) soft sound [W]. For example: I am leaving - I am leaving, I am coming - I am coming, I am later, the reins are the reins, it is rattling - it is rattling. The word "rain" is pronounced with a long soft [Ш] (ШЫШЬ) or with a long soft [Ж] (ЖЖЬ) before the combination of ZHD: dosh, dozhzhya, dozhzhichek, dozhzhit, dozhzhem, dozhzhevik.

Combinations of MF and ZCh are pronounced as a long soft sound [Щ "]: happiness is a bush, counting is a brush, a customer is a customer.

In some combinations of several consonants, one of them drops out: hello - hello, heart - heart, sun - sun.

Sounds [T] and [D] soften before soft [B] only in some words. For example: a door - a door, two - two, twelve - twelve, movement - movement, Thursday - four, solid - solid, branches - twigs, but two, courtyard, supply.

In the words “if”, “near”, “after”, “unless” the sounds [S] and [Z] are softened and pronounced: “are”, “take”, “send”, “razve”.

In the words ordinary, majestic, special-Nyn and others, two "N" are pronounced.

The reflexive particle СЯ in verbs is pronounced firmly - CA: washedsa, boalsa, odewalsa. Combination of CT sounds before soft sound[B] is pronounced softly: natural - natural, majestic - great.

In ordinary colloquial pronunciation, a number of deviations from orthoepic norms are observed. The sources of such deviations are often the native dialect (pronunciation in a particular dialect of the speaker) and writing (incorrect, literal pronunciation, corresponding to the spelling). So, for example, for the natives of the north, a stable dialectal feature is okan, and for southerners - the pronunciation of [r] fricative. Pronunciation in place of the letter G in the ending genus. pad. adjectives sound [r], and in place h(in words sure what) of the sound [h] is explained by the "literal" pronunciation, which in in this case does not match the sound composition of the word. The task of spelling is to eliminate deviations from literary pronunciation.

There are a lot of rules in orthoepy, and to master them, you should refer to the relevant literature.

Word stress

Russian accent- the most difficult area of the Russian language to master. It is distinguished by the presence a large number pronunciation options: loop and loop, cottage cheese and cottage cheese, calls and calls, beginnings and beginnings, means and means. Russian stress is characterized by diversity and mobility. Diversity is the ability of stress to fall on any syllable of Russian words: on the first - icon painting, on the second - an expert, on the third - blinds, on the fourth - apartments. In many languages of the world, stress is attached to a specific syllable. Mobility is the property of stress to move from one syllable to another when changing (declension or conjugation) of the same word: water - water, walk - walk. Most of words of the Russian language (about 96%) have a movable stress. The diversity and mobility, the historical variability of pronunciation norms lead to the appearance of accent variants in one word. Sometimes one of the options is sanctioned by the dictionaries as conforming to the norm, and the other as incorrect. Wed: shop, - wrong; shop - right.

In other cases, the options are given in dictionaries as equal: sparkling and sparkling. Reasons for the appearance of accent options: The law of analogy - large group words with a certain type of stress affects the smaller, similar in structure. In the word thinking, the stress moved from the root thinking to the suffix -ni- by analogy with the words beating, driving, etc. False analogy. Incorrectly pronounced words gas pipeline, garbage chute by false analogy with the word wire with an accent on the penultimate syllable: gas pipeline, garbage chute. Development of the ability to differentiate stress to differentiate the forms of words. For example, with the help of stress, they distinguish between the forms of the indicative and imperative mood: restrain, compel, sip and restrain, compel, sip. Mixing stress patterns. This reason acts more often in borrowed words, but it can also manifest itself in Russian. For example, the nouns na -ii have two stress patterns: drama (Greek) and astronomy (Latin). In accordance with these models, one should pronounce: asymmetry, industry, metallurgy, therapy and veterinary medicine, gastronomy, cooking, speech therapy, drug addiction. However, in living speech, a mixture of models occurs, as a result of which options appear: cooking and cooking, speech therapy and speech therapy, drug addiction and drug addiction. The action of the tendency towards rhythmic balance. This tendency manifests itself only in four- to five-syllable words.

