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More: Territorial and political expansion of Russia#Expansion Russian Empire(since 1721)
The territory of the empire increased throughout its existence. The foundation took place after the conquest of access to the Baltic Sea. In the XVIII-XIX centuries, possessions increased in rivalry with empires: Sweden for Finland and the Baltic region; Rzeczpospolita for Ukraine; the Ottoman Empire for the Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region; Persia for Transcaucasia; British Empire for possessions in North Asia; China for Kazakhstan.
Two competitors were completely defeated with the participation of Russia: Sweden, after the loss of Finland in 1806, collapsed the policy of the great power; Poland ceased to exist after three partitions.
But there are also failures: the lost Crimean War; the sale of Alaska in 1867; Zheltorossiya project; projects for the capture of Constantinople and the Black Sea straits.
A number of territories enjoyed autonomy and were connected with the metropolises by relations of personal union, vassalage or protectorate: the Zaporizhian Army (vassalage until 1764), the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (protectorate until 1801), the Imereti Kingdom (protectorate until 1811), the Grand Duchy of Finland (union until before the abdication of Nicholas II), the Kingdom of Poland (unia until the 1860s), the Emirate of Bukhara (vassalage from 1868), the Khiva Khanate (protectorate from 1873), the Uryankhai Territory (Tuva, protectorate from 1914). Broad self-government had 11 territories of the Cossack troops.
The Xinhai Revolution weakened China's influence in Mongolia, in contrast to this, Mongolia seeks to rely on Russia and has, in fact, become a protectorate since 1912.
The growth of Russia is perceived with caution by the European powers, these fears are reflected in the forged document "Testament of Peter the Great".
Karl Marx speaks negatively about Russia, its diplomacy and expansion policy.
Friedrich Engels, in The Foreign Policy of Russian Tsarism, calls the imperial diplomatic corps a "gang of adventurers" and a "Jesuit order", commenting on imperial expansion in expressions like: "Never before has Russia reached such a powerful position. But she also took another step beyond her natural limits. If Russian chauvinism had some more excusing - I don't want to say justifying - pretexts regarding Catherine's conquests, then there can be no question of this regarding Alexander's conquests. Finland is inhabited by Finns and Swedes, Bessarabia - by Romanians, Congress Poland - by Poles. Here we don’t even have to talk about the reunification of scattered kindred tribes bearing a Russian name, here we are dealing with an undisguised violent conquest of foreign territory, with a simple robbery. And “when you read Russian newspapers, you might think that all of Russia is carried away by the tsarist policy of conquest; everywhere - solid chauvinism and pan-Slavism, calls for the liberation of Christians from the Turkish yoke, and the Slavs - from the German-Magyar".
Host Zaporozhye
The Hetmanate came under Russian protection in 1654. The Kolomak Articles signed by Ivan Mazepa limited the choice of the foreman to the hetman only with the royal permission and deprived the foreman of the right to arbitrarily re-elect the hetman. Article 19 of the treaty raised the question of uniting with the Moscow state and eliminating the national isolation of Ukrainians. The Kiev Metropolis (1458-1688) was abolished and the Hetmanate in 1704 annexed the lands of the Right-Bank Zaporizhian Army.
During the reign of Cyril Razumovsky, the final absorption of the hetmanate by the empire began: in 1754 it was liquidated customs border; in 1764 the post of hetman was finally liquidated, the Little Russian province was founded instead of the hetmanate
The New (Podpolnenskaya) Sich was founded in 1734 by the permission of Empress Anna Ioannovna. The Zaporizhian Grassroots Army acts as an ally of Russia in the Russian-Turkish wars of 1735-1739 and 1768-1774. However, in 1775, Catherine II ordered the destruction of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, and the Novorossiysk province was replenished with its lands. In 1781, the regimental structure of Ukraine was liquidated, administration in the rights of the Ukrainian way and nobility in 1782 and enslavement rural population in 1783 Ukraine became an ordinary region of the Russian Empire.
Geopolitical competition with Sweden. Accession of Finland
Ingria in 1702 joined by Peter. By the end of the Northern War, the empire returns Karelia, and, in addition, annexes new territories: Estonia, Livonia (Livonia), southern Finland. Courland is under control. The revanchists start a new war in 1741 to return what was lost, but they lose it, the situation repeated itself in 1788.
during the period of Parliamentary Democracy (Era of Freedom), Russia in fact manipulated Sweden by bribing politicians, but Gustav III carried out a coup d'etat destroying democracy.
The Russo-Swedish war (1808-1809) was the last between the powers, Russia annexed Finland and the Aland Islands.
with the accession of Finland, the following problems were identified: the lack of literature on Finnish, the Finnish language was not a state language, the absence of the Finnish aristocracy, the economy is controlled by the Swedish minority, most of the population of Helsingfors and Abo were Swedes. In order not to lose this territory, Russia focuses on the national identity of the Finns: provides benefits to the state; the activities of the Sejm are restored, the Finnish language becomes the second state language; published literature in Finnish; the capital is transferred from Abo to Helsingfors; Finnish migration to the cities is encouraged. A little later, in 1812, “Old Finland” joins Finland, which passed to Russia under the Nishtadt (1721) and Abosky (1743) truces.
But in the 1890s, the empire switched to a policy of forced Russification of a number of national outskirts: attempts were made to introduce the Russian language as the third state language; synchronize political systems (Russia did not have a constitution and parliament at that time); synchronize the armed forces by including the local army in the Russian one. All these steps caused extreme dissatisfaction among the population, and attempts to bring this to life, from the Governor-General Bobrikov, ended in his assassination.
The sharp dissatisfaction of the Finnish population with the Russification policy of 1898-1914 leads to the fact that after the abdication of Nicholas II, Finland already in March 1917 proclaims the Constitution. By July, Finland comes to an armed conflict with the troops of the Provisional Government of Russia, in November - December 1917 it proclaims independence, recognized by the Bolsheviks on December 22, 1917.
Sections of the Commonwealth. Kingdom of Poland. Courland and Semigallia
The geopolitical competition of Russia with Lithuania and Poland begins long before the formation of the Russian Empire; back in the XIV-XV centuries, these powers captured a number of western principalities of the disintegrated Old Russian state. The unification of Poland and Lithuania in 1569 into a single state becomes a mortal blow for Russia's first attempt to win access to the Baltic Sea - the troops of Ivan IV the Terrible are defeated in the Livonian War by the Polish King Stefan Batory.
By the XVIII Rzeczpospolita comes to decline, caused by interethnic strife and unsuccessful wars. Political system, combining the election of the king with the right of veto for any deputy, increasingly led to the paralysis of the state, and created the basis for active manipulation of Polish domestic policy by Russia and Prussia. In 1764, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth tried to abolish the Liberum veto, but at the same time these attempts were buried as a result of the active intervention of Russia. The steadily growing pressure on the Commonwealth from Russia and Prussia ends with three sections 1772-1795.
during the partitions, the vassal of the Commonwealth, the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, also became part of the Russian Empire. In 1795, at the Landtag in Mitava, Duke Peter Biron folded the signs of ducal dignity, and the duchy itself was transformed into the Courland Governorate.
as a result of partitions, Russia includes Belarus, part of Lithuania, part of Ukraine and part of the Baltic states.
During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia already occupied the territory of Poland itself. Following the results of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Kingdom of Poland was formed, which concluded a union with the Russian Empire. It did not include all of Poland; so, Poznan went to Prussia, and Krakow to Austria.
Poles become one of the most "unreliable" national minorities of the empire. After 1831, the Poles practically registered in the Russian troops in the Caucasus, which was called "warm Siberia". It is very characteristic that, after the assassination attempt on him on April 4, 1866, Tsar Alexander II asks the terrorist Dmitry Karakozov, who was captured on the spot, “Are you a Pole?”
Poles raise a series of uprisings against royal power: Kościuszko Uprising (1794), Polish uprising 1830, 1863 uprising.
These uprisings only lead to the gradual curtailment of Polish autonomy within the Russian Empire. After the uprising of 1830, the Polish Constitution is replaced by the Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland. Thus, the personal union is replaced by the entry of Poland into Russia. The Polish Sejm and the army are dissolved, the Polish zloty is replaced by the ruble, the metric system is replaced by the traditional Russian one.
After the uprising of 1863, Poland was divided into provinces, the all-Polish departments ceased to exist, and their affairs were transferred to the government of the empire. the all-imperial system of education and judicial organization also extends to Poland, the obligatory use of the Russian language in education and office work is introduced, the designation of Poland as the “Privislinsky region” is extended.
Since the end of 1915, Poland has been occupied by German-Austrian troops. Shortly after the fall of the Russian Empire, on March 29, 1917, the Provisional Government of Russia recognizes the independence of Poland.
Russian colonization of America
In 1648 the first Russian-American Campaign took place. Two expeditions operated in parallel. In the Gulf of Cook, having founded the Nikolaevsky redoubt, the Lebedev-Lastochkin team is located, but by 1798 they are ruined. In 1784, Shelikhov began to subjugate the locals, convert them to Orthodoxy and introduce agricultural crops. And by 1793 an Orthodox mission joined them: a temple was founded.
In 1799, the Mikhailovskaya fortress was founded. In the spring of 1802, the Tlingit burned it, in 1804 there was a major armed clash with the Indians, but, despite this, by 1819, 200 Russians and 1,000 natives lived in it.
