July 26, 1875 was born the founder analytical psychology Carl Gustav Jung. About the discoveries that made the psychiatrist famous all over the world, AiF.ru told psychologist Anna Khnykina.

Complexes, archetypes and the collective unconscious

Carl Gustav Jung known as a follower of Freud, who continued the development psychoanalytic theory. True, he did not follow the Freudian traditions, but went his own way. Because their cooperation was not so long. The concept of the collective unconscious was the main reason for the differences of opinion between them.

According to Jung, the structure of the personality (he called it the soul) consists of the Ego, the Personal Unconscious and the Collective Unconscious. Ego is what we used to call consciousness, or whatever we mean when we say "I". The personal unconscious is personal experience, for some reason forgotten or repressed, as well as everything that we do not seem to notice around us. The personal unconscious consists of complexes - these are emotionally charged groups of thoughts, feelings and memories. Each of us has maternal and paternal complexes - emotional impressions, thoughts and feelings associated with these figures and scenarios of their life and interaction with us. A power complex that is widespread in our time is when a person devotes a lot of his psychic energy to thoughts and feelings about control, domination, duty, submission. The inferiority complex is also well known, etc.

The collective unconscious contains the thoughts and feelings common to all people that are the result of our shared emotional past. As Jung himself said: “The collective unconscious contains all the spiritual heritage human evolution reborn in the structure of the brain of each individual. Thus, the collective unconscious is passed down from generation to generation and is common to all people. An example is mythology, folk epic, as well as the understanding of good and evil, light and shadow, etc.

By analogy, as complexes make up the content of the personal unconscious, the collective unconscious is made up of archetypes - primary images that all people imagine in the same way. For example, we all react in much the same way to parents or strangers, death or a snake (danger). Jung described many archetypes, among which are the mother, child, hero, sage, rogue, God, death, etc. In his writings, much is devoted to the fact that archetypal images and ideas are often found in culture in the form of symbols used in painting, literature and religion. Jung emphasized that the symbols characteristic of different cultures often show a striking similarity precisely because they go back to archetypes common to all mankind.

How is it applied today?

Today, this knowledge is widely used in the work of psychologists and psychotherapists of all directions. It is quite difficult to underestimate the word "complex" or "archetype" in the work of a psychologist, agree? At the same time, the analyst does not hang a label on you, but knowing about the nature and scenario of the archetypes and your complexes helps to better understand your personal "psychic kaleidoscope".

Analytical psychology

After receiving a medical degree in psychiatry from the University of Basel, young Jung became an assistant in a clinic for the mentally ill under the direction of Eugène Bleuler, the author of the term "schizophrenia". Interest in this mental illness led him to the work of Freud. Soon they met in person. The education and depth of Jung's views made a tremendous impression on Freud. The latter considered him his successor, and in 1910 Jung was elected the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Association. However, already in 1913 they broke off relations because of the difference in views on the unconscious, as I said above - Jung singled out the collective unconscious, with which Freud did not agree, and also expanded and supplemented the concept of "complex" to the form in which it has survived to this day. And further Jung went his own inner way. His autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, begins with the statement: "My life is the story of the self-realization of the unconscious."

As a result of this "self-realization of the unconscious", Jung had a whole complex of ideas from such different areas knowledge like philosophy, astrology, archaeology, mythology, theology and literature and of course psychology, superimposed on his psychiatric education and Freud's ideas about the unconscious. The result was what is today called analytical psychology.

In addition, Jungians (as psychologists who adhere to the theory of Dr. Jung call themselves - analytical psychologists) actively use a spectrum of other psychological methods: art therapy, psychodrama, active imagination, all kinds of projective techniques (such as the analysis of drawings), etc. Jung was especially fond of art therapy - creativity therapy. He believed that through continuous creative activity, one can literally prolong one's life. With the help of creativity (art therapy), any spontaneous types of drawing, especially mandalas (a schematic representation or design used in Buddhist and Hindu religious practices), deep layers of the psyche are released.

How is it applied today?

Psychoanalysts around the world are divided into Freudians and Jungians. An orthodox Freudian psychoanalyst will put you on the couch, sit at the head of the head and listen to you with a minimum manifestation of his presence 2-3 times a week for 50 minutes. All visits, including missed ones, are paid. Time does not change and does not move, even if you work in three days and do not have the opportunity to comply with the agreements on your work schedule. But when you express a desire to find out why the analyst is so unfair to you and does not want to enter into your position, you will be asked a couple of questions about why everything is so uncomfortable in your life? And also who is usually in real life inclined to enter into your circumstances and adjust to you?

Jungians take things differently. As a rule, this is once a week, and conditions can be negotiated and be more flexible. For example, missed good reasons sessions can be worked out at other times. It is not at all necessary to lie down on the couch, you can sit on chairs and talk, as you are used to in ordinary life. Also, in addition to the dialogue, you may be asked to comment on the image, fantasize aloud, and then draw your fantasy or feeling, imagine someone else opposite you and talk to him, changing to his place, then back to yours, they may offer to blind what something made of clay or sand ...

The boundaries and rules of communication between the analyst and the patient still remain quite rigid, which determines the quality of contact and, accordingly, the quality of work.

Today we can safely say that all areas of psychotherapy and practical psychology are rooted in analytic and projective practice. Thus, analytical psychology is that which combines basic knowledge in psychoanalytic practice, the collective centuries-old experience of people working with their inner world and its self-expression and modern achievements in the science of the soul - psychology.

