Nominal part of the predicate
All nominal parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral) can act as a nominal part of the predicate.
Noun in the role of the nominal part, it is usually used in the forms of the nominative or instrumental case: Daughter Marina was a tall dark-skinned woman(Leatherwear); Old Potapov was a ship mechanic in the past(Paust.); Read in a row was for nervous person torture(Nab.). Creative is a developing, active form. This form is gradually replacing the nominative predicative. Both forms currently differ semantically and stylistically. The nominative denotes a sign of constant, stable, it is usually used in a predicate without a link, conceivable in the present tense: Brother is a teacher, I am an engineer. When referred to the plan of the past, such a nominative is perceived as archaic: Of course we were buddies(L.). The sign is temporary, non-permanent is transmitted more often using the form of the instrumental case: ...Already in the Grove Ogonyok becomes fire(Cr.). However, such semantic differentiation is gradually disappearing due to the expansion of the use of the instrumental predicative. In modern Russian, the creative is possible even without a bunch: He is at the division headquarters as a signalman(Cossack.); And our soldier has the whole world as an addressee(Tward.).
For individual lexical groups nouns instrumental predicative was active form back in the 19th century. - guilt, reason, bail: You, - he says, - are to blame for everything(Cr.); Believe me, conscience is a guarantee, marriage will be torment for us(P.).
The instrumental predicative without a copula was fixed in a colloquial style in predicates with the meaning of assimilation, especially in tautological expressions of an amplifying nature: Business is business, and love is love(Cossack.). The instrumental (with and without a copula) can be used next to the nominative in peculiar, colloquial predicates with the meaning of evaluativeness: beast by beast, well done by fellow, eagle by eagle, freak by freak. For example: On the corvette the eagle looked like an eagle, especially when standing on the bridge(Stanzh.); ... I completely lost my strength, the shadow became a shadow(M.-Sib.).
The nominal part can be expressed by a noun in the form of the genitive case, for example: Philosopher Khoma Brutus had a cheerful disposition(G.). The peculiarity of such a predicate is that the range of words that can act in this function in the form of the genitive case is limited and the predicate itself always has the meaning of either a qualitative characteristic or internal state, and with a genitive name, an adjective is necessarily used, which contains an indication of a qualitative sign: Hands were plump, small, but immaculate form(Cossack.); She repeated the thoughts of the veterinarian and was now about everything the same opinion, How is he(Ch.). The genitive case of a name can have the meaning of relationship or belonging (in this case, the adjective is optional with it): Whose stroller? my lord(L.); You what kind of tribe...(L.).
In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, the genitive case of the name with a preposition can also be used, for example: And they say - lilies are odorless(Fed.)
Other cases of nouns in the role of a predicate are used less often, these are always prepositional combinations, for example: And the campfire had a dream not a dream(Tward.); Now the water is already knee-deep...(Cossack.); Varya was with tearful eyes (Ch.); ... the goal at all not in our happiness, but in something smarter and greater(Ch.); Here is my Onegin on the loose(P.); Garden was stalled, all in lilac, in the wild wild rose, in apple and maple trees covered with lichen(Paust.).
The nominal part can be phraseologized combinations of the nominal type, for example: Well, right, their inventions are out of place!(Cr.); ... Yes, he is not idle(Cr.); And he doesn't seem to like you very much.(M. G.).
The nominal part of the predicate is a dependent word form, which, together with the linking verb, is a single semantic group of words, and very often such functional combinations of words can form synonymous rows. For example: walk like a hero, walk like a hero, walk like a hero, walk like a hero; to offer oneself as an assistant, to offer oneself as an assistant, to offer oneself as an assistant; reads himself as a friend, reads himself as a friend; to go as an auditor, to go as an auditor, to go as an auditor, to go for an auditor; serve as a secretary, serve as a secretary; to be employed as a janitor, to be employed as a janitor; start sailor(service), start as a sailor, start as a sailor, start as a sailor etc.
Adjective in the role of the nominal part of the predicate, it is used in full and short forms, in the forms different degrees. For adjectives full form both nominative and instrumental cases are characteristic. For example: Mysterious and therefore beautiful dark thickets of forests(Paust.); - I'm here," she added.(Sim.); Our amazing people(Erenb.); I was young, hot, sincere, not stupid(Ch.); Surveillance was very exhausting(Nab.); You were all brighter, truer and prettier...(Bl.). The adjective as a nominal part of the predicate can be attached to the subject using a comparative particle, for example: The empty walls of large houses overlooking the wasteland, were like bronze(quiet); He was in the house like a stranger(Trif.).