Since 1808, Novo-Arkhangelsk has become the capital of Russian America, but the actual administration is carried out from Irkutsk. In 1812, Fort Ross was founded - the southernmost outpost of the Russian-American Company. In 1824, the Russian-American Convention was signed, fixing the southern border at a latitude of 54°40'N.
Georgia is perceived as a country of the same faith, but vegetating surrounded by foreign empires. However, expansion begins only during the Russian-Turkish wars, in 1783 Erekle II signs a protectorate in exchange for military protection. But, during the invasion of 1795, he did not receive help. Only in 1799 did Paul I send troops. On November 7 (19), 1800, the army repels the invasion, but in December George XII dies and Kartli-Kakheti plunges into a struggle for power. In 1805, imperial troops meet with the Iranian army and put it to flight.
Alexander I cancels the autonomy of the kingdom and introduces Russian rule. General Lazarev is appointed "Manager of Georgia", a government, a new police force and a court are established. Local government is being formed. The aristocracy is equated with the nobility. Aristocrats are forced to take an oath of allegiance to the Russian throne. Office work is being translated into Russian, unfamiliar to the locals, hereditary posts are being abolished. Recruitment duty is canceled, and the collected taxes remain on the ground. The resettlement of Russians, Armenians, Greeks and German colonists to Georgia is encouraged. The autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church and the title of Catholicos were abolished only in 1811. The church is transformed into an exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Imereti in the 18th century repeatedly turned to Russia for help against Turkey. The peace treaty of 1774 saves Imereti from paying tribute to Turkey. After the end of the struggle for power in 1798, Solomon II tries to avoid the protectorate. In 1804 he was forced to sign an agreement by force, and by 1810 he finally lost. on the next year Imereti is part of Russia and is governed in the image of Kartli-Kakheti.
In 1803, Megrelia, seeking to get rid of vassal dependence on Imereti, accepts the protectorate of Russia. 1866 the empire abolishes Megrelia, paying 1,000,000 rubles for the refusal to Nikolai Dadiani. Svaneti submits to the empire, but in the XVI century. divided into "Princely Svanetia" (annexed in 1833) and "Free Svanetia" (attached in 1840). In 1859 the principality was abolished. The principality of Guria, formally also subordinate to Imereti, was accepted into Russia in 1804 as an integral part. But, in 1810, a separate agreement was concluded. In 1828 the principality was abolished. The Abkhaz principality joins Russia in 1810. Abolished in 1866; the last prince, M. G. Shervashidze, is promoted to adjutant general and receives an annual pension of 10,000 rubles. Eastern Armenia was ceded to Russia, which concluded the Treaty of Turkmenchay, after the Russian-Persian war of 1826-1828.
Russian-Turkish wars. Annexation of Crimea and Novorossiya
The Ottoman Empire was a geopolitical rival of Russia. Its vassal, the Crimean Khanate, constantly raided. As a means of protection, the "Great notch line" was built. The Belgorod Discharge becomes the center of defense of the south. "Izyumskaya line", "Ukrainian line" are under construction. In the XVII century on the southern borders up to 50,000, and by the end of the century up to 100,000 border guards.
According to the Belgrade Treaty, Azov passes to Russia, but in return it is forbidden to build fortifications and a fleet. But the Kyuchuk-Kainarji Treaty cancels this restriction and Kerch with Yenikale passes to Russia. In 1736, the Russian army burned Bakhchisaray and occupied Ochakov, but at the same time, in 1738, they were forced to leave it.
Crimean troops stop major raids, and the civilian population turns to agriculture. To protect against the Crimean raids, Russia quickly colonizes the "Wild Field", founds cities: New Serbia and Slavic-Serbia. However, this activity leads to war (1768-1774). According to the Kyuchuk-Kaynarji agreement, Turkey recognizes the independence of Crimea and pays an indemnity of 4.5 million rubles. However, the Turkish sultan remains caliph. A protege of Russia is put forward to the throne of Crimea and quickly irritates the local nobility, destroying the independence of the estates of aristocrats and confiscating church lands.
Between the annexed Kartli-Kakheteli and the Azerbaijan Khanate lay the lands of the swearing allegiance, but independent mountain peoples.
The raiding system of the highlanders was the problem of the empire. But, for example, the Main Caucasian Range, like many other peoples of the northern slopes, put up fierce resistance to the growing influence of imperial power.
After the pacification of Big Kabarda, the main opponents of the Russian troops were the Adyghes and in the east - the highlanders, who united in a military-theocratic Islamic State- Imamate of Dagestan and Chechnya, headed by Shamil. at this stage, the Caucasian war intertwined with the war of Russia against Persia. Military operations against the highlanders were carried out by significant forces and were very fierce.
From the mid-1830s, the conflict escalated due to the emergence in Chechnya and Dagestan of a religious and political movement under the flag of the ghazavat, which received moral and military support from the Ottoman Empire, and during the Crimean War - from Great Britain. The resistance of the highlanders of Chechnya and Dagestan was broken in 1859. The war with the Adyghe tribes of the Western Caucasus continued until 1864 and ended with the deportation of a part of the Adyghes to the Ottoman Empire, or to the flat lands of the Kuban region.
Big game. Conquest of Central Asia
The empire motivated its expansion to the south by the desire to stop the raids of local peoples on its possessions. At the same time, Britain feared the loss of India and the rise of Russia through new trade opportunities. The Afghan crisis (1885), during which England demanded from the emir to repulse the Russians, after the battle on Kushka, the parties determined the Russian-Afghan border.
The Hunza-Nagar campaign began a dispute over possessions over the Pamirs. The Pamir expeditions of the Ionov detachment became Russia's response, after which a Russian-British agreement was concluded, according to which part of the Pamirs went to Afghanistan, part to Russia, and part to the Emirate of Bukhara (controlled by Russia).
Russia tried to establish direct relations with Kabul. The struggle for influence in Iran continues. The Russo-Japanese War is forcing Russia to curtail its activity. The Anglo-Russian Convention completed the formation of the Entente and the confrontation between the two powers. According to the convention, Afghanistan is recognized as a British sphere of influence, Tibet is independent and neutral, and relations with the Dalai Lama can only be entered into through the mediation of the Chinese government. Persia is divided into three spheres of influence: northern - Russian, southern - British and intermediate - neutral.
Expansion of the Russian Empire in the Far East
Nicholas II sets himself the task of his reign to strengthen and strengthen Russia's influence in East Asia. The main obstacle in this was Japan. For a successful confrontation, Russia improved relations with Germany, securing its rear; the Trans-Siberian Railway was built and the fleet strengthened.
Japan switched to a policy of expansion and, trying to capture Korea, ran into Chinese resistance, the victorious Sino-Japanese war (1894-1895) ended with the Shimonoseki peace, which transferred part of the territories to Japan, and China lost influence over Korea. This fact did not meet the interests of the European powers, so Germany, Russia and France achieved a change in conditions: Japan abandoned the Liaodong Peninsula, and after that Russia was leased.
At the end of December 1903, Nicholas II was already aware of the imminent and imminent war, but no special preparations followed. The lack of this preparation led to the fact that none of the previously prepared plans was never completed.
Without declaring war, the Japanese imperial fleet attacked the Russian squadron in Port Arthur. Several of the strongest ships were put out of action, which led to an unimpeded landing of the Japanese in Korea, and already in May 1904 the Japanese landed on the Liaodong Peninsula and cut Russia's communication with Port Arthur. The Japanese capture Port Arthur and neutralize the remnants of the squadron. The unpreparedness and remoteness of the Far East played a role. The entire campaign was lost. The direct consequence of this defeat was the revolution of 1905. The Portsmouth Peace Treaty gives Japan the southern part of Sakhalin and the Liaodong Peninsula.
The territorial expansion of Russia began in the Middle Ages and continued for many centuries, as a result of which the modern Russian Federation is the most big state in the world. The expansion of territories occurred almost without a stop.
In the most difficult conditions of the struggle, the Russians managed to establish their influence in a significant part of the continent by the beginning of the twentieth century.
Development of Siberia
Almost immediately after the formation and strengthening of the Russian state, expansion into other lands began. In modern history, it originates in the sixteenth century. In 1580, the first detachments went to the practically unexplored lands of Siberia. The campaign was led by the Cossack Yermak. The people who went with him were free Cossacks who were looking for a better life. Already in the first two years of the expedition, it was possible to achieve significant success, capturing several fortresses. Was also explored political situation and clarified the characteristics of the enemy.
After it became known in Moscow about the successes of the Cossacks, the tsar personally authorized the development of new lands. Thus began the centuries-old territorial expansion of Russia to the east. The conquest of new territories took place in several stages. First, the Cossacks landed on the shore and found the settlements of the local tribe. Then they entered into peace negotiations with them, offering to kneel before the Russian Tsar on a voluntary basis. If the tribe agreed, then local population was subject to a mandatory tax, and the so-called winter quarters were built in the settlement.
Conquest
If the natives refused to accept the conditions, then guns, sabers and guns were used. After the conquest, a prison was set up in the village, in which the garrison remained. The military detachments were followed by settlers: Russian peasants who were looking for a new life, the future administration, the clergy and merchants. Thanks to this, the natives quickly assimilated. Many understood the advantages of being a subject to the king: scientists, engineers, doctors and other creatures of civilization were liked by the local tribes.
Until the eighteenth century, the land and sea borders of Russia expanded quite rapidly. This eventually led to conflict with China and other Asian countries. After that, it slowed down and ended only by the beginning of the twentieth century.