The concept of psychological types

Jung introduced the concepts of extraversion and introversion as the main types of personality orientation (ego-orientation). According to his theory, which has been richly supported by practice all over the world for about 100 years, both orientations exist in a person simultaneously, but one of them usually leads. Everyone knows that an extrovert is more open and sociable, and an introvert is all in himself. This is the popular version of these concepts. In fact, everything is not quite so, extroverts are also closed. In an extrovert, psychic energy is directed outward - to the situation and the surrounding people, partners. He acts on all this himself, as if bringing the situation and the environment into " desired view". The introvert, on the other hand, acts in the exact opposite way, as if the situation and the environment influence him, and he is forced to retreat, justify or defend himself all the time. In his book " Psychological types» Jung gives a possible biological explanation. He says that there are two ways of adapting to the environment in animals: unlimited reproduction with suppressed defense mechanisms (as in fleas, rabbits, lice) and few offspring with excellent defense mechanisms (as in elephants, hedgehogs and most large mammals). Thus, in nature, there are two possibilities for interacting with the environment: you can protect yourself from it by building your life as independently as possible (introversion), or you can rush into the outside world, overcoming difficulties and conquering it (extraversion).

Later, Jung supplements his theory of psychotypes with four main mental functions. These are thinking and feeling (rational), sensation and intuition (irrational). Each of these functions is in each of us, in addition, each function is oriented outward or inward and is extraverted or introverted. In total, 8 different mental functions are obtained. One of them is the most convenient for adaptation, therefore it is considered the leading one and determines the personality type of the same name according to Jung: thinking, feeling, sensing or intuitive (extroverted or introverted).

How is it applied today?

The leading personality type for a practicing psychologist is not difficult to determine, and this gives a lot of information about a person, in particular about his way of perceiving and issuing information and adapting to reality.

For example, if a person has a leading function - thinking, it will be difficult for him to talk about his feelings and sensations, he will reduce everything to facts and logic. A person with leading extraverted thinking lives under the yoke of a sense of justice. Most often these are the military, directors, teachers (mathematics, physics). All of them, as a rule, are tyrants, since they have strong causal relationships, it is difficult for them to imagine that for some reason they can be violated, they always focus on the objective facts of the world around them that are of practical importance.

But for example, a person with a leading introverted intuition will be focused on the inner world and his own ideas about external reality, he calmly relates to the people and objects around him, preferring to live his life inside rather than make an impression on the outside.

On the basis of Jung's typology, a lot of simplified similarities have been created, the most famous of which is socionics.

Associative method

It all started with a method free associations Freud. According to Freud, you must associate with an association that has just arisen. For example, you are disturbed by a black raven outside the window (A), you should tell the psychoanalyst what pops up in your memory in connection with this image (B). Then the analyst will ask you to find an association (C) for an association (B) that has arisen, and so on along the chain. As a result, you are supposed to come to your Oedipus complex.

Jung once drew attention to the fact that people think about some words in the associative series longer than others. He thought that strong emotions cause a stupor or "mess in the head", and for this reason it is more difficult to give a sharp reaction. This is how Jung's associative experiment was born, which is beautifully shown in the film " dangerous method". In this experiment, Jung proves that the key value is precisely the time spent on building an association. Later, the words that make you think are analyzed (usually for more than 4 seconds), and the meanings of the associations are interpreted.

How is it applied today?

Later, on the basis of his associative experiment and Freudian free association, Jung created an amplification method, when around one image (a raven in our example) a lot of associations are collected, images from cultural heritage, mythology, art, leading the patient to realize the complex behind it.

dream theory

From the point of view of Jung's theory, the impact of dreams constantly compensates for and complements the vision of reality by a person in consciousness. Therefore, the awareness and interpretation of dreams in the analytical process with a psychologist allows you to pay explicit attention to the unconscious in the psyche. For example, a person may become angry with his friend, but his anger quickly passes. In a dream, he may feel intense anger at this friend. A dream that has been preserved in memory returns a person’s consciousness to an already experienced situation in order to draw his attention to strong feeling anger that was suppressed due to some reason.

One way or another, the dream is seen as a breakthrough of unconscious content into consciousness.

When a patient tells his dream to a psychoanalyst, the latter can use not only the patient's associative array, but also knowledge about the archetypes, hierarchy and structure of symbols. Also, fabulous, mythological scenarios also allow interpreting dreams.

How is it applied today?

Psychoanalysts and analytical psychologists interpret dreams, and this is part of their job, just like the initial interview, active imagination, or association test. You may be asked in your first psychoanalysis session about your most important dreams or about what you may have dreamed on the eve of your first visit. For the analyst, this will be very important information, not only of a diagnostic, but also of a prognostic nature - often the first dream in the analysis describes future work.

Short biography of Jung

Carl Gustav Jung was born in $1875$ on $26$ July in Switzerland in the village of Kessvile. Karl's father was a pastor, but he also had a philosophical background. Carl Jung spent his childhood almost alone, it was not easy enough. At the same time, he had a desire to know people. This applied, first of all, to his environment, and especially to his father. Carl tried to study his behavior and explain his unwavering faith in God. Based on this, the future classic of psychoanalysis began to oppose personal views and opinions about higher mind ecclesiastical judgments. Jung son and Jung father couldn't find mutual language between themselves. These contradictions led to the fact that, regardless of the wishes of the family, Karl decided to get medical education and become a psychologist.

From $1895 to $1900 Jung studied at the University of Basel. And in $1902$ he continued his studies in Zurich. In Zurich, the group in which Carl Jung studied was led by the head physician psychiatric hospital. This allowed Jung to test the system of associative tests developed by him that explores the personality and reveals its pathologies. Through stimulus questions, he explored unusual and illogical responses. As a result of associative testing, Jung identified abnormal ways of thinking by associating such phenomena with sexual experiences or disorders. When certain associations are suppressed in oneself, certain complexes begin to develop in a person.