Full adjectives in the function of the predicate can be combined with fully significant verbs of movement and state: run, return, come, come, sit, lie down and others, for example: ...He folds his arms sullen back and forth(L.); Day got up ruddy, okay ...(Surk.). The linking verb here has a full-fledged predicative meaning, and therefore adjectives are complicated by a definitive meaning. Often they are called so - predicative definitions or verb-nominal determiners. Wed: How often along your shores I wandered quiet and foggy(P.). - How often have I wandered along your shores, quiet and foggy(in the second version of the sentence, the definitive function of adjectives becomes the leading one, and the predicative function is contained in the fully significant verb wandered).
The nominal part can be expressed by participle: short and full, passive and real. For example: Her eyebrows were raised(T.); Tea stood untouched(Dost.); ...They [the waters] were already as if chained(Sim.); Now he [garden] stood shattered, chilled(Paust.). The full participle can also be in the instrumental form: Glasses with tea stand intact(S.-SH.).
In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, various pronouns are used: personal, possessive, interrogative-relative, demonstrative, attributive, negative and indefinite. Both nominative and instrumental forms are possible. For example: Is that you, is that you, Rudin?(T.); - She is my ! he said sternly(L.); BUT who is Hor?(T.); Lisa in a few days was not the same(T.); What it pretends to be yourself and show(Paust.); He didn't walk like everyone else.(Nab.); The legend is not so hot, but still a legend(Nab.). Like nouns, pronouns can act as predicates in the forms of different cases with prepositions, representing free nominal combinations or combinations of a phraseologized type, for example: You can stay with me while the house is mine(Fed.); ...Sometimes I'm beside myself with him(Fonv.).
The nominal part can be expressed numeral name or quantitative-nominal combination. For example: It [building] it was two floors(G.), Two by two is four; Earring was the first to see them(Fad.); Grandpa came first(Paust.).
The nominal part can be an expression one of... (one of... ): He was one of the comrades my brother Gregory(Nab.).
Mixed predicate
The predicate can be mixed, i.e. consist of verbs and names. Such predicates combine the features of a compound verb and a compound nominal predicate. Wed, on the one hand: became a diplomat, was a teacher, was considered useful, came cheerful- compound nominal predicates; and on the other: wanted to learn, had to cook, could respect- compound verb predicates. Mixed predicates combine components of both: wanted to become a diplomat, could be considered useful, tried to be cheerful, could appear silent, was afraid to seem ridiculous. For example: You must to work hard to be useful(T.); Karelin ... remained sitting at the table gloomy, like a cloud(Cossack.); I don't try to be better(L. T.); ... Judas did not even guess pretend to be scared(S.-SH.). Such a predicate can be considered a modification of two main types - verbal and nominal.
Predicate, adverbial and interjection
Predicates can be expressed by adverbs or include an adverb. The function of the predicate is acquired by qualitative and qualitatively circumstantial adverbs. They are used without a link or with semi-significant verbs, for example: After all, I'm somewhat akin to her(Gr.); ... The vestibule door is wide open(Fed.); overcoat was perfect and just right(G.). An adverbial predicate can be of a phraseological type: Only you look at me: so that everything honor was an honor(S.-SH.).
Predicate expressed by interjection, occurring in colloquial speech, denotes the action of a person or object, or emotionally evaluates the object. Such interjections are functionally close to names or verbs, for example: ...Away from you. No, you gentlemen, oh-oh-oh!(T.); The guys are instantly on their feet - and let's go. (Furm.). Sometimes adverbial and interjectional predicates are conditionally referred to nominal ones, such assignment is based on functional proximity with names in the role of a predicate.
The predicate can be expressed by a predicative adverb (the word of the state category). They are usually used with the subject-infinitive: It's very easy to judge a person in disfavor(L. T.); It is difficult to dissuade him of anything, it is impossible to argue with him.(Ch.); Someone is pleased to endure slander!(A. Ostr.).