Campaigns of Peter the Great
At the same time, the territorial expansion of Russia to the south took place. Peter the Great saw the liberation of the Crimea and the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov as a top priority. At that time, Russia did not have access to the southern seas, which complicated trade and left borders in danger. Therefore, in 1695, a campaign against Azov began. It was more of a reconnaissance mission. And in the winter of the same year, the preparation of the army began. The flotilla was built. And already in the spring of the same year, the fortress was besieged. The besieged Turks were frightened by the armada they saw and surrendered the fortress.
This victory allowed the construction of port cities to begin. But Peter's gaze was still directed to the Crimea and the Black Sea. It was not possible to break through to him through the Kerch Strait. This was followed by another war with Turkey and its vassal
northward advance
The territorial expansion of Russia to the north began with the conclusion of an alliance with Denmark and Poland. After the campaign began against Sweden. But near Narva, the Russian army under the command of the Saxon field marshal was defeated.
However, a year later new campaign which was headed by the great king himself. It was taken in a few days. After the capture of the entire north, the city of St. Petersburg was founded. Land and moved north. Access to the Baltic allowed to expand its influence on the sea. Karelia was annexed.
In response to the defeats, Charlemagne launched an overland campaign against Russia. He advanced inland, exhausting his troops. As a result, on July 8, 1709, the twenty-thousandth army of the Swedes was defeated near Poltava. After that in short term Russian troops launched an offensive against Pomerania.
Sweden lost all its continental lands, and Russia established itself as one of the leading military and political forces in Europe.
Westward expansion
After that, the territorial and political expansion of Russia went to the west. After the defeat of the Turkish vassals, the way was opened for the Carpathian Mountains and the Balkans. Using influence on the lands enslaved by the Turks, the Russian troops were preparing uprisings.
Thus began the liberation war of the Slavs against the Muslim yoke. The result was the formation of several Slavic Christian powers, and Russia expanded its own territory. The expansion of the Russian Empire to the west continued for several more centuries, as a result of which the kings of Poland, the Baltic states and Finland swore allegiance to the Russian Tsar.
Ugis is the founder and chairman of the Nordic Training International holding with subsidiaries in 7 countries. He has a bachelor's degree in mathematics and a master's degree in European studies (College of Europe, Belgium).
He received additional education at Success Enterprises / NLP Midwest Training Institute (USA), NLP University (USA), Ericson University International (Canada), Starico Instituti (Finland), etc.
Ugis, the main ideologist and developer of NTI products. These are management training programs and business games and simulations in areas such as: the art of leadership, the art of management, time management, skills effective sale, customer service and presentations, team building, etc.
Janis Gravitis
Janis Gravitis since 1998, founder, board member of NORDIC Training International.
Main responsibilities:
1. Enterprise management: Game development and theory of efficiency through business games, responsible for various branches in the Republic of Latvia, head of the EU-accredited subsidiary of the Higher School of Business.
2. Development of training
Author and co-author of the following games: Business simulation games - "Oilman", "Fabrikant", "Merkis", "NugaBest SIM"; for training entrepreneurs - "Bridges and Islands" (communication), "Expansion" (business development), "TimeMentor" (time planning); for youth - 4 games, for the education system - 18 games, for teaching English - 27 games
Author of the book "Business Fundamentals - What Does Entrepreneurship Mean?"
Author of the articles "Didactic game - a modern topical method", "Mission of the teacher", "Business incubators in secondary schools".
Developer of the training program for the European Graduate School of Business.
3. Conducting business trainings, lectures and consultations in Russia, Poland, the Baltic countries and Ukraine. Some clients:
K-Rauta, Kira Plastinina, Narvesen, Rimi, Stockman, YUSK, X5.
Latvian Ministry of Education, Riga City Council.
European Graduate School of Business with branches in Ukraine (Kiev, Lvov), Belarus (Minsk), Russia (Moscow)
Author of the SEB Corporate University system (preparation of sales training programs, sales trainers and sales training system).
Sergei Fadeev
Sergey Fadeev has been director of the Nordic Training International branch in Russia (St. Petersburg and Moscow) since 2006.
Previously, he was a clergyman (working with youth in universities, teaching), worked as the general director of the FSSMM "Action", the general director of the publishing studio "Belizna", and also earlier commercial director Halev company.
Sergei has a great practical experience work in the field of management and sales, as well as excellent skills in public speaking, oratory and presentations.
Sergey Masloboev
Sergey has been an NTI (Nordic Training International) trainer since 2006.
Sergey conducts trainings on the Art of Selling, the business game "Lord of the Negotiations", the business games "Time Mentor Office", as well as trainings on using intuition in making business decisions.
Sergey has extensive practical experience. At the moment he is the director of the LLC "Albums", in addition to this, Sergey is developing new games, researching the market and selling training games. Prior to that, he was a director at Easyfind Europe, initially he was a sales director, he also worked as an assistant social worker at a center for disadvantaged children and elsewhere.
Sergei received higher education majoring in Economics and Marketing high school Economy and Culture, knowledge replenished at various courses and trainings. He also has a basic education as a psychotherapist.
Sergey works with such companies as the Higher Banking School, Libanons, Lexel Fabrika, BMS
Valdis Purins
Valdis Purins has been teaching at NTI (Nordic Training International) since 1999. Before that, he worked as Marketing Director of Dzega-jumti Ltd. and Project Manager of Libanons JSC.
Valdis Purins was educated at the University of Middlesex (England), Ericson University International (Cyprus), Success Enterprises/NLP Midwest Training Institute (USA) and gained knowledge in marketing, communication and effective training.
In general, Valdis has already conducted more than 250 trainings in Russia, Ukraine, Latvia and Lithuania. Among his clients are DHL, Linstow Warner, Reval Hotels, Statoil, Baltic Motors, Tele 2, Excelsio, Tapeks, Reaton, Latio, Dual and others.
Alexis Daume
Alexis has been teaching at NTI (Nordic Training International) since 2004. Alexis has more than 14 years of experience in sales and personnel management in various enterprises.
Alexis was one of the project managers for the development of "Business Games I" M "in the Baltic countries, also 2010-2014 was the HR director and head of the staff training and development department of the restaurant chain (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, more than 100 restaurants)" CILLI PIZZA ".
Alexis conducts programs for the management of companies on the topics: process and people management, motivation, conflict and stress management, communication, presentation. Team building trainings in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States and Eastern Europe.
Ieva Saulite
Ieva has been a training manager at NTI (Nordic Training International) since 2005. In parallel, she works in the Nordic Group project related to the development of educational board games.
Prior to this, Ieva gained extensive work experience in management, presentation skills, logistics, work organization and other areas, working at the NTI China branch, leading the Play English project, working as an assistant Director General in the Excelsio group, executive director of "Teko", head of the office and logistics of "SGB Latvia", guide in Japanese travel companies, teacher of English and Latvian languages.
Ieva leads trainings on stress management, conflict resolution, TimeMentor©, time and priority planning, project management and other workshops, as well as business simulation games and educational board games.
Elena Selivanova
Elena Selivanova has been a trainer at NTI (Nordic Training International) since 2011.
Elena's main advantage is the professional experience she has gained while working in different countries - in Latvia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Armenia and Russia. Client support and support for the implementation of the personnel management system: including the use of the DISC typology for solving organizational problems, consulting on team assessment technology, developing behavioral competencies for positions, identifying the strengths and limitations of the working style of behavior, identifying talents and employee motivation factors.
Elena conducts trainings on communication, staff selection, practical conflict resolution and stress management and team building trainings. It is also a professional host of business games, simulation games and a developer of coaching programs.
Yulianna Bagiryan
Yulianna has been working as a business trainer at Nordic Training International since 2011.
Prior to that, Yulianna worked at Pulkovo Airport in St. Petersburg as the head of one of the production departments. She dealt with the issues of planning, training and development of personnel, developing and conducting trainings, taught at the training center of Rossiya Airlines. In 2013 - a project to test the new Pulkovo terminal - support and training for groups of 50 volunteers.
In 2008, Yulianna completed her postgraduate studies with a degree in Social Structure, social institutions and processes. In 2012, as part of advanced training, she completed an internship for managers in Frankfurt and mastered the PMI project management course. He is an expert in the SHL assessment methodology.
Yulianna conducts trainings and business games on time planning, communication building, team building, change management, corporate values, as well as a strategic business simulation on cross-functional interaction - "Airport".
Anastasia Anisimova
Preparation of trainings. Logistics. Promotion.
"80% of success is to turn your face in the right direction" ©
Alexey Kukleev
Oleksiy Kukleev has been the director of the NTI (Nordic Training International) branch in Ukraine since 2004.
Alexey graduated from the command faculty of the Kaliningrad Higher Naval School. He received additional education in psychology and personal growth courses. From 1998 to 2004 he was engaged in sales and managed trade and production companies.
Conducts business games and trainings: team building, sales, negotiations, time management and others.
His clients are "Samsung", "Kraft foods", "IDS", "Sun Inbew", "Foxtrot", "Nokia Siemens Network", "MTS", "BASF", "Amako" and others.
| October 02, 2013 |
In any scientific discipline, there are clear rules according to which various theories are built, complex processes are explained. Geopolitics is no exception. Each sovereign state entity has its own unspoken geopolitical rules, following which a country can sooner or later achieve regional or even global success. For some states, there are at least several such rules. More precisely, not even rules, but theories, because in order for a theory to become a rule, it must be confirmed in practice. In this article I would like to consider one of the theories regarding the life potential of Russia.