These studies are known throughout the world. In $1911$, Carl Jung became president of the International Psychological Society, but already in $1914$ he left this position.

A lot was said at one time about the friendly relations of Jung and Sigmundt Freud, they were constantly compared. They had indeed known each other since $1907, but the two eminent psychologists had never been friends. Although in certain cases their judgments were the same. In $1912$, their paths finally parted, as Sigmund Freud devoted himself entirely to the study of neuroses.

The main ideas of Carl Jung

After three years of research, in $1906, Jung published The Psychology of Dementia praecox, which revolutionized psychiatry. Jung's position on dementia praecox was based on a synthesis of the ideas of many scientists. Jung not only integrated the existing theories, but also pioneered the psychosomatic experimental model of the early stages of dementia, in which the brain is the object emotional influences. Jung's concept, set out in his writings, is as follows: the result of affect is the production of a toxin that affects the brain and paralyzes mental functions so that the complex, being released from the subconscious, causes symptoms characteristic of dementia praecox. It should be noted that Carl Jung later abandoned his toxin hypothesis and adopted modern concept about the violation of chemical metabolism.

Remark 1

Carl Gustav Jung first proposed the division of people into introverts and extroverts. Subsequently, he identified four main functions of the brain:

1. thinking,
2. perception,
3. feeling
4. intuition.

Depending on the predominance of any of these four functions, people can be classified into types. These studies are presented in his work "Psychological Types".

Throughout his life, Jung implemented his ideas quite successfully. He opened his own school of psychoanalysis.

One of the ideas developed by the psychologist was that Christianity is an integral part of the historical process. Heretical views he considered an unconscious manifestation of the Christian religion.

Carl Jung doing historical research, began to study the elderly and help those who have lost the meaning of life. His research showed that most of these people are atheists. The psychologist believed that if they begin to express their fantasies, this will give them the opportunity to find their place in life. He called it the process of individualization.

Surprisingly, Carl Jung actively supported the idea of ​​fascism, believing that Germany occupies an exceptional place in world history. Such views originated in him in $1908, but in progressive circles his sympathy for fascism was not supported and criticized.

Carl Gustav Jung (July 26, 1875 - June 6, 1961) was born in the small Swiss town of Keswil, the son of a Protestant priest. Father gave great attention upbringing and education of Karl and, despite the relative poverty of his family, he found an opportunity to send his son to the best gymnasium in the Swiss city of Basel. FROM young years Carl talks with his father about religion, thoughts about God and the structure of the world occupy a significant part of his youthful diaries and notes. It seemed that fate itself had prepared for him the path of a priest. However, the deeper Karl studies religious texts, the more often he has conflicting thoughts about God and about the church. He is increasingly under the impression that the Protestant Church is completely cut off from real life, that it has degenerated into a set of empty rites and ceremonies, not filled with any inner meaning. “A living religious experience is not to be found in the church,” Carl concludes, “many poetic and philosophical works are much closer to it than liberal Protestantism.” Later, reflections on God, on religious sacraments will become one of the main themes of his work.

By the end of the gymnasium, Karl clearly understands that the career of a priest is alien to him and decides to study medicine. He enters the University, where, in addition to his specialty, he studies philosophy with great interest - both ancient and modern. He is completely immersed in himself, in his own thoughts, experiences and dreams - they occupy him much more than events outside world. It is no coincidence that he calls his autobiography “Memories, Dreams, Reflections”. Until the last year of the gymnasium, these two interests - philosophy and science - exist for Jung separately from each other, and suddenly, already during the last semester, he opens a psychiatry textbook for the first time and from that moment his life changes. “My heart suddenly began to beat violently,” he writes in his memoirs, “The excitement was extraordinary, because it became clear to me, as in a flash of enlightenment, that psychiatry could become the only possible goal for me. Only in it two streams of my interests merged into one... Here, the collision of nature and spirit became a reality.

After graduating from the University, Jung moved to Zurich and began working here in a psychiatric clinic. In Zurich, philosophy was not honored, preference was given to more practical things - that which can be studied scientifically. In this opposition - either philosophy and religion, or rigorous science - Jung saw the tragedy of the Western worldview, "the split of the European soul." In his writings, he sought to unite these two poles, to show that they do not contradict, but complement each other and can exist in harmonious unity.

There is another area of ​​knowledge, perhaps the most mysterious and mysterious, and Jung, of course, could not ignore it with his attention. This is ancient esoteric knowledge: occultism, magic, astrology, alchemy... In 1902, Jung wrote his doctoral dissertation entitled "On the psychology and pathology of the so-called occult phenomena." Unlike most of his colleagues, Jung was not inclined to see the occult exclusively as
sick imagination. He argues that many poets and prophets have the ability to hear someone else's voice coming from unknown distances, and it is to this talent that we owe many poetic and religious revelations. Later he finds a name for it mysterious world whose voices and images sometimes appear to us in dreams or during creative inspiration He calls it the collective unconscious.