Grammatical coordination of subject and predicate forms
Grammatical coordination of the forms of the subject and the predicate (formal assimilation) can be carried out in the form of correspondence of the forms: 1) gender, number and case: The weather is good; My book; He is smart; 2) gender and number: Winter came; He arrived; Letter came; Bird killed; 3) numbers and faces: I write; You walk, we go; 4) numbers and cases: Sisters are weavers; The capital is our pride; Woman PhD; 5) case: Children are our happiness; 6) numbers: We worked; Obstacles overcome.
The fact that the subject and predicate, entering into predicative relations, are not always able to completely liken their forms, i.e. for all possible indicators (for example, the lack of correspondence between the forms of the number: Children are our happiness; genus forms: Woman PhD), testifies to the internal difference between this connection and agreement, since this connection is always the connection of two specific word forms united by a common modal plan within a given sentence.
The connection of agreement is observed in words of a certain lexical and grammatical affiliation and is based on their morphological properties. Coordination of forms - the connection is wider and freer. Different words and word forms can enter into such a connection, and their morphological properties do not have to correspond to each other, since their relationship is determined not by lexico-grammatical belonging, but by syntactic position in the sentence structure. Therefore, the choice of the form of the predicate sometimes depends not only on the form of the subject, but also on the order of the main members, the presence or absence of members that distribute them, stylistic coloring sentences, etc., and therefore fluctuations in the use of predicate forms are allowed. In this regard, one can single out special cases the choice of forms of the predicate, in particular the verb.
With a subject expressed by a collective noun of the neuter gender, the form is chosen singular verb-predicate: Most arrived; with a subject expressed by a collective noun in combination with the genitive case, the singular verb form and plural: Most of the books were bought and Most of the students came to the session, and with the designation inanimate objects the singular form is preferred, when denoting persons - the plural form.
With a subject expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination (such as five books, ten students and several houses, several students, many objects, many people), the form of the predicate depends on a number of contextual conditions: when denoting active action persons, the plural form is used - Five students successfully passed the test; when denoting inanimate objects, the singular form is more often chosen, especially if the predicate is in preposition - There were several houses on the edge of the street; Several houses will be built in the first quarter.
The semantic conditions of the context can influence the choice of form: Five stadiums under construction in the republic(undivided action); Five more stadiums are being built in the cities of the republic(counted items have a special semantic significance); the singular form is obligatory in the presence of restrictive words; compare: Three speakers took the floor. - Three speakers took the floor, but: Only three speakers took the floor(if not possible: Only three speakers took the floor); The influence of the context also affects in this case, cf.: Several books lay on the table. - Several books I bought were lying on the table. The context determines the form of the predicate and collective noun in combination with the genitive case: Most of the delegates have already arrived(or arrived) to the meeting; but: Most of the delegates took their seats; Most writers, poets, critics spoke in the debate(the plural form is determined by the presence of several controlled word forms). Thus, the choice of the form of the predicate is sometimes dictated not by the grammatical properties of words, but by the semantic and stylistic conditions of the context. Here are some examples: Several ladies were walking quickly up and down the square.(L.); In the village, many dogs greeted us with loud barking(L.); - Catch, catch him! - shouted several lads at the cramped end of the street ...(G.); A small number of books that I found under the cabinets and in the pantry were memorized by me.(P.); Several arrows stuck near us in the ground and in the stockade(P.); A few stars looked out from the distant clear sky(Garsh.).
With subjects expressed by a collective numeral, the choice of the form of the predicate is influenced by its position in the sentence: Two came; two came; word order is not taken into account if there are definitive-amplifying words: All four came; All four came.
With a subject expressed by a quantitative numeral or infinitive, the predicate has the form of the third person singular or the form of the neuter gender in the past tense: To patronize promising young people was Raisa Pavlovna's weakness(M.-Sib.); Seven at the players is called a poker(Ch.).
With a subject expressed by an invariable part of speech (adverb, conjunction, interjection), as well as a combination of words or a whole sentence acting as a subject, the predicate is also put in the form of the third person singular or neuter gender (in the past tense): "Poor Clara! Crazy Clara!” sounded in his soul(T.); This "why" was starting to get annoying; Suddenly, in the midst of the extreme silence in the air, we hear it clearly heard: “Whoa, whoa,” in a ravine close to us ...(T.)
The plural form in the predicate is determined only by the presence of a Contextual indication of the "plurality" of the subject: Your "why" bored me; ... Such beaten dragged on for two weeks(M.-Sib.).