If the between-stress interval (the distance between stresses in adjacent words) turns out to be greater than the critical one (the critical interval is equal to four unstressed syllables in a row), then the stress moves to the previous syllable. Accent interaction of derivational types. The options in the cases of reserve - reserve, transfer - transfer, platoon - platoon, press - press, tidal - tidal, diverter - diversion are explained by the accent interaction of aboriginal and verbal formations: transferable - from translation, transferable - from translate, etc. Professional pronunciation: spark (for electricians), mining (for miners), compass, cruiser (for sailors), boy (for sellers), agony, bite, alcohol, syringes (for doctors), armhole, leaflets (for tailors), characteristic (for the actors), etc. Trends in the development of stress. In two-syllable and three-syllable masculine nouns, there is a tendency to shift the stress from the last syllable to the previous one (regressive stress). For some nouns, this process is over. They used to say: turner, competition, runny nose, ghost, despot, symbol, air, pearls, epigraph. In other words, the process of transition of stress continues to this day and is manifested in the presence of options: quarter (wrong quarter), cottage cheese and additional. cottage cheese, contract and add. contract, dispensary (wrong. dispensary), catalog (not recommended catalog), obituary not recommended (obituary). In feminine nouns, also two- and three-syllable, there is a shift in stress from the first word to the next (progressive stress): tarpaulin - tarpaulin, keta - chum, foil - foil, cutter - cutter. The source of the appearance of options can serve as stress in words that are different in meaning: linguistic - linguistic, developed - developed, chaos - chaos, flap - flap. Insufficient mastery of exotic vocabulary: pima or pima (shoes), high fur boots or high fur boots (shoes), shanga or shanga (in Siberia, this is what a cheesecake is called). Thus, the norms of modern Russian literary pronunciation are a complex phenomenon.

Phonetic laws- the laws of the functioning and development of the sound matter of the language, governing both the stable preservation and the regular change of its sound units, their alternations and combinations.

Phonetic laws:

1. Phonetic law of the end of a word... Noisy voiced consonant at the end of a word stunned, i.e. pronounced as its corresponding paired voiceless. This pronunciation leads to the formation of homophones: threshold - vice, young - hammer, goats - braid, etc. In words with two consonants at the end of the word, both consonants are deafened: load - sadness, entrance - podjest [pljest], etc.
The stunning of the final ringing occurs under the following conditions:
1) before a pause: [pr "ishol pojst] (a train came); 2) before the next word (without a pause) with an initial not only voiceless, but also a vowel, sonorous, as well as [j] and [v]: [prf he ], [our sat], [slap jа], [your mouth] (he is right, our garden, I am weak, your race). Sonorous consonants are not stunned: litter, they say, lump, he.

2. Assimilation of consonants by voicing and voicelessness... Combinations of consonants, of which one is voiceless and the other is voiced, are not characteristic of the Russian language. Therefore, if in a word there are two consonants different in voicing, the first consonant becomes similar to the second. Such a change in consonants is called regressive assimilation.

By virtue of this law, voiced consonants in front of deaf ones turn into paired deafs, and deaf ones in the same position - into voiced ones. Sounding of voiceless consonants is less common than stunning voiced ones; the transition of voiced to deaf creates homophones: [dushk - dushk] (arc - dushka), [in "yes" ti - in "yes" t "and] (carry - lead), [fp" lr "iem" eshku - fp " ьр "ием" yeshku] (interspersed - interspersed).

Before the sonorous ones, as well as before [j] and [in], the deaf remain unchanged: tinder, rogue, [Ltjest] (departure), yours, yours.

Voiced and voiceless consonants are assimilated under the following conditions: 1) at the junction of morphemes: [пЛхоткъ] (gait), [zbor] (collection); 2) at the junction of prepositions with the word: [gd "elu] (to the case), [zd" elm] (with the case); 3) at the junction of a word with a particle: [got-th] (year-that), [dod`j`by] (daughter would); 4) at the junction of significant words spoken without a pause: [rock-kLzy] (goat's horn), [ras-p "at"] (five times).

3. Assimilation of consonants by softness... Hard and soft consonants are represented by 12 pairs of sounds. By education, they differ in the absence or presence of palatalization, which consists in additional articulation (the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate).

Assimilation by softness has a regressive character: the consonant is softened, similar to the subsequent soft consonant. V this position not all consonants, paired in hardness-softness, soften and not all soft consonants cause softening of the previous sound.