In 1907, Jung meets the man who had perhaps the greatest influence on his further fate- he becomes a student of the "father of psychoanalysis" Z. Freud. This meeting became for Jung a source of unprecedented creative inspiration, and it also led him later to despair and the deepest crisis. Freud's ideas about the unconscious, which turns out to be the true master of human actions, determines his whole life - these ideas capture Jung and he becomes one of the most devoted and talented students of the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud has high hopes for his student - it is in him that he sees a person capable of eventually taking his place, leading the Psychoanalytic Society. However, Jung increasingly disagrees with his teacher, psychoanalysis does not accommodate all of his interests. Jung refuses to consider the main vital energy- libido - consisting exclusively of animal impulses (sex and aggression). In 1912 he wrote the book Transformations and Symbols of the Libido. The ideas of this work of his in many respects contradict the views of Freud, and from that moment their break begins. Freud initiates a lawsuit against former student and demands that Jung change the name of his method, since his work cannot be called psychoanalysis. Jung fulfills this requirement and from that moment he becomes the founder of his own direction - analytical psychology.

1912 becomes for Jung the beginning of a severe psychological crisis. In his own words, he was close to insanity. Images of the collective unconscious invaded his life, bringing with them nightmarish visions. Jung imagined streams of blood flooding the whole of Europe, the collapse of the world. These visions stopped only in 1914, with the outbreak of the 2nd World War, when these ominous images became a reality.

Jung's later life is entirely devoted to the study of the collective unconscious and its archetypes. Jung travels a lot, studies primitive cultures and worlds of ancient civilizations. All his works are aimed at one goal - the return of lost integrity to a person, the unification inner world and external, science, religion and mysticism, the wisdom of East and West. He calls analytical psychology "Western yoga" or "twentieth century alchemy." He is deeply convinced that every person is not only a biological being endowed with instincts and reflexes, a person in lesser degree belongs to the world of the spirit - it carries the experience of culture, religion, scientific traditions. “Psychology is one of the few sciences forced to take into account the spiritual dimension,” he writes. spiritual experience ancestors is passed down from generation to generation with the help of archetypes - universal images of the collective unconscious, common to all people. C.G. Jung comes to this conclusion by studying folklore, and also - working with dreams of various ethnic groups and cultures.

Based on his research, C.G. Jung offers his own scheme for the structure of the human psyche. He writes that the human soul is like an iceberg: only a small part of it is visible on the surface, and a large part is hidden in the depths of the unconscious. What a person presents daily in communication with others is his persona (mask). With her most often identified with his ego. But, in addition to this, the human psyche includes a shadow (unacceptable experiences and thoughts about oneself), anima or animus (the idea of ideal partner of the opposite sex), the self (the deep core of the personality that gives meaning to life), as well as a number of archetypes ( Great Mother, Eternal Child, Wise Elder, etc.). Jung called the path of self-knowledge, the movement from the ego to the self, individuation.

Jung's work had a profound effect on modern culture. For example, G. Hesse's book "Steppenwolf" was written under the impression of psychotherapeutic sessions that the author had with Jung. The influence of ideas about the collective unconscious and its inherent archetypal images can be seen in many ways. works of art and movies.

Analytical psychology has been developed in a variety of directions. Jungian psychotherapists continue to study practical psychology in combination with cultural studies, religion and esotericism. “The fullness of life is regular and not regular, rational and irrational,” wrote C. G. Jung, “Psychology that satisfies the intellect alone is never practical; for the wholeness of the soul is never grasped by the intellect alone.”

Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) - Swiss psychologist and philosopher, founder of "analytical psychology". His teacher - the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud only slightly opened the abyss of the unconscious person, Jung made this abyss universal. He introduced the concept of the collective unconscious, archetypes, which, in his opinion, were the sources of dreams, ancient myths and symbols common to all mankind.

My life is a story of self-realization of the unconscious. Everything that is in the unconscious strives for realization, and the human personality, feeling itself as a whole, wants to develop from its unconscious sources. In tracing this to myself, I cannot use the language of science because I do not see myself as scientific problem. Carl Jung Memories, Dreams, Reflections.

Carl Jung: known and unknown

The achievements of the Swiss scientist Carl Jung in the field of psychology and psychiatry are generally recognized. He is the founder of analytical psychology, one of the areas of depth psychology, he owns the ideas about the existence of the collective unconscious, archetypal images that have a powerful influence on the human subconscious, he developed a typology of human personalities. The years of his life covered one of the most difficult and tragic periods in the history of mankind - 1875-1961. But perhaps we have not fully realized the extent of Jung's influence on the thinking of our contemporaries. After all, before him, the attention of serious scientists did not stop at facts or phenomena that, at least to some extent, could be considered doubtful. A very rational principle of "Cartesian doubt" reigned in the scientific community. In accordance with it, in the search for truth, one had to doubt everything, and without hesitation to discard or even consider as non-existent absolutely everything that gave even the slightest reason to doubt. But what about dreams, vague premonitions and vague sensations? Only excessively emotional ladies and exalted mystics could pay attention to them, and certainly not serious scientists. However, Freud, and after him Jung, even more than Freud, built their theories on the analysis of these very dubious phenomena. For example, synchronicity.

Synchronicity is a causally inexplicable parallelism, as it happens, for example, in cases of the simultaneous appearance of identical thoughts, symbols or mental states from different people. K.G. Jung

Let us note that epistemology, as a direction in philosophy that studies the processes of cognition, has changed significantly in the post-Jungian period. The field of her interests included phenomena that were previously simply indecent for serious scientists to pay attention to. The picture of the world in a person of the twentieth century was changing, not the last role was played by discoveries in the field of natural sciences, in particular Einstein's theory of relativity. In this regard, I recall a funny epigram, which in a playful way conveys the impressions of contemporaries from the famous "theory of relativity"

This world was shrouded in deep darkness
Let there be light! And here comes Newton.
But Satan did not wait long for revenge,
Einstein came, and everything was as before.