With the subject, expressed by pronoun who ( someone, somebody, somebody), the predicate is put in the singular, no matter how many persons in question: Who is late?; Someone is coming tomorrow. If the pronoun who refers to the subject in the plural form of another sentence (in complex sentence), then the predicate can be plural. Wed: Those who arrived late were left without tickets; Those who arrived late were left without tickets..
With a subject expressed by an indeclinable noun denoting animals and birds, the predicate has the form male(in the past time): The cockatoo screamed; Kangaroo ran(the form female is elected only with a contextual indication of belonging to female gender: Kangaroo carrying a baby).
With a subject expressed by an indeclinable proper noun, the form of the predicate is determined by the generic concept: the Mississippi flowed (river); Capri was overcast(island); The Times is forced to announce(newspaper). Indeclinable common nouns form their connection with the predicate in the form of the middle gender: The sconce hung on the wall; The taxi pulled up to the parking lot; The cafe was closed(but: Coffee is poured).
With a subject expressed in a compound abbreviated word, the predicate corresponds to the form of the leading word that forms this compound name, for example: UN decided (United Nations); Rono called a meeting(district department public education). The exception is compound abbreviated words that have a grammatical form, i.e. leaning. Such subjects formalize their connection with the predicate in the usual way: The university announced new set (cf.: The university announced a new enrollment); TASS is authorized to announce...(cf.: Work at TASS).
With a subject expressed by a noun generic, the form of the predicate is determined by the gender of the designated person: Sloppy appeared and The slob appeared; Crybaby roared and crybaby roared. Fluctuations in gender forms are also observed in the case when a masculine noun in the role of the subject calls actor female. For example: The doctor said and The doctor said; Secretary left and The secretary has gone; The accountant was late with the report and The accountant was late with the report. AT formal business style such fluctuations are excluded and grammatical assimilation of masculine forms becomes mandatory.
With a subject expressed by a combination of the nominative case with the instrumental (such as father and mother), the predicate has a plural form, for example: The teacher and the lady whisper quietly(Cr.); In the sun, Polkan and Barbos, lying, warmed themselves(Cr.).
If the predicate in such combinations is in the singular form, then only the nominative case form is the subject, and the instrumental case acts as a complement, i.e. means a person accompanying the producer of an action, for example: A princess with a Moscow dandy was sitting on a bench in a covered gallery(L.); An old man lived with his old woman near blue sea (P.).
A link in a nominal predicate usually corresponds to the form of the subject, for example: But his clerk was a shelled bird(G.); Father was a soft vague soul(Ch.). However, the link can also be coordinated with the nominal part of the predicate: 1) if the subject is expressed by the pronoun this: It was Natasha (L.T.); 2) if the nominal part of the predicate is used in the plural form, and the subject is expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination: Most of the delegates were students; Most of the troupe were acrobats; 3) if part of the predicate has the form of the nominative case of the singular: ... All this calmness was often one mask(Letters); Natasha's wedding... was the last happy event (L. T.); compare: This calmness was only a disguise; Natasha's wedding was the last joyful event.
The special nature of the connection between the predicate and the subject, which is different from agreement, is most clearly revealed in cases where the main members of the sentence do not formally correspond to each other according to some grammatical indicators. Such forms are typical for colloquial everyday speech. For example, the correspondence of the forms of number and person with a verbal predicate may be violated: You are to blame, and others answer; They have a ball, and batiushka, drag yourself to bow(Gr.). With a nominal predicate, the form of the predicate may not correspond to the form of the subject in the following cases: 1) if the predicate expresses an abstract concept that cannot have a plural form: Lakes are the main beauty of our region(no match in number); 2) if the predicate is expressed by a noun with the meaning of the aggregate: Children are restless people;
3) if the predicate is expressed by a word denoting a generic concept: Foxes are a cunning animal.
Formal dissimilarity of the main members is also characteristic of such sentences in which the predicates have special ways of expression: invariable parts of speech (adverbs, interjections), free word forms and prepositional case forms. For example: It's cold, and he is without a hat; The work is beyond the power; Nose - potatoes; Working hands are always welcome; After all, the subject is just - fu-fu(G.). Such a connection between the predicate and the subject is carried out only by positional juxtaposition.
Predicate.
Predicate- this is main member a sentence that usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?
The predicate expresses grammatical meaning one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).