If you look at the world on this side of the borders of the Russian state, then you can conditionally distinguish three vast zones:
- 1) Internal, i.e. the actual territory of Russia.
- 2) Middle - the rest of Eurasia along the perimeter of the Russian borders, which only yesterday was the arena of confrontation, first the Russian Empire and Britain, later - the Soviet Union and the United States.
- 3) External - Africa, Australia and both American continents.
According to the theory under consideration, Russia should spread its military-political, economic, cultural and ideological influence like the spread of circles on the water from the place where a drop falls. First of all, the adjacent sphere of influence should include the Middle Zone, forming a kind of Power Projection Arc. And, only after you have firmly established yourself here, you can begin to expand into the Outer Zone. Moreover, in the latter, even an indirect, relative influence will be quite sufficient, since according to the physics taken as a basis, the wider the circles on the water diverge from the place of origin, the less impact they have on the water surface. By following the above rule, Russia is able to achieve maximum geopolitical success. By the way, the same is true for the United States, but with the difference that for the States, the role of Eurasia, and, accordingly, the Middle Zone, is played by Latin America with neighbors that are obviously weaker in all aspects.
By the way, whether it’s a coincidence or not, the USSR, which had a wider adjacent sphere of influence than the Russian Empire, turned out to be an order of magnitude stronger than its progenitor…
Fig.1 Soviet Union with spheres of influence by 1946
In 1945, the Great Patriotic War ended. A war designed to wipe the Soviet Union off the face of the Earth, and with it the Russian people. In fact, the USSR unexpectedly emerged from the world slaughter so morally strengthened that it immediately accepted the challenge thrown to it by the entire West. Already by 1945-46. the formation of the Soviet sphere of influence was in full swing, and it was lined up sequentially, as a continuation of the territory of the Soviet Empire itself. In practice, it looked like this: Moscow, having recovered within the borders of the former Russian Empire, launched a military-political, cultural and ideological offensive outside its predecessor. The persecution and complete defeat of the fascist troops in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the heroic capture of Berlin by the soldiers of the Red Army, marked the transition under the influence of the USSR of Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Albania, Czechoslovakia, eastern Germany (the future GDR), as well as part of Austria …
Stalin, in fact, did what Tsar Alexander I refused in his time, under which Russian troops cleared Europe of Napoleonic armies, i.e. created a springboard for the further expansion of Soviet influence and, at the same time, a barrier against the penetration of foreign influence.
Unlike the countries of Eastern Europe, it was not possible to subdue Finland ideologically. However, on September 19, 1944, negotiations took place between the Soviet and Finnish sides, which resulted in the Moscow truce, which put an end to the Soviet-Finnish war of 1941-44. Under the terms of peace, the USSR received a 50-year lease on the Porkkala peninsula with its surroundings for the further construction of a military base there. This fact allowed the Soviets to control not only the entire Gulf of Finland, but also the capital of Finland - the city of Helsinki, located just 17 km away. from Porkkala. Thus, the Republic of Finland, even without being socialist, fell into the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union.
In 1941, during the Second World War, the USSR, together with Great Britain, sent troops to Iran to prevent a possible strike by fascist Germany in this direction. Despite the Iranian sovereignty agreement signed in 1942, the Soviets controlled the provinces of East and West Azerbaijan until May 1946.
In the east of the Eurasian continent, by the end of the war, the influence of the USSR extended to Eastern (Chinese) Turkestan, Mongolia and Manchuria, which practically coincided with the boundaries of influence in this region former Russian Empire. During the war with Japan, Soviet troops also liberated the famous Port Arthur, which at the beginning of the century served as a naval base for the Pacific Fleet of Tsarist Russia. An agreement was concluded with China, according to which the USSR leased the Port Arthur area for a period of 30 years for the same needs. Moreover, with the capture of Harbin, the Soviet Union returned under its control the CER (Chinese Eastern Railway), which had begun to be built and serviced by Russia since 1897. As for East Turkestan, the Soviet influence was indicated here as early as 1925, when jurisdiction over the consulate in Kashgar was established.
Fig. 2 The Russian Empire with the territories that were ever included in its sphere of influence.
Thus, looking at the map (Fig. 1), one can see that the Soviet Union was steadily turning into the most powerful continental empire with a claim to world domination. Along the entire perimeter of the state border, a kind of Force Projection Arc was built. Somewhere it was already, somewhere wider, but the trend is very clear. And, by the way, historically successive. After all, the Russian Empire once tried to build exactly the same Arc. Let's remember: the same Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Turkestan, The northern part of Persia ... it didn’t work out in Europe, except for being under the protectorate of Russia from 1829 to 1856. autonomous principality of Wallachia (future Romania). Although at the beginning of the 19th century, the annexation of the Duchy of Warsaw under the name of the Kingdom of Poland to the Russian Empire can be seen as the beginning of building a sphere of influence around the internal territory of the empire itself. Poland, having fallen under the Russian scepter, initially received wide autonomy and retained it until 1831, when, as a result of an uprising suppressed by the Russian army, it lost almost all its privileges and became part of the internal zone proper. The same can be said about the Principality of Finland, with the only difference that the Finns did not organize uprisings, therefore, until the very collapse of tsarist Russia, they successfully maintained the widest autonomy, in fact being the northwestern component of the Arc.
With all the denial of geopolitics as scientific discipline, the Soviet state continued the geopolitical traditions of the Russian Empire, strengthening them ideologically. The peak of Soviet geopolitical success can be considered the establishment of control over the entire territory of China.
And at the end of the Korean War, the socialist camp was replenished with North Korea. Although the first losses in the form of a demarche of Yugoslavia fall on the same period.
The Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, with all the differences in their political system, pursued an almost identical geopolitics… the geopolitics of creeping expansion. In order to move on to the military-political, cultural, economic expansion of the Outer Zone, it is vital to bring the Sredinny zone under control, so that the sphere of influence has the longest possible maritime border and, as far as possible, an uninterrupted array of land territory, so that the Eurasian continent remains out of control. any force capable of competing with Russia. Both the Russian Empire and the Stalinist Soviet Union understood this. The continuation of this policy promised great prospects. The position of the Anglo-Saxon alliance became less and less strong, while in proportion to the growth of the strength of the USSR, its world authority also grew.
But on the way to world domination, the Soviets faced serious difficulties. In Europe, Soviet expansion ran up against the "Iron Curtain" lowered in self-defense by the West, and not vice versa, as is still commonly believed in the liberal environment. The fact that immediately after the war the States managed to establish undivided control over most of Germany and over all of Japan began to affect, i.e. over key regional states. Stalinist diplomacy, after all, having snatched off a small piece of eastern Germany, made an attempt to include northern Japan (Hokkaido) in the Soviet sphere of influence, but stumbled upon increased resistance from the West. The USSR, being physically weakened after the war and being impressed by the use of atomic bombs by the Americans, which turned a couple of well-known Japanese cities into nothing, retreated. And having regained strength and tested his own atomic bomb in 1949, unfortunately, he did not try to wrest Germany and Japan from American control. I think this was one of the biggest mistakes.
With the death of I.V. Stalin, the inner-party struggle relegated issues of external projection of power to the background, and N.S. Khrushchev, who came to power, did not show proper foresight, which resulted in the failure of the policy of retaining and further expanding the Arc of Soviet influence. China came out from under the tutelage of the USSR, which was a tangible blow to the geopolitical position of the Soviet Union in the expanses of Eurasia. In Europe, Khrushchev's diplomacy, as a gesture of goodwill, left the occupied part of Austria and returned the Porkkala peninsula to Finland. But the penetration of the Soviets into Africa began, South East Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. The penetration, it must be said, turned out to be very effective, but the presence was short-lived, because it is impossible to control the outer zone without controlling the Sredinnaya zone - that very notorious Arc, on the one hand bordering the state border of the USSR / Russia, and on the other, being the outer contour of the Eurasian continent. America, by the way, has always followed this rule clearly, therefore it did not get into the affairs of the Old World until it firmly established itself as a hegemon in the New World. Arguing in this vein, it should be noted that the growing anti-Americanism in Latin America is one of the greatest dangers to the United States today.
All subsequent Soviet leaders by inertia, they followed Khrushchev's policy, putting some states of the outer zone under control and losing others. Such a policy took a colossal amount of the vital forces of the state, giving in return only a short-term positive effect. Without a reliable rear, it is difficult to hold the front line.
After the collapse of the socialist system and the Soviet Union itself, its core, Russia, not only lost influence in the Outer Zone, but was also thrown far beyond the Middle Zone. Moreover, lost an impressive part of the Inner Zone,
those. actually state territories, which today are the arena of the new struggle of the great powers. Russia, for example, announced the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union by 2015. To date, the presented project looks somewhat ephemeral, because. devoid of a military-political component. And any integration union should rely primarily on military-political force.
The opposite is true only when the goal is to create a kind of club of interests that does not imply a serious integration association. In this context, the formation of the European Union attracts attention. The fact that Europe was united by economic bonds is nonsense. The decisive factor in European integration was the creation of a NATO military bloc under the patronage of the United States. Those. today's European Union is nothing more than part of the global United States Power Projection Arc, designed to support American interests in the western part of Eurasia, and prevent a new possible penetration of Russia deep into Europe. The same zonal policy is looming, only today our Middle Zone, with a few exceptions, is completely controlled by the West, and Russia has spent twenty years on the defensive, and is just taking the first timid steps to return to its former greatness.
Having deprived Russia of its sphere of influence, the West, represented mainly by the United States, is fighting it now on the territory that was once an indisputable part of Russian civilization. And in its current position, only a miracle can help Russia regain what was lost... which, by the way, has already happened in our glorious history.