So the interest in the irrational was the trend of the times, but Jung's research also played a role. After the publication of his works and the introduction of the concept of "collective unconscious" into scientific use, the scientific community was not too surprised that the doctor of philosophy Stanislav Grof, creating the theory of transpersonal psychology in the 60s of the twentieth century, was based on the study of altered states of people. And the ethnologist and philosopher, professor University of Chicago Mircea Eliade considered the mythological perception of the world by shamans no less noteworthy and study than the historical thinking of the European peoples. For the life and creative fate of Carl Jung, it was precisely the influence of the “subjective factor” and “dubious phenomena” that was decisive.

The origins of Jungian ideas: heredity, childhood, youth

As a child, he was a reserved and strange child. Carl was haunted by an amazing feeling - as if two people live in it. One is a boy who does not want to go to school and learn so boring mathematics, the other is quite an adult and mysterious gentleman. Jung recalled, or perhaps invented, that this second person, who lived in his imagination, was an elderly man, lived in the 18th century, wore a white wig and buckled shoes, and rode in a hired carriage with high wheels. This riddle predetermined Jung's path, from childhood he tried to understand the phenomenon of multiple personality. It is possible that the origins of this mystery are in the personalities of the ancestors of the future discoverer of the collective unconscious.

Carl Gustav Jung was born in 1875 in the family of a Protestant priest. His homeland is the small Swiss town of Keswil. The history of the Jung family is very interesting; the fates of outstanding doctors, theologians and mystics intertwined in it. In childhood and youth, Carl Gustav acutely felt some strange connection with them. Probably, he would have agreed with the lines of the Russian poet's poem " Silver Age"Mikhail Kuzmin" Voice of the Ancestors ":

... you were silent for your long age,
and here you are shouting with hundreds of voices,
dead but alive
in me: the last, the poor,
but having a tongue for you,
and every drop of blood
close to you, hears you,
loves you...

The roots of the family go back to the distant XVII century. The first prominent representative of the family was Carl Jung - doctor of medicine and law, rector of the university in the German city of Mainz. Jung's great-grandfather on his father's side was a doctor who ran a field hospital during the Napoleonic Wars. The grandfather of the future famous psychiatrist, also Carl Gustav Jung, moved to Switzerland at the invitation of Alexander von Humboldt. On the mother's side, the ancestors were also wonderful people. His grandfather - Samuel Preysverk - was a doctor of theology, a freemason, the Grand Master of the Swiss Lodge. Quite well known about him. unusual fact: considering himself a visionary, S. Preisverk kept in his office an armchair for the spirit of his prematurely departed wife, with whom he often talked. Well, with an armchair or with a spirit - this is already the choice of readers. So Jung's interest in split personality and mysticism is due to the peculiarities of the family.

Increasingly aware of the brilliant beauty of the daytime world filled with light, where there is a "golden sunlight” and “green foliage”, at the same time I felt the power over myself of an obscure world of shadows, full of unresolvable questions. From the memoirs of K. Jung.

Entering the gymnasium at the age of eleven, Jung was more interested in reading his favorite books than studying, he learned to read very early, and studied Latin from the age of six. Mathematics was not given to him, but the boy was not too upset. For the complete lack of ability to draw, he was generally exempted from studying this subject at school, and at home Carl Gustav enthusiastically drew battles, ancient castles and caricatures. For him, it was much more interesting than copying heads in class. Greek gods. In the gymnasium, Karl clearly realized that his family was very poor, he had to go to the gymnasium in holey shoes, now he began to better understand the concerns and problems of his parents. But it was not these circumstances that worried Jung in his childhood. He was not left with a feeling of duality, with his peers he was the same student as they are, a little reserved, but an ordinary child, and alone with himself he became that second, wise and skeptical person from the 18th century. He felt that he possessed some secret and he still, as in early childhood had strange, prophetic dreams.

All my youth can only be understood in the light of this mystery. Because of her, I was unbearably lonely. My only significant achievement (as I now understand it) was that I resisted the temptation to talk about it with someone. Thus, my relationship with the world was predetermined: today I am alone more than ever, because I know things that no one knows and does not want to know.

From the memoirs of K. Jung.

So intense inner life separated Jung from his peers and partly served as the cause of long-term depression. But at the age of 16, this fog, as the scientist himself later wrote, began to slowly dissipate. Bouts of depression were a thing of the past, Jung became interested in the study of philosophy. He determined for himself the range of topics that he certainly wanted to study, read Plato, Heraclitus, Pythagoras. The ideas of Schopenhauer were especially close to him:

He was the first who told me about the real suffering of the world, about the confusion of thoughts, passions and evil - about everything that others hardly noticed, trying to present it either as universal harmony or as something taken for granted. Finally I found a philosopher who had the courage to see that not everything was for the best in the very foundations of the world. Cit. by Ver, G. Carl Gustav Jung. Self testifying of himself and his life

More than once, Carl Jung wrote that in his youth he especially strongly felt his connection with distant ancestors, it seemed to him that he was influenced by problems or circumstances that were not resolved by his grandfathers and great-grandfathers. This also applied to the choice of future profession. Franz Riklin wrote that the memory of his grandfather, a professor of medicine at the University of Basel, played a decisive role in Jung's desire to study medicine. At the age of 20, he enters the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Basel. For Jung, this period was very difficult financially, his father dies and the family is left almost without a livelihood. The family managed to sell a small collection of antiques, Jung began to work as a junior assistant at the university - in this way they managed to maintain a rather modest existence and pay for the studies of Carl Gustav. Jung later recalled:

I do not regret those days of poverty - I learned to appreciate the simple things ... Looking back, I can only say one thing - the time of study was a wonderful time for me. Cit. by Ver, G. Carl Gustav Jung. Self testifying of himself and his life

At the university, in addition to reading compulsory literature, Jung became interested in the works of mystical philosophers: Carl de Prel, Swedenborg, Eschenmeier. He needed this literature for his dissertation in medicine, which was called: "On the psychology and pathology of the so-called occult phenomena." Nearing the end of the university, the future great psychiatrist needs to choose a specialization, the definition of which happened quite in the spirit of Jung. Krafft-Ebing’s “Textbook of Psychiatry” fell into his hands, the young man realized that it was this direction that would allow him to combine his passion for philosophy and medicine.