Types of predicates:
Simple verbal predicate. Compound verbal predicate - CGS. Compound nominal predicate - SIS
Simple verb predicate (PGS)
Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate
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1. Verb in the form of any mood |
A gloomy morning comes. |
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2. Independent infinitive |
To live is to serve the motherland. |
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3. Interjectional verb forms (truncated forms of the verb like bam, grab, jump) |
Each friend here quietly understands a friend. |
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4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form |
The team won the championship. |
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5. Verb in conjugated form + modal particle (yes, let, let, let's, let's, it was like, like, like, like, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.) |
Let me go with you. |
Compound predicates.
Compound verb predicate
Compound predicates are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (time and mood) are expressed different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (time and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.
Wed: He sang(PGS). - He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). - He was sick for two months(SIS).
The compound verb predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:
a) the auxiliary part (the verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part (the indefinite form of the verb - the infinitive) expresses the lexical meaning.
GHS = auxiliary+ infinitive. For example: I started to sing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.
However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:
The auxiliary verb must be lexically ambiguous, that is, it alone (without the infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.
Wed: Ibegan- what to do?; Iwant- what to do?.
If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is minor member suggestions.
Wed: She issat down(for what purpose?) relax.
The action of the infinitive must refer to the subject (this is the subject infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.
Wed:
1. I want to sing. I want to sing- compound verb predicate ( want - I, sing will – I).
2. I asked her to sing. Requested- simple verbal predicate sing- addition ( asked - I, sing will be - she is).
Auxiliary verb meanings
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Meaning |
Typical verbs and phraseological units |
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1. Phase (beginning, continuation, end of action) |
start, become, start off, continue, finish, stay, stop, quit, stop and etc. |
He began to prepare to leave. |
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2. Modal meaning (necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional evaluation actions, etc.) |
To be able, to be able, to wish, to want, to dream, to intend, to refuse, to try, to try, to count, to be able, to contrive, to try, to assume, to get used to, to hasten, to be shy, to endure, to love, to hate, to be afraid, to be afraid, to be cowardly, to be ashamed, to set a goal , to burn with desire, to have honor, to have intention, to make a promise, to have a habit and etc. |
I can sing. |
Compound nominal predicate
Compound nominal predicate (CIS)consists of two parts:
a) the auxiliary part - the link (the verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part - the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.
SIS \u003d link + nominal part
For example: Hewas a doctor; Hebecame a doctor; Hewas ill; Hewas sick; Hewas injured; Hecame first.
Types of linking verbs
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Link type by value |
Typical verbs |
Examples |
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1 . Grammatical connective - expresses only the grammatical meaning (time, mood), lexical meaning does not have. |
Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the connective to be is usually in the zero form ("zero connective"): the absence of a connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood. |
Hewas a doctor.
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2 . Semi-significant copula - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning). |
a) occurrence or development of a trait: become, become, become, become; |
Hebecame ill.
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3. A significant copula is a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate). |
a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie down, stand; |
She issat tired.
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Verb to be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or having:
HimIt wasthree sons; HimIt wasmuch money.
Verbs become, become, become etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:
Heturned out to bedowntown; Hebecamenear the wall.
The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant copula, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: Hesatnear the window). If the verb becomes a link, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( Hesitting tired; more important is that he was tired, not that he sitting, not stood or lay).
For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:
the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:
He sat tired- He was tired; He was born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was first;
the link can be made null:
He sitting tired - He tired ; He born happy - He happy ; He came first - He the first .
If the verb has dependent forms of the full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!
Ways of expressing the nominal part
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The form |
Examples |
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1. Noun |
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1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case |
He's minebrother.
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1.2. Noun in indirect case with or without preposition |
Navigatorwas in oblivion.
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1.3. A whole phrase with the main word - a noun in genitive case(with a quality rating value) |
son-in-lawwas a silent breed.
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2. Adjective |
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2.1. short adjective |
Heoars.
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2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case |
Hehappy.
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2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective |
Here the sound of musicwere more audible.
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3. Communion |
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3.1. Brief Communion |
Heinjured.
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3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case |
glasswere broken.
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4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun |
All fish-your.
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5. Numerals in the nominative or instrumental case |
Their hut -thirdon the edge. |
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6. Adverb |
Iwas alert.
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Note!
1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero link), it is always a compound nominal predicate;
2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;
3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;
4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.