All consonants, paired in hardness-softness, are softened in the following weak positions: 1) before the vowel sound [e]; [b "ate], [c" eu], [m "ate], [c" ate] (bel, weight, chalk, sat), etc .; 2) before [and]: [m "silt], [p" silt "and] (mil, drank).

Before unpaired [w], [w], [c] soft consonants are impossible with the exception of [l], [l "] (cf. end - ring).

The most susceptible to softening are dental [s], [s], [n], [p], [d], [t] and labial [b], [p], [m], [c], [f]. Do not soften before soft consonants [g], [k], [x], as well as [l]: glucose, key, bread, fill, keep quiet, etc. Softening occurs inside the word, but is absent before the soft consonant of the next word ([here - l "es]; compare [L tor]) and before the particle ([grew-l" and]; compare [rLSli]) (here is the forest , rubbed off, grew, grew).

The consonants [z] and [s] soften before soft [t "], [q"], [s "], [n"], [l "]: [m" ks "t"], [in "ees" q "e], [f-ka s" b], [kazn "] (revenge, everywhere, at the checkout, execution). Mitigation [s], [s] also occurs at the end of prefixes and prepositions in tune with them in front of soft labial , without strength). Before soft labial softening [z], [s], [d], [t] is possible inside the root and at the end of prefixes in -з, as well as in the prefix c- and in a preposition consonant with it: [with "m" ex] , [s "v" cr], [d "v" cr |, [t "v" cr], [s "n" kt "], [s" -n "im], [is" -pkch "] , [rLz "d" kt "] (laughter, beast, door, Tver, sing, with him, bake, undress).

Labial before soft teeth do not soften: [Fri "kn" ch "bk], [n" eft "], [vz" at "] (chick, oil, take).

4. Assimilation of consonants by hardness... The assimilation of consonants by hardness is carried out at the junction of root and suffix starting with a strong consonant: locksmith - locksmith, secretary - secretary, etc. Before labial [b] assimilation by hardness does not occur: [prLs "it"] - [prose "bb], [mllt" it "] - [mlld" ba] (ask - request, thresh - thresh), etc. Assimilation is not subject to [l "]: [floor" b] - [zLpol "nyj] (field, outside).

5. Assimilation of teeth before hissing... This type of assimilation extends to dental[s], [s] in position before the hissing(anterior palatine) [w], [w], [h], [w] and consists in the complete assimilation of the dental [z], [s] to the subsequent hissing.

Complete assimilation [s], [s] occurs:

1) at the junction of morphemes: [zh at "], [rL zh at"] (compress, unclench); [sh yt "], [rL sh yt"] (sew, embroider); [w "from], [rL w" from] (account, calculation); [pLzno sh "hik], [izvo sh" hik] (peddler, cabman);

2) at the junction of a preposition and a word: [s-z arm], [s-sh arm] (with heat, with a ball); [bies-zh arb], [bies-sh arb] (no heat, no ball).

The combination zzh inside the root, as well as the combination zzh (always inside the root) turn into a long soft [f "]: [po zh"] (later), (I drive); [in f "and], [trembling" and] (reins, yeast). Optionally, in these cases, a long hard [w] can be pronounced.

A variation of this assimilation is the assimilation of dental [d], [t] following them [h], [c], as a result of which long [h], [c] are obtained: [L h "from] (report), (phkra c ] (in short).

6. Simplifying consonant combinations... Consonants [d], [t]in combinations of several consonants between vowels are not pronounced... Such a simplification of consonant groups is consistently observed in the combinations: stn, zdn, stl, ntsk, stsk, vst, rdc, lnts: [sleepy], [knowledge], [w "yesliva], [g" igansk "and], [h" ustv], [heart], [son] (oral, late, happy, giant, feeling, heart, sun).

7. Reduction of groups of identical consonants... When three identical consonants converge at the junction of a preposition or prefix with the next word, as well as at the junction of a root and a suffix, the consonants are reduced to two: [ra sor "it"] (raz + quarrel), [with ylk] (with a link), [kLlo n s] (column + n + th); [Lde with ki] (Odessa + sk + uy).