And then I immediately decided to become a psychiatrist, because I finally saw the opportunity to combine my interest in philosophy, to natural sciences and medicine, which for me was the main task. Jung C. G. Memories, Dreams and Reflections

Work in a psychiatric clinic

The choice was made, K. Jung decides to work in the Burgholzli psychiatric clinic as an assistant to Professor of Psychiatry Eugen Bleuler. Relatives and classmates were surprised by his decision: to lock himself up in a psychiatric clinic, to treat seriously ill and, possibly, dangerous people - is this a worthy path for a promising young man? But the Burghelzli clinic was an unusual medical institution; hypnosis was used to treat patients, and not the harsh methods of curing mentally ill people that were common for that time. Real luminaries of medicine worked there: Hermann Rorschach, Jean Piaget, Karl Abraham.

In this clinic, Jung writes "Studies of word associations", the method was used before Jung, but he managed to achieve successful application of it in practice, to develop his own test based on an already existing methodology. In 1903, Carl Gustav marries the heiress of a wealthy industrialist Emma Rauschenbach, she was once his patient. Despite the difference in financial situation, Emma's relatives supported the decision of the young people, Carl Jung aroused their unconditional sympathy and respect. In 1905, a young psychotherapist defended his doctoral dissertation. In Burgholzli, Jung begins to develop his ideas about the collective unconscious, uses psychoanalytic methods to treat patients.

From meetings with my patients and classes psychological phenomena, which passed before me in an inexhaustible series of images, I learned an infinite amount, and not only about what was related to science, but above all about myself. - and, to no small extent, I came to this through mistakes and defeats. Jung C. G. Memories, Dreams and Reflections

Carl Jung and Sabine Spielrein

In his memoirs, the scientist, recalling the years of work in the clinic, writes that the majority of patients were women. He emphasizes their intelligence and receptivity, thanks for the fact that with their help he was able to open new paths in psychotherapy. Some of them became his students, friendship with them lasted for many years. All of the above referred, first of all, to Sabine Spielrein. In her youth, she suffered from bouts of hysteria, and Jung was her doctor. The history of the relationship between Sabina and Carl Gustav is known because of the phenomenon of the so-called "erotic transference" - a term used in psychoanalysis. This phenomenon of the patient's passion for the attending physician arises from the deep personal contact between the doctor and the patient in the process of psychoanalysis. Indeed, Sabina and Karl fell in love with each other. Jung noticed and appreciated the sharp mind of the girl, her scientific mindset. Spielrein helped Jung in his research, soon Sabina was successfully cured of hysteria and left the clinic. Strict moralizers condemn Jung for this hobby, but something completely different is interesting in this story: it is possible that Sabina Spielrein's ideas about the influence of destructive phenomena on the human psyche were the origins of Z. Freud's theory of "Thanatos" - the eternal desire of mankind for self-destruction.

Sabine Spielrein was a student of both Freud and Jung and a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. She was working on a dissertation on the topic of destructive phenomena in the human psyche. She made a presentation on this topic at one of the meetings of the Psychoanalytic Society. There is an entry in her diary where Spielrein fears that her ideas will be used by Freud. Her article "Destruction as the Cause of Becoming" really anticipated Freud's ideas about "Thanatos" - a person's subconscious striving for death, destruction. It is possible that the Teacher voluntarily or involuntarily relied on the ideas and research of his student. Unfortunately, the fate of Spielrein was rather tragic. She was originally from Russia, after the October events of 1917, Sabina and her husband returned to their native Rostov-on-Don. Spielrein did a lot for the development of psychoanalysis in Soviet Russia, but soon this direction in psychiatry was banned. Sabina and her daughters die during World War II. Unfortunately, the most talented psychoanalyst, Sabina Spielrein, is little known in the history of science.

Jung and Freud

The relationship between the two most prominent representatives of psychoanalysis - Z. Freud and C. Jung - is a well-known page in the history of science. One was considered a teacher, the second - a student. Sigmund Freud was 19 years older than Jung and often, in response to his younger colleague's objections to the excessive emphasis on the sexual component of the unconscious in his theory, said that Jung was still too young and inexperienced. But in fact, Jung met Freud as an already established and well-known specialist in the field of psychiatry. He was the author of two monographs on the treatment of schizophrenia. Just while working on Jung's second monograph, the works of Sigmund Freud became interested. The young doctor was especially fascinated by the ideas of "repression" into the subconscious negative memories or emotions and the impact of these unconscious traumas on a person. Jung wrote:

Even a cursory glance at the pages of my work shows how much I owe to Freud's brilliant concepts. I can assure you that I had, of course, from the very beginning the same objections that have been raised against Freud in the literature. Fairness to Freud does not mean, as many fear, unconditional submission to dogma, while it is quite possible to maintain one's independent judgment. Jung C. G. Sigmund Freud