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| Russian history |
| Ancient Slavs, Russ (until the 9th century) |
| Old Russian state (IX-XIII centuries) |
| Novgorod Rus (862-882) |
| Kievan Rus (882-1240) |
| Specific Russia (XII-XVI centuries) |
| Novgorod Republic (1136-1478) |
| Vladimir principality (1157-1389) |
| Principality of Lithuania and Russia (1236-1569) |
| Moscow principality (1263-1547) |
| Kingdom of Russia (1547-1721) |
| Russian Empire (1721-1917) |
| Russian Republic (1917) |
| Soviet Russia (1917-1922) |
| Alternative formations |
| Soviet Union (1922-1991) |
| Russian Federation (since 1991) |
| Rulers | Chronology | Expansion Portal "Russia" |
Expansion of the Russian Empire in the early-mid XIX century. Light green shows the sphere of Russian influence.
T. n. "Second World" during the Cold War
This article presents in chronological order all the territories that were or were part of, belonged to or were in formal political dependence on the Principality of Moscow, the Kingdom of Russia, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and / or the Russian Federation, indicating the status of each such territory. The subject of this article is exclusively the territorial-political (and not ethnic, economic or cultural) expansion of the Russian states.
// [edit] Predecessor states. Continuity
The combination of favorable natural conditions, the development of crafts, trade and transport, military affairs, the establishment of stable trade routes on the territory of the East European Plain and the Black Sea region from ancient and early medieval times contributed to the emergence and development of statehood here. On the lands of the European part of Russia in different time there were Scythia, the Bosporan Kingdom, Sarmatia, Gothia, Alania, the Turkic Khaganate, Great Bulgaria, the Khazar Khaganate, Volga Bulgaria, and a number of other proto-state formations.
Postage stamp of Russia, 1140 years Russian statehood, 2002, Monument to the Millennium of Russia
By the middle of the 9th century, an alliance of East Slavic, Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes had formed in the north of European Russia, which, under the rule of the Rurik dynasty, formed, after the annexation of the lower Dnieper region in 882, the Old Russian state - Kievan Rus. With the calling of the Varangians and the reign of Rurik, it is customary to count the beginning of statehood in Russia. ladder right succession to the throne, which at first contributed to the unification of the Russian state, over time, however, began to increasingly hinder the development of the country as a whole. At the Lubech Congress (1097), the principle "everyone keeps his fatherland" was proclaimed - specific tenure, characterized by the cessation of the movement of princes from city to city (that is, the formation of a personal inheritance) and the possibility of transferring possession at personal discretion, which opened the way to the creation of regional dynasties and the final collapse Kievan Rus into separate Russian principalities.
By the 13th century, the Kiev, Chernigov, Galicia-Volyn, Vladimir-Suzdal, Polotsk, Turov-Pinsk, Smolensk principalities, the Novgorod Republic, etc. could equally consider themselves the successors of the Old Russian state. After the Mongol-Tatar invasion, new centers of the unification of Russian lands (Moscow, Tver, Ryazan, Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality, etc.), most of the southern and western Russian lands became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russian and Zhemoytsky. In North-Eastern Russia, the system of transferring the grand-ducal title, inherited from the time of Kievan Rus, was turned by the Mongol-Tatars into a tool for organizing governorship, suggesting the definition of the “oldest grand prince of Vladimir” in the Horde according to the khan’s label. From the beginning of the 14th century Vladimir princes took on the title all Russia. Family the succession of princely power by the middle of the 15th century entered into a struggle with generic, although these competing concepts long time coexisted in parallel.
Since the 1330s, the princes of the elevated Moscow principality, with a few exceptions, have been holders of the khan's grand princely label. But already the Moscow prince Vasily I received the great reign of Vladimir according to his father’s will, as “his fatherland”, and after that the Horde khans stopped issuing labels to any other (non-Moscow) princes. During the reign of Ivan III, dependence on the Horde was eliminated (1480) and the unification of Russian lands around Moscow was completed. In 1547, Ivan IV was officially crowned king, and since 1721 (Peter I), Russian tsars began to be called all-Russian emperors.
Thus, the unitary concept of state administration and common inheritance triumphed, evolving into the principle of autocracy, they became the sources and basis of the emerging Russian state.
[edit] Expansion of Moscow principality
| Territory | Year of acquisition | |||
| Moscow | - | allocation from Vladimir to appanage (formally from 1263) | federal city | |
| Kolomna | south | from Ryazan, capture | Kolomna district of the Moscow region | |
| Pereslavl-Zalessky | north | from Vladimir, testament and capture | Pereslavsky district of the Yaroslavl region | |
| Mozhaisk | west | from Smolensk, capture | Mozhaysky district of the Moscow region | |
| Uglich | north | inheritance, purchase | Uglichsky district of the Yaroslavl region | |
| Rostov the Great (Sretenskaya half) | north | label | ||
| Serpukhov | south | In 1341, according to the will, he stood out as an appanage. Finally to Moscow since 1456. | Urban district in the Moscow region, administrative center Serpukhov municipal district of the Moscow region | |
| Yuryev-Polsky | 1340-1341 | north | inheritance, purchase | Yuryev-Polsky district of the Vladimir region |
| Ryazan places (left bank of the Oka) - New Town, Puddle, Vereya, Borovsk | 1353-1359 | west | from Ryazan, exchange for a smaller area on the right bank of the Oka: (Lopasnya, Mstislavl uyezd, Zhaden town, Zhademl, Dubok, Brodnich). | Naro-Fominsky district of the Moscow region, Borovsky district of the Kaluga region |
| Dmitrov | 1360-1364 | north | appanage, vassalage since 1334 | Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow region |
| Vladimir, Bogolyubovo, Yaropolch, Kostroma, the grand ducal parts of Torzhok, Volok Lamsky, etc. | 1362-1364 | east, north | Grand Duchy, khan's labels from 1318, Metropolitan's move to Moscow in 1325 | Vladimir, Kostroma region |
| Galich | 1363-1364 | north | inheritance, purchase ca. 1336. In 1360-1363, it was recreated by the decision of the Horde. Finally annexed in 1364, military defeat. | Galichsky district of the Kostroma region |
| Starodub on Klyazma | East | destiny | Kovrovskiy district of the Vladimir region (village of Klyazminskiy gorodok) | |
| Medyn | 1371-1386 | west | from Smolensk. Finally in 1472. | Medynsky district of the Kaluga region |
| Kaluga, Maloyaroslavets | 1382-1389 | west | from Lithuania, finally by 1485. | Kaluga region |
| Beloozero, Ustyuzhna | north | appanage, vassalage since 1362, purchase | Vologodskaya Oblast | |
| Nizhny Novgorod, Yuryevets, Gorodets, Gorokhovets, etc. | 1392 or 1393 | East | inheritance, periodic seizures from 1311, military alliance from 1364 to 1382, vassalage from 1392 (with interruptions), purchase of a khan's label. Finally in 1425. | Nizhny Novgorod Region |
| Murom | 1392-1393 | East | Murom Principality | Muromsky district of the Vladimir region |
| Mordovia, Meshchera land (Kadom, Temnikov, etc.) | 1389-1393 | East | from Ryazan and Nizhny Novgorod, finally by 1485. | Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod region, Republic of Mordovia |
| Vologda, Ustyug, South part Komi | 1397-1398 | north | from Novgorod (co-ownership) and Rostov (vassalage) | Vologda region, Komi Republic |
| Tarusa, Aleksin | south | Tarusa principality, finally by 1425. | Tarussky district of the Kaluga region, Aleksinsky district of the Tula region | |
| Rzhev, Fominskoye | 1389-1405 | west | Rzhev principality (vassalage from the middle of the XIII century, from 1356 to 1380 in Lithuania, until 1399 in Tver), Fominsky principality, from Tver. | Rzhevsky district of the Tver region |
| Bezhetsky Top, Torzhok | 1389-1425 | north | from Novgorod (co-ownership) | Tver region |
| Rostov the Great | north | Rostov Principality, purchase in parts, finally redeemed by 1474 | Rostov district of the Yaroslavl region | |
| Suzdal | East | destiny | Suzdalsky district of the Vladimir region | |
| Kasimov Khanate (Kasimov, Yermish, Kadom, etc.) | south | limited vassalage from 1520, abolished 1681 | Ryazan Oblast | |
| Zaozersko-Kubensky Principality | 1425-1462 | North East | destiny | Vologodskaya Oblast |
| Tula, Zaraysk | 1425-1462 | south | Zaraisk principality, Tula principality, finally in 1503 and 1521 | Zaraysky district of the Moscow region, Tula region |
| Perm Old | north | the first Russian settlements at the beginning of the 15th century, annexed in 1451 | Perm Territory, Komi Republic | |
| Yaroslavl | north | inheritance, purchase | Yaroslavl region | |
| Vazh land | North East | in the XIV-XV centuries Novgorod-Rostov co-ownership, capture | Vologda region, Arkhangelsk region | |
| Perm land(Perm the Great) | north | the first Russian settlements at the beginning of the 15th century, autonomy since 1451, rebellion, capture and annexation (northern Udmurtia - since 1489) | Perm Territory, Republic of Udmurtia | |