8. Vowel reduction. Change (weakening) of vowel sounds in an unstressed position is called reduction, and unstressed vowels are reduced vowels... Distinguish between the position of unstressed vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable (weak position of the first degree) and the position of unstressed vowels in the remaining unstressed syllables (weak position of the second degree). Vowels in the weak position of the second degree undergo a greater reduction than vowels in the weak position of the first degree.

Vowels in a weak position of the first degree: [вЛлы] (shafts); [shafts] (oxen); [bieda] (trouble), etc.

Vowels in the weak position of the second degree: [пър? Vos] (steam locomotive); [къръгЛнда] (Karaganda); [кълкЛла] (bells); [n "ll" ie na] (shroud); [voice] (voice), [voice] (exclamation), etc.

The main phonetic processes occurring in a word include: 1) reduction; 2) stunning; 3) voicing; 4) mitigation; 5) assimilation; 6) simplification.

Reduction- this is weakening of the pronunciation of vowels in an unstressed position: [house] - [d ^ ma] - [db ^ voi].

Stunning- the process by which voiced consonants in front of voiceless and at the end of a word are pronounced as voiceless; book - kni [sh] ka; oak - du [p].

Sounding- the process by which deaf pregnant pronounced as voiced before voiced: to do - [z "] to do; selection - o [d] bor.

Mitigation- the process by which hard consonants soft under the influence of subsequent soft: depend [s "] th, ka [z"] ny, le [s "] th.

Assimilation- the process in which the combination several dissimilar consonants are pronounced as one long[ w] aty, mu [w "] ina, [t"] astye, ichi [ts] a.

Simplification consonant groups - a process by which in combinations of consonants stn, zdn, eats, dts, persons and others, sound drops out, although the letter designating this sound is used in writing: heart - [with "e" rts], sun - [son].

Orthoepy(from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) - the department of linguistics that studies the rules of exemplary pronunciation ( Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language D.N. Ushakova). Orthoepy- these are the historically established norms of Russian literary pronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations in the stream of oral speech.

1 . Pronunciation of vowels is determined by position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to the reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels are subject to reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s], [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o], [e] change qualitatively. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.

a) In the first pre-stressed syllable the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [vÙdý / sÙdý / nÙzhý]. After the sibilants [Ù] is pronounced: [zhÙrá / shÙrý].

In place of [e] after the hissing [w], [w], [c], the sound [s e] is pronounced: [tsy e pnoįį], [zhy eltok].

After soft consonants in place of [a], [e], the sound [and e] is pronounced:

[h ٬ and e sý / sn ٬ and e lá].

b ) In other unstressed syllables instead of sounds [o], [a], [e], after solid consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced:

пър٨в́с] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e] pronounced [ь]: [п "ьтÙч" О́к / ч "ьмÙдан].

2. Pronunciation of consonants:

a) the norms of literary pronunciation require positional exchange paired deaf and voiced in a position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of a word (only deaf): [хл "ep] / trúpk / proz" бъ];

b) assimilative softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to its loss: [s "t" iná] and [st "iná], [z" d "es"] and [zd "es"].

3. Pronunciation of some combinations of consonants:

a) in pronoun formations what, to– NS pronounced as [piece]; in pronouns like something, mail, almost the pronunciation of [h "t] is preserved;

b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place chn: [кÙн "Э́шнъ / нÙро́шнъ].

In the words of book origin, the pronunciation of [h "n] is preserved: [ml" e'ch "nyį / vÙstóch" nyį];

c) in the pronunciation of combinations up, hey, stn(hello, holiday, private trader) usually there is a reduction or loss of one of the consonants: [prazn "ik], [h" asn "ik], [zdrástvuį]

4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:

a) pronunciation of the form I.p. units h adjectives m. without stress: [krasnyį / s "in" andį] - under the influence of spelling arose - th, - th; after back-lingual г, к, х ® ий: [t "ikh" andį], [m "ahk" andį];

b) pronunciation - sy, - sm. Under the influence of spelling, a soft pronunciation became the norm: [n'ch "and e las" / n'ch "and e ls" á];

c) pronunciation of verbs in - live after r, k, x, pronunciation [r "], [k"], [x "] (under the influence of spelling) became the norm: [vyt" ag "ivvt"].