Using the associative test he developed, Jung found a way to diagnose the true cause of neurosis and heal from it. But he never agreed with Freud that "repressed" emotions are exclusively sexual in nature. Nevertheless, for quite a long time, Freud considered Jung his best student, heir to his ideas. He even asked him to promise that the young scientist would never depart from his theory of the sexual origins of neuroses. Both researchers are in active correspondence from 1906 to 1913. In 1907, Carl Jung arrived in Vienna, they personal meeting and a conversation that lasted thirteen hours. The years of cooperation were very fruitful for Jung, but he is increasingly fascinated by the idea of ​​​​the collective unconscious, the scientist is studying mythology, he is on the verge of discovering archetypes. At the most critical moments of his life, Jung had very vivid and memorable dreams. Shortly before the break with Z. Freud, Jung had just such a dream. He dreamed that he was standing in the lobby of a beautiful two-story mansion. Its walls are decorated with old paintings, Jung knows that this is his home. Wow! He is mentally surprised. But for some reason, he needs to go down to the basement, he goes down there, the basement is very deep and, allegedly, was erected back in the days of the Ancient Roman Empire. From the basement, Jung finds himself in a primeval cave in which he sees two skulls. When he woke up, he could not help feeling that he needed to understand the symbolism of this dream. Jung asks Freud to interpret his vision. The teacher asks half in jest, half in earnest - confess, whose death do you want? Jung interprets the dream in his own way: the house is the image of the soul, upper floors- events and impressions Everyday life, basement - the unconscious, where the hiding or forgotten wishes and thoughts. But what is a cave? Jung suggested that behind the personal unconscious lies a bottomless ocean of the collective unconscious. So sleep became one of the impulses greatest discovery scientist. He cannot stop, it is very important for Jung to continue his research, and not to lose his identity, remaining a student of Freud. The young scientist writes the book “Libido. His metamorphoses and symbols”, his differences with Freud become obvious. After the publication of this work, a breakup becomes inevitable.

Everyone who has access to the unconscious is a seer

Carl Jung needs more and more time for scientific and pedagogical work, private practice, at the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, he acquires a plot of land located on the coast picturesque lake and builds a three-story house. He leaves the clinic in 1913, because he does not have time to fully cover all areas of his activity. Moreover, his fame as a psychotherapist is becoming more and more widespread. In addition to the really successful cure of the sick, Jung's popularity was facilitated by a rather funny story. One day she came to see him elderly woman who had suffered from paralysis of her legs for 17 years. Students attended medical appointments. The woman was invited to sit in a chair and tell about her illness, but her story lasted so long that Jung asked her to stop and warned that he would now introduce her into a state of hypnosis. The patient quickly fell into a trance and began to tell her visions even before she was put into a hypnotic state. The situation was awkward, besides, Jung could not interpret her dreams and find reasons psychosomatic illness, the patient's visions became more and more like delirium, it was necessary to bring her out of a trance. The doctor could expect a fiasco in front of the students. Suddenly the woman woke up and said that she was healed thanks to Jung's hypnosis, who said to the students: "You see how powerful hypnosis is." Although deep down he was perplexed and did not understand what had happened. The healed woman praised the wonderful doctor, the fame of him spread throughout the district. And the reason for the sudden recovery of the patient was that her son suffered from dementia. A few years before the events described, he was treated at Jung's clinic. Then a very young doctor, Carl Gustav Jung, embodied everything that an unfortunate woman would like to see in her son. And she perceived him as a son, without even realizing it. In her imagination, Jung took the place of her son, a secret pain for fate own child gone, so the disease disappeared. Well, Jung didn't use hypnosis anymore after this story.

Jung's life is filled with work, research, pedagogical activity. But strange dreams and visions do not leave him.

A certain demon settled in me, suggesting from the very beginning that I should get to the meaning of my fantasies. I felt that some higher will guided and supported me in this destructive flow of the unconscious. And she gave me the strength to endure. Jung C. G. Memories, Dreams and Reflections

The duality of Jung's nature again made itself felt: the first is an excellent doctor, a talented scientist, a rational and collected father of the family. The second is a pensive man, immersed in night visions, meditating by the lake. Before the First World War, he had a vision that lasted about an hour. He saw the corpses of people and the wreckage of buildings that rushed to infinity on the waves of the yellow sea, then the sea turned bloody. The vision was in October 1913 and then repeated several more times, the war began in August 1914.

Jung wrote down his fantasies and later published them in the so-called "Red Book". This crisis period was, at the same time, very fruitful for Jung's research. In 1919, he completed work on the book Instinct and the Unconscious, in which he first used the concept of the archetype.

In subsequent years, Jung travels a lot, visiting countries North Africa, Pueblo Indians In New Mexico State. In 1920, one of Jung's main works, Psychological Types, was published.

In the mid-1920s, he traveled to Uganda and Kenya. After returning from Africa, one after another, his works come out: "Spiritual Problems of Modern Man", "The Structure of the Soul", "Relations between the Ego and the Unconscious". Jung's ideas become known all over the world, the popularity of the scientist's works is promoted by their active translation into English. Jung is elected president of the International Psychotherapeutic Society.

What about duality and visions? They do not leave the scientist until the end of his life. Jung explains these phenomena by the possibility of contact with the collective unconscious, he believes that everyone who has access to the unconscious - this bottomless repository of all destinies and ideas, is a real seer.

Carl Gustav Jung lived a long, eventful and amazing life. His ideas had a huge impact on the development of psychological, philosophical, anthropological thought.