1. A compound predicate can be expressed by short passive participles and short adjectives. The specified categories of words in modern Russian are used only in the function of a predicate and there are no other members of the sentence.
predicate, expressed passive participle, sometimes has a proper passive meaning - usually when the actor is indicated by an addition in the instrumental case: All fairy tales were retold me old Kirilovna.(P.)(More often it denotes the state of an object: Half of these bands was already bevelled. (L.T.) Finished my work for many years. (P.)
Note. Usually, short passive past participles from verbs are used in the predicate perfect look(on -n and -t): Clover bevelled. Rye compressed. Linen threshed. As for the short passive participles of the present tense, they are rare (for example, in A. S. Pushkin: Nami you was loved and for dear stored).
The time of the predicate, expressed by the passive participle, is determined not by the time of the participle itself, but by the time of the linking verb. In a sentence hay cut the past participle is used, but meanwhile the predicate is considered as a predicate of the present tense (due to the lack of a link).
predicate, expressed short name adjective, denotes the qualitative state of the subject: Wind quiet. snowy street deserted. Steps away heard in frosty air.
Among short adjectives, one should note those that do not have full adjectives corresponding to them (with the same lexical meaning), such as: small(room is small) great(boots are big) seen, heard, glad, must etc. Such adjectives are called predicative and .
Note. The predicate can be expressed by adverbs, adverbial words and expressions denoting a state, for example: Old man not in the mood. Dunya already married. Such a predicate is close in meaning to a predicate expressed by a short adjective, a passive participle, or even a verb, for example:
apple trees were in bloom (bloomed).
I beside myself (very angry).
2. The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by nouns and full adjectives in nominative case, for example: Moscow - capital of Russia. Road straight, flat.
To show that a given noun or adjective is a predicate and not another member of the sentence, a special pause is made before it (predicate pause); before a pause, the voice rises strongly, and the predicate (after a pause) is pronounced in a lower tone, for example:
And nuts not simple all shells gold, kernels - clean emerald.(P.)
The predicate, expressed by a noun, can indicate what kind of objects the one in question belongs to, for example: Hydrogen - gas. Gold - metal.
The predicate, expressed by a full adjective, denotes some sign of an object: summer was roast. River fast.
Note. Before a predicate, expressed by a noun, a link is sometimes used at the place of a pause there is, usually in scientific speech, for example: A square is an equilateral rectangle.
Nouns and adjectives with a bunch was- will can stand both in the nominative and in the instrumental case, for example: My brother was a pilot. - My brother was a pilot. His preparation was excellent.- Preparing for him was great. Soon Varya will be at all adult.- Soon Varya will at all adult.
Adjectives as a predicate can be used in a comparative degree, for example: Steel harder gland. Rose prettier asters etc.
The predicate can be attached to the subject by comparative unions what, like, exactly, for example: The mountains how lush folds on the rich clothes of the earth. (M.G.)
3. In addition to nouns and adjectives, the predicate may contain other parts of speech, such as: quantitative numerals (when expressing the total): Two yes three - five; pronouns - when expressing belonging: The outside - my, at home - my(V.M.); when expressing the qualitative characteristics of a person by opposing it to another person: I not you. You not he you can't do that.
4. The nominal part of the predicate can also be expressed by a combination of a noun in the indirect case with a defining adjective, for example: Ivan Ivanovich several fearful character(G.)(in this sentence the link is omitted, cf.: Ivan Ivanovich was fearful character). Such combinations in the specified position syntactically indecomposable: they represent one member of the sentence, not two. Under other conditions, the same combination may be syntactically decomposable; compare: His fearful character is known to everyone (character - subject, fearful - definition to this subject).
Often the name of the feature indicated in the predicate is attached to the subject by means of nouns. person, people, thing, animal, which, without an adjective defining them, do not express the desired meaning, for example: Sergei Mikhailovich was the man is no longer young, tall, dense.(L.T.) Old ladies are everything people are angry.(Gr.) Ball - thing is good wickedness is bitter. (Gr.) Moreover, the dog - smart animal, he will find his own food. (T.)
§ 22. Verbs acting as a link.
As a link in compound predicate, in addition to the verb to be, the following verbs are used: to become, to become, to become, to be, to be, to appear, to be considered, to be called.
The content of the predicate is expressed by those nouns and adjectives that are with these verbs, and the verbs only give different shades to the statement (depending on their meaning), for example: Flight through North Pole is