| Novgorod the Great, Staraya Russa, Hill, Olonets, Velikiye Luki, Ladoga, Karelia, Kola, Podvinye, Zavolochye, etc. | north + | Feudal Republic, capture. Since 1456 "under the sovereign's hand." periodic uprisings. Ivangorod, Koporye, West Side Karelia since 1583 (Oreshek since 1617) to Sweden. | Novgorod, Pskov, Leningrad, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk regions, Republic of Karelia, Republic of Komi | |
| Wedge | north | from Tver, capture | Klinsky district of the Moscow region | |
| Kashira | south | based on Kolomna lands, ceded to Ryazan | Kashirsky district of the Moscow region | |
| Dace | south | inheritance, from Ryazan | Yeletsky district of the Lipetsk region | |
| Tver, Kashin, Mikulin, Zubtsov, etc. | north | Grand Duchy of Tver, capture | Tver region | |
| Vyatka land (Khlynov, Kotelnich, Orlov, "Arsk princes") | north | vassalage from 1411 to 1485, rebellion, capture | Kirov region, Republic of Udmurtia | |
| Zvenigorod | west | inheritance, vassalage in 1353-1492 | Moscow region | |
| Vyazma | 1493-1494 | west | from Lithuania, capture | Vyazemsky district of the Smolensk region |
| Verkhovsky principalities (Kozelsk, Belev, Vorotynsk, Mosalsk, Novosil, etc.) | south | from Lithuania under an agreement, the last appanages were liquidated by 1573 | Kaluga, Tula, Bryansk region | |
| Yugra land | 1483-1499 | north | vassalage, autonomy in 1478-1483, finally by 1582. | Komi Republic, |
| Ruza | west | from Volok Lamsky, purchase | Ruzsky district of the Moscow region | |
| Bryansk, Pochep, Toropets, Dorogobuzh, Mtsensk, Starodub, Rylsk, Chernigov, Lyubech, Novgorod-Seversky, Putivl, Gomel | 1500-1505 | west | from Lithuania under an agreement as a result of the war, confirmation in 1508 as a result of the second war (but Lyubech returned to Lithuania), the last appanages were liquidated in 1529. Gomel in Lithuania since 1537 following the results of the war of 1534-1537, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky - in Poland since 1618. | Smolensk, Tver, Oryol, Tula, Bryansk region of Russia, Gomel region of Belarus, Sumy, Chernihiv region of Ukraine |
| Kursk | west | from Lithuania after the war | Kursk region | |
| Pskov, Izborsk, Gdov, Ostrov, Opochka, etc. | west | feudal republic. Vassalage since 1348, autonomy in 1399-1510 | Pskov region | |
| Volok Lamsky | west | in 1462 he was separated from Lithuania into his inheritance, co-ownership with Novgorod, vassalage in 1494-1513 | Volokolamsky district of the Moscow region | |
| Smolensk, Roslavl, Velizh, etc. | west | Udel. Vassalage in 1355-1386, in 1395-1514 in Lithuania, in 1609-1667 in Poland. Velizh since 1582 in Lithuania under a peace treaty after the war. | Smolensk region | |
| Ryazan, Old Ryazan, Pereyaslavl Ryazansky, Belgorod, Pronsk, Perevitsk, etc. | south | military alliance from 1402, vassalage from 1456, gradual redemption and bequest of parts of the Grand Duchy from 1503 | Ryazan Oblast | |
| Sebezh | 1535-1537 | west | from Lithuania, purchase. Since 1618 in Poland. | Sebezhsky district of the Pskov region |
[edit] See also
[edit] Expansion of the Russian kingdom (since 1547)
| Territory | Year of acquisition | Direction from Moscow, map | Status\source of the territory, stages of its acquisition | The current status of the territory |
| Kazan, Cheboksary, Sary-Tau, Yelabuga, Sinbir, Mamadysh, Zhukotin, Samara, Tetyush, Alatur and others (Tataria, Bashkiria, Mordovia, Chuvashia, Udmurtia, Mari El, etc.) | East | Khanate. Cross raids from the first half of the 16th century, capture, personal union (Kazan kingdom) in 1552-1708. Chuvashs, Mordvins, Bashkirs, partly Mari - protectorate (1487-1521) and petitions for voluntary entry in 1530-1557. | Republic of Tatarstan, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Chuvashia, Republic of Udmurtia, Republic of Mari El, Samara, Penza, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Sverdlovsk, Tambov Region | |
| Astrakhan (Khadzhi-Tarkhan, Astarkan), Saray, Madzhary, etc., Don basin | south + | khanate since 1502, periodically vassalage, capture | Volgograd, Rostov, Astrakhan region | |
| Great Nogai Horde | 1555-1557 | south | horde, limited vassalage until 1634 | Republic of Bashkortostan, Astrakhan, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg regions of Russia, Atyrau and West Kazakhstan regions of Kazakhstan |
| Siberian Khanate (Kashlyk, Chingi-Tura, Kyzyl-Tura, etc.) | east, + | vassalage in 1555-1572, gradual capture until 1598 | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Republic of Bashkortostan, Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk Regions | |
| Principality of Kodskoe | East | intermittent vassalage from 1500. Partial autonomy from 1583 to 1643. | ||
| Demyansk, Tsingalsk, Belogorsk principalities | East | capture, Belogorsk principality - to the Kodsky principality until 1643 | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug | |
| Lyapinskoe Principality, Obdorskoe Principality | 1586-1595 | East | The Obdorsk principality has been a vassal since 1500, the Lyapin principality since 1586. The capture of the principalities in 1593-1595 | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
| Konda principality, Pelym principality | 1589-1594 | East | Intermittent vassalage from 1484. Autonomy in 1589, 1590-1594. Capture in 1594 | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug |
| Piebald Horde | 1596-1619 | East | gradual takeover from 1582 | Krasnoyarsk Territory, Tomsk, Kemerovo Region |
1600-1618 - Time of Troubles. The temporary collapse of Russian statehood, which led to a series of coups, uprisings, a struggle for power and intervention from outside - from Poland, Sweden and the Crimea. It ended with the election of a new tsar at the Council in 1613, the expulsion of the interventionists and territorial losses: Smolensk and Chernigov-Severshchina - according to the Deulinsky truce with the Commonwealth, access to the Baltic and part of Karelia - according to the Stolbovsky peace with Sweden.
| Serpeysky district | west | from Poland, according to the treaty concluded at the end of the war | Meshchovsky district of the Kaluga region | |
| Trubchevsky district, Akhtyrka with a part of Severshchina | west | from Poland, according to the border demarcation agreement | Trubchevsky district of the Bryansk region, part of the Sumy region of Ukraine | |
| Little Russia (Left Bank Ukraine) - Chernihiv, Starodub, Pochep, Pereyaslav, Kodak, Zaporozhye, Sumy, Poltava, etc. | south | from Poland (fixed by the Andrusovo truce of 1667 following the results of the war, later confirmed by the Eternal Peace of 1686). Autonomy, liquidation of autonomy in 1764. Zaporizhzhya Sich - co-ownership with Poland in 1667-1686, in Turkey in 1713-1734, in Russia from 1733-1739, liquidated in 1775. | Chernihiv, Poltava, Sumy, Kiev region of Ukraine, Bryansk region of Russia | |
| Kiev, Trypillya | south | from Poland. Lease according to the truce following the war, purchase in 1686 according to the Eternal Peace. | Kiev region of Ukraine | |
| Yelnya | west | since 1552, in Poland in 1609-1667, again in Russia according to the truce concluded in 1667 following the war | Elninsky district of the Smolensk region | |
| Southern Urals, Kurgan, Ishim, Baikal region, Yakutia, the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk (to the Shantar Islands), Kolyma, Anadyr | 1619-1689 | East | colonization and voluntary entry | Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen, Irkutsk, Amur, Magadan Region, Kamchatka Territory, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |
| Transbaikalia | 1680-1703 | East | colonization and voluntary entry. Treaty of Nerchinsk with China in 1689. | Trans-Baikal Territory, Republic of Buryatia |
| Albazinsky Voivodeship (Amur Region) | 1681-1684 | East | Colonization and voluntary entry. Under an agreement with China in 1689, it was partially ceded. | Amur Region, Trans-Baikal Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Jewish Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang Province of China |
[edit] See also
[edit] Expansion of the Russian Empire (since 1721)
| Territory | Year of acquisition | Region, map | Status / source of the territory, stages of its acquisition | The current status of the territory |
| Izhora land (Koporye, Ivangorod, Yam, Oreshek), southwestern Karelia | 1702-1721 | the Baltic States | from Sweden as a result of the war (were Russians until 1617), secured by a peace treaty | Leningrad Region, Republic of Karelia |
| Estonia (including Ezel and Dago), Livonia | 1710-1721 | the Baltic States | from Sweden under a treaty as a result of the war (with compensation paid by Russia) | Estonia, Latvia |
| Shirvan, Gilan, Mazenderan, Astrabad | Caucasus, Middle East | from Persia following the war, returned under the Resht Treaty in 1732 (Shirvan - under the Ganja Treaty in 1735). | Azerbaijan, rests of Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan of Iran | |
| Khakassia | 1707-1727 | Siberia | colonization and voluntary entry. Delimitation under the treaty with China. | The Republic of Khakassia |
| Novaya Zemlya, Taimyr, Chukotka, Kamchatka, Commander Islands | 1689-1725 | North, Far East | colonization, accession | Arkhangelsk Region, Kamchatka, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |
| Mecklenburg-Schwerin | West | Protectorate under the union treaty, occupation. In 1717 the contract was terminated. | Federal State of Mecklenburg - Vorpommern, Germany | |
| Kalmyk Khanate, Kabarda, left bank of the Terek | 1724-1739 | Caucasus | vassalage in 1557-1724, autonomy. The status was recognized by the Crimea in 1774. Liquidation of the Kalmyk Khanate in 1825. | Stavropol Territory, Republic of Kalmykia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Chechen Republic |
| Junior Zhuz of the Kazakh Khanate | middle Asia | protectorate, autonomy (Bukeev Horde) in 1801-1876 | Kazakhstan | |
| southeastern Finland: Kymenegord province, Neishlot | the Baltic States | From Sweden under the contract. Since 1809 in the Grand Duchy of Finland | Finland | |
| Altai | 1747-1756 | Siberia | colonization, in 1717-1747 the southern Altai was in the possession of the Demidovs, in 1756 the annexation of the northern Altai | Altai Territory, Republic of Altai, North Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan |
| East Prussia | early 1758 - spring 1762 | West | From Prussia during the Seven Years' War. Returned under a treaty in 1762. | Kaliningrad region Russia, Klaipeda County of Lithuania, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship of Poland |
| Part of Holstein (Holstein-Gottorp including Stormarn and Dithmarschen) | West | Hereditary possessions (duchy) of the emperor. In 1773, they were ceded to Denmark in exchange for the principalities of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst (see the Gottorp question). | Federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany | |
| Cyclades | Balkans | occupation during the war. The Archipelago Grand Duchy was formed under the jurisdiction of Russia. Returned to Turkey in 1774. | Nome Cyclades Periphery South Aegean Greece | |
| Eastern Belarus - Polotsk, Vitebsk, Mstislavl, Mogilev, Gomel, Orsha, Dinaburg, Velizh, Sebezh, etc. | West | According to the first section of the Commonwealth. Polotsk in 1563-1579 and 1654-1667, Dinaburg (Borisoglebsk) in 1656-1667, Mstislavl in 1654-1667, Sebezh in 1535-1618, Velizh in 1514-1582 belonged to Russia. | Belarus, Latvia, Pskov, Smolensk region of Russia | |
| Oldenburg, Delmenhorst | West | principalities. In May 1773 they were received from Denmark, in July 1773 they were ceded to the Prince-Bishop of Lübeck Friedrich August (see the Gottorp issue). | ||
| Beirut | Levant | From Turkey, occupation during the war. Until 1774 it was under the jurisdiction of Russia. | Lebanon | |
| Ossetia | Caucasus | autonomy, accession | Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Republic South Ossetia(partially recognized) | |
| The mouth of the Don (Azov, Taganrog). Bases in Crimea: Kerch, Yeni-Kale, Kinburn, etc. | Novorossiya | From Turkey by treaty as a result of the war. Previous captures - in 1637-1642, 1700-1711, 1736-1739. | Rostov region of Russia, Autonomous Republic of Crimea of Ukraine | |
| Danubian Principalities (Wallachia and Moldavia) | West | Protectorate over the Orthodox population by treaty as a result of the war of 1768-1774. Canceled by treaty as a result of the war of 1853-1856. Occupation during the wars in 1769-1774, 1806-1808, 1809-1812, 1828-1834 and 1853-1854. In 1711 Moldova was part of Russia, in 1739 it was partially occupied (before the Peace of Belgrade). | Romania, Moldova | |
| Kurile Islands | Far East | colonization, vassalage in 1711-1779. In 1875-1945 in Japan. | Severo-Kurilsky, Kurilsky and Yuzhno-Kurilsky urban districts of the Sakhalin Region | |
| Crimean Khanate - Kuban, Taman, Lesser Nogai Horde, Taurida, Edisan, Dzhambailuk, Yedishkul | 1783-1791 | Kuban, Novorossiya | annexation and accession | Rostov region of Russia, Zaporozhye, Kherson, Nikolaev, Odessa regions, Autonomous Republic of Crimea of Ukraine |
| Serpentine (island) | West | From Turkey by treaty as a result of the war. In 1856-1944 it was part of Romania. Ceded to USSR in 1948. | Kiliysky district of Odessa region, Ukraine | |
| Russian America: Aleutian Islands, Fr. St. Lawrence and Yukon Estuary, Kodiak Island and coastal Alaska | America + | Legally, since 1744, the possession of Russia, the borders were fixed by convention in 1824. It was sold to the USA in 1867. | Alaska, USA | |
| Belarus - Pinsk, Minsk, Slutsk and other Podolia, Volyn | West | According to the second section of the Commonwealth. | Belarus, Ukraine | |
| Everland (Jever) | Friesland, West | From Anhalt-Zerbst. hereditary possession specific principality within Russia. In 1807 it was occupied by France: until 1810 - in the Kingdom of Holland, after its liquidation - as part of the French Empire until liberation in 1813. Ceded to Oldenburg in 1814 (according to other sources in 1818). | Federal state of Lower Saxony, Germany | |
| Courland, Black Russia (Novogrudok, Grodno, Brest-Litovsk, etc.), Lithuania (except for part of Samogitia), Western Volhynia (Lutsk, Rivne, etc.) | Baltic, West | According to the third section of the Commonwealth. Courland - vassalage in 1737-1758 and in 1763-1795. | Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (unrecognized) | |
| ionian islands | 1798-1799 | Balkans | From France. Occupation, establishment of the Republic of the Seven Islands under the Russian-Turkish protectorate. In 1807 they were returned to France under a treaty. | Periphery Ionian Islands of Greece |
| Parga (Paragea) | Balkans | From Turkey. Occupation, protectorate until 1799. | Epirus, Greece | |
| Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti | Caucasus | From Persia. Protectorate since 1787. Kakheti temporarily vassal in 1587-1592 [?], 1634-1658. | Georgia | |
| Northern Azerbaijan: Cuban, Baku, Karabakh, Ganja, Shirvan, Sheki, Talysh khanate (since 1813), Shuragel, Ilisu sultanate | 1803-1806 | Caucasus | From Persia. Limited vassalage. In 1918-1920, the separatist regime. | Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (unrecognized) |
| Imereti, Megrelia, Guria | 1803-1811 | Caucasus | From Turkey. Kingdoms. Protectorate and vassalage: Imereti - 1804-1811, Megrelia - 1803-1857, Guria - 1810-1829. | Georgia |
| Kotor (Cattaro) | Balkans | Occupation, returned to France by treaty in 1807. | Montenegro | |
| Bialystok District | West | from Prussia by treaty | Podlaskie Voivodeship of Poland | |
| island of Gotland | the Baltic States | Occupation during the war, returned to Sweden. | Sweden | |
| Tarnopol district | West | from Austria under a treaty; returned by decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815. | Ternopil region of Ukraine | |
| Finland, including Lapland, Osterbothnia and the Åland Islands | the Baltic States | From Sweden under the contract. The autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland was formed, and independence was granted in 1917. | Finland | |
| Abkhazia | Caucasus | From Turkey. Autonomous Principality in 1810-1864. | Republic of Abkhazia (partially recognized) | |
| Ingushetia | Caucasus | autonomy, accession | The Republic of Ingushetia | |
| Vyborg Governorate | the Baltic States | Transferred from Russia proper to the Grand Duchy of Finland. | Vyborgsky, Kingiseppsky and Priozersky districts Leningrad region, Kurortny district of St. Petersburg, Lahdenpohsky, Pitkyarantsky, Sortavalsky and Suoyarvsky districts of Karelia | |
| Bessarabia (with Khotyn district) | West | From Turkey. Protectorate in 1774-1812, since 1812 as part of Russia under a treaty as a result of the war, in 1856 part of Southern Bessarabia was lost as a result of the Crimean War (returned in 1878 as a result of a new war). In 1918-1940 and in 1941-1944 - as part of Romania. | Republic of Moldova, south of Odessa region, east of Chernivtsi region of Ukraine | |
| Fort Ross and others | America | Colonization. The properties were sold in 1841. | California (USA) | |
| Dagestan | Caucasus | Wars from 1588, from 1734 to 1813 in Persia, transferred to Russia under a treaty as a result of the war, autonomies were liquidated by the end of the 1820s, shamkhalism was abolished in 1867. In 1829-1859 there was a rebellion. | The Republic of Dagestan | |
| Kingdom of Poland | West | Following the results of the Vienna Congress in a personal union in 1815-1832. Independent since 1918. | Poland | |
| Krakow | West | According to the results of the Vienna Congress - a free city under the joint protectorate of Austria, Prussia and Russia. Occupied by Austria in 1836-1841, annexed by Austria in 1846. | Poland | |
| island of Kauai (Hawaiian kingdom) - 3 fortresses (including the Elizabethan fortress), land holdings in the Hanalei Valley | Polynesia | Colonization with the condition of Russian support for the separation of the island from the Hawaiian kingdom. In 1817, the colonists were expelled from the island after the powers of the founder of the colony and Russia's plans were not confirmed. The request for a protectorate was officially rejected by the emperor in 1818. | state of Hawaii, USA | |
| Middle and Senior zhuzes of the Kazakh Khanate | middle Asia | protectorate since 1740 (Senior zhuz since 1818), limited autonomy in 1822-1868 | Kazakhstan | |
| Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates | Caucasus | from Persia by agreement according to the results of the war | Armenia, Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan | |
| Samtskhe-Javakheti, Karachay, Circassia, Abazinia, Black Sea coast from Anapa to Abkhazia | Caucasus | from Turkey by treaty as a result of the war. | Krasnodar Territory, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Georgia | |
| Danube Delta | West | From Turkey by treaty as a result of the war of 1828-1829. Since 1856, following the results of the war in the Principality of Moldavia. | Romania | |
| Svaneti | Caucasus | From Turkey under the contract. In 1812-1833 autonomy. | Georgia | |
| Trans-Ili region, Syrdarya line | 1851-1854 | Central Asia, +, +, + | from Kokand, capture | Kazakhstan |
| Sakhalin | Far East | colonization, co-ownership with Japan in 1855-1875, in 1875-1905 in Russia, in 1905-1945 the southern part of the island in Japan. | Sakhalin region | |
| Ussuri region | 1858-1860 | Far East | colonization, the Aigun and Beijing treaties with China as a result of the Second opium war | Amur Region, Jewish Autonomous Region, Khabarovsk, Primorsky Territory |
| North Caucasian Imamate (Chechnya, part of Dagestan) | Caucasus | created in 1829, capture | Chechen Republic, Republic of Dagestan | |
| Adygea | Caucasus | gradual takeover in 1820-1864 | Republic of Adygea | |
| Turkestan, Chimkent, Khujand, Tashkent | 1864-1866 | Central Asia, +, +, + | from Kokand, capture | Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan |
| Semirechye, Semipalatinsk region | 1854-1867 | Central Asia, +, +, + | from China, gradual takeover | Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan |
| Samarkand, Zeravshan valley, Penjikent, Katta-Kurgan | Central Asia, +, +, + | from Bukhara, capture | Tajikistan, Uzbekistan | |
| Khanate of Bukhara, later emirate | Central Asia, +, +, + | Vassalage, in 1868-1877 the expansion of its territory Russian troops(Karshi, Shaar, Kitab, Gissar, Kulyab, Darvaz, Karategin, etc.). Liquidated in 1920. | Tajikistan, Uzbekistan | |
| Ili region (Ghulja) | middle Asia | temporary occupation, returned to China by treaty in 1881 | Ili-Kazakh Autonomous Region of China | |
| Khanate of Khiva (Khorezm) | 1873-1876 | Central Asia, +, +, + | Partial annexation and vassalage of the rest. Liquidated in 1919. | Uzbekistan |
| Ferghana Valley - Namangan, Andijan, etc. | Central Asia, +, +, + | Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate; de facto land conquest continued until 1895 | Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan | |
| Bayazet (Dogubayazit) | Transcaucasia | From Turkey. Occupation in 1828-1829 and 1877-1879, since 1878 under a treaty in Russia. In the same year, it was ceded to Turkey following the results of the Berlin Congress. | Turkey | |
| Adjara, Kars, Ardagan | Transcaucasia | From Turkey under the treaty and the results of the Berlin Congress. In 1921, Kars and Ardagan were ceded to Turkey under the Moscow and Kars treaties. | Autonomous Republic of Adjara Georgia, Turkey | |
| Transcaspian region | 1865-1885 | Central Asia, +, +, + | gradual takeover | Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan |
| Taganrog city administration and Rostov-on-Don district | Novorossiya | Transferred by imperial decree from the Yekaterinoslav province to the Don Cossacks Region | Rostov region | |
| Sagallo | East Africa | An attempt to colonize part of the territory of the French Somali Coast. After the powers of the founder of the colony and the plans of Russia were not confirmed, the French fleet expelled the colonists. | Djibouti | |
| Chinese Eastern Railway | Far East | Ownership in Manchuria (China) under the contract. Sold to Manchukuo in 1935. In 1945-1952 under the joint control of the USSR and the PRC. | PRC | |
| Liaodong Peninsula - Port Arthur, Dalniy, etc. and YuMZhD | Far East | From China, lease for 25 years, ceded to Japan by treaty in 1905. In 1945-1952, the Southern Moscow Railway was under the joint control of the USSR and the PRC. | ||
| Manchuria | Far East | Occupation in connection with the Boxer Rebellion until 1904. It was re-occupied by the USSR in 1945-1949. | Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning Provinces of China | |
| Tianjin | Far East | From China, treaty concession terminated in 1920. | PRC | |
| Iranian (South) Azerbaijan | Middle East | Sphere of influence by agreement since 1907. Occupation in 1827, 1911-1914, 1915-1917 and 1941-1946. | Iran | |
| Kholmskaya province | West | Separated from the Lublin and Sedlec provinces of the Kingdom of Poland and included in Russia proper | Lublin Voivodeship of Poland | |
| Uryankhai region | Siberia | From China, protectorate and limited sovereignty. Since 1944, part of Russia. | Tyva Republic | |
| Galicia-Bukovina Governor General - Lviv, Przemysl, Ternopil, Chernivtsi provinces | West | It was created on the lands seized from Austria-Hungary during the First World War. In 1915 Galicia was lost, in 1916 it was partially recaptured. Finally conquered by Austria-Hungary in 1917. | Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi regions of Ukraine, Podkarpackie Voivodeship of Poland | |
| Western Armenia - Trabzon, Erzurum, Bitlis, Van | Caucasus | From Turkey, occupation during the First World War. Returned in 1917-1918 (see also Southwestern Caucasian Democratic Republic). | Turkey | |
| Wrangel Island | Far East | Colonization. In 1921 it was occupied by interventionists; recaptured in 1924. In 1881, the United States claimed the island, in 1922 - Canada. The topic was not developed. | Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |
White poster (1919), illustrating the maximum "narrowing" of red Russia
[edit] See also
[edit] Crisis (1917-1924)
The First World War, accompanied by large territorial and human losses and economic degradation for Russia, caused a general crisis of power in Russia, which led to a revolution, the abolition of the monarchy and the temporary collapse of Russian statehood. The latter led to a series of coups, the intensification of separatism in a number of territories, the Civil War and outside intervention. The period ended with the reformatting of the empire into the Soviet Union, the expulsion of the interventionists, the gradual international recognition of the USSR and the renegotiation of international treaties, taking into account new realities.
Malaya Bashkiria
State formations of the period of the Civil War in Russia and the formation of the USSR (1917-1924) [show]
World War I · February Revolution · October Revolution · RSFSR · Civil War · white movement · Intervention · Basmachism · the USSR
| North Baltic States Belarus Poland Republic of Lithuania Middle Lithuania Belorussian People's Republic Regency Kingdom of Poland Republic of Poland Republic of Estonia soviet republic Lithuanian Soviet Republic Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania and Belarus Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus Belarus Soviet Socialist Republic Provisional Revolutionary Committee of Poland Ukraine Bessarabia Crimea[show] Non-Soviet: Ukrainian People's Republic Ukrainian State Directory Crimean People's Republic Free territory (Makhnovshchina) Moldavian Democratic Republic Soviet: Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic Odessa Soviet Republic Rumcherod Soviet Socialist Republic of Taurida Ukrainian Soviet Republic Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Don Kuban North Caucasus[show] Non-Soviet: Great Don Host Kuban People's Republic a Republic of the Union of Highlanders of the North Caucasus North Caucasian Emirate Southern Russia Soviet: Don Soviet Republic Kuban Soviet Republic Black Sea Soviet Republic Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic Stavropol Soviet Republic Terek Soviet Republic North Caucasian Soviet Republic Gorskaya Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Volga Region Ural Siberia Far East[show] Political center (Irkutsk) Provisional Yakut Regional People's Administration Amur Zemsky Territory ("Black Buffer") Green Wedge Russian Eastern Outskirts Soviet: Amur Labor Socialist Republic Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Republic Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic Tatar Soviet Republic Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Votka Autonomous Oblast Chuvash Autonomous Oblast Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast Mari Autonomous Oblast Labor Commune of Volga Germans Autonomous Oblast of Volga Germans Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Ussuri Republic Far Eastern Republic of Transcaucasia[show] Non-Soviet: Administration of Western Armenia Southwestern Caucasian Democratic Republic Special Transcaucasian Committee Transcaucasian Commissariat Transcaucasian Democratic Federal Republic Republic of Mountainous Armenia Republic of Armenia Central Caspian Dictatorship Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Arak Republic Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mugan Mugan Dictatorship Georgian Democratic Republic Soviet: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic Baku Commune So Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Mugan Soviet Republic Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia South Ossetian Autonomous Region Federal Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic Adjara Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Nakhichevan Soviet Republic Nakhichevan Autonomous soviet socialist republic of Central Asia[show] Non-Soviet: Alash Autonomy Emirate of Bukhara Transcaspian Provisional Government Khiva Khanate Kokand Autonomy Provisional Ferghana Government Soviet: Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast Bukhara People's Soviet Republic Khorezm People's Soviet Republic Khorezm Socialist Soviet Republic Face of Education outside the former Russian Empire[show] Non-Soviet: Western Ukrainian People's Republic Russian People's Republic of Lemkos Republic of Comanche Republic of Prekmurye Outer Mongolia (Ungern's dictatorship) Soviet: Galician Socialist Soviet Republic Russian Krajina Persian Soviet Socialist Republic Tuva People's Republic Bavarian Soviet Republic Bremen Soviet Republic Hungarian Soviet Republic Labinsk Republic Committee of Public Safety of Luxembourg Republic of Banat Serbian-Hungarian Republic of Baranya Baja Slovak Soviet Republic Alsatian Soviet Republic Tarnobrzeg Republic |
Bold bold public entities, which turned out to be stable and survived the specified period. In cases where there is no established name for the territories, the names of the authorities that controlled them are given.
[edit] See also
[edit] Evolution and expansion of the Soviet Union
Naval bases of the Soviet Union in 1984.
[edit] Territorial changes of the period of the USSR (including the RSFSR)