Literature:

1. Babosov, E. M. Carl Gustav Jung [Text] / Evgeny Mikhailovich Babosov. - Mn. : Book House, 2009. - 254 p. - (Thinkers of the twentieth century). - Bibliography: p. 251-254.
2. Ver, G. Carl Gustav Jung. Himself testifying about himself and his life / transl. with him. - M.: Ural LTD, 1996. - 208 p.
3. Gindilis, N.L. Scientific knowledge and depth psychology K.G. Junga [Text] / Natalia Lvovna Gindilis. - M. : LIBROKOM, 2009. - 158 p. - Bibliography: p. 156-158.
4. Ovcharenko V. I. The fate of Sabina Spielrein // Psychoanalytic Bulletin. 1992. No. 2.
5. Jung K. G. Sigmund Freud // Jung K. G. Collected Works: Spirit Mercury. M., 1996. - 339 p.
6. Jung KG Memories, dreams and reflections // Spirit and life. Moscow: Practice, 1996.

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Jung's interests included biology, zoology, paleontology, and archaeology. In 1900 he became a doctor in the psychiatric clinic of the University of Zurich, which was led by Eugen Bleuler, in 1902 he defended his thesis On Psychology and Pathology in So-Called Occult Phenomena(Zur Psychologie und Pathologie sogenannter okkulter Phänomene).

In 1902, Jung went to Paris, where he listened to the lectures of Pierre Janet, and then to London. In 1903 he married Emma Rauschenbach. The results of experimental studies carried out jointly with Franz Riklin and other collaborators were presented in 1904 in the work Diagnostic studies of associations (Diagnostische Associationstudent). Investigations were aimed at discovering special groups of repressed and emotionally colored mental contents, which Jung called "complexes". The work brought Jung wide fame, and in 1907 he met with Freud, in whose writings on the interpretation of dreams he found confirmation of his ideas.

After a 1911 lecture tour of the United States with Freud, Jung resigned both from the work of publishing the Yearbook of Psychological and Psychopathological Research (Jahrbuch für psychologische und psychopathologische Forschungen), founded by Bleuler and Freud, and from the presidency of the International Psychoanalytic Society. . Jung formulated his new position in the book Metamorphoses and symbols of libido (Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido, 1912), reprinted in 1952 under the title Symbols of metamorphosis (Symbole der Wandlungen). On the example of the fantasies of a young woman on early stage schizophrenia, Jung revealed the symbolic content of the unconscious with the help of a number of historical and mythological parallels. Jung called his approach analytical psychology (as opposed to Freud's "psychoanalysis" and Adler's "individual psychology").

In 1909, Jung refused to work in the hospital, and in 1913 from lecturing at the University of Zurich, where he taught from 1905, more and more delving into the study of mythological and religious symbols. This period lasted until the publication in 1921 of the work Psychological types(Psychologist Typen). In 1920, Jung traveled to Tunisia and Algeria, in 1924-1925 he studied the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona, in 1925-1926 - the inhabitants of Mount Elgon in Kenya. Traveled several times in the United States, visited India twice ( last time in 1937). The religious symbolism of Hinduism and Buddhism and the teachings of Zen Buddhism and Confucianism played an important role in his research.

In 1948, the Jung Institute was organized in Zurich. His followers created the Society for Analytical Psychology in England and similar societies in the USA (New York, San Francisco and Los Angeles), as well as in a number of European countries. Jung was president of the Swiss Society for Practical Psychology, founded in 1935. From 1933 to 1942 he taught again in Zurich, and from 1944 in Basel. From 1933 to 1939 he published the Journal of Psychotherapy and Related Fields (Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie und ihre Grenzgebiete). Among his publications are The relationship between the self and the unconscious (Die Beziehungen zwischen dem Ich und dem Unbewussten, 1928), Psychology and religion (psychology and religion, 1940), Psychology and education (Psychology and Erziehung, 1946), Images of the unconscious (Gestaltungen des Unbewussten, 1950), Symbolism of the Spirit (Symbolik des Geistes, 1953),On the origins of consciousness (Von den Wurzeln des Bewusstseins, 1954).

Analytical psychology.

At the center of Jung's teaching is the notion of "individuation". The process of individuation is due to the totality of mental states, which are coordinated by a system of complementary relationships that contribute to the maturation of the personality. Jung emphasized the importance of the religious function of the soul, considering it an essential component of the process of individuation.

Jung understood neuroses not only as a disorder, but also as a necessary impulse for the "expansion" of consciousness and, therefore, as a stimulus to achieve maturity (healing). From this point of view, mental disorders are not just a failure, illness or developmental delay, but an incentive for self-realization and personal integrity.

Jung's method of psychotherapy differs from Freud's. The analyst does not remain passive; he often has to play the most active role in the session. In addition to free association, Jung used a kind of "directed" association to help understand the content of the dream with the help of motifs and symbols from other sources.

Jung owns the concept of "collective unconscious" - archetypes, congenital forms psyche, patterns of behavior that always exist potentially and, when actualized, appear in the form of special images. Since the typical characteristics due to belonging to the human race, the presence of racial and national characteristics, family characteristics and trends of the times, are combined in human soul with unique personal characteristics, its natural functioning can only be the result of mutual influence these two realms of the unconscious (individual and collective) and their relationship with the realm of consciousness.

Jung proposed a theory of personality types, pointed out the differences between the behavior of extroverts and introverts, according to their attitude to the world around them.

Jung's interests extended to areas very far from psychology - medieval alchemy, yoga and gnosticism, as well as parapsychology. Phenomena that cannot be scientific explanation, such as telepathy or clairvoyance, he called "synchronistic" and defined as some "significant" coincidence of the events of the inner world (dreams, premonitions, visions) and real external events in the present, immediate past or future, when there is no causal connection between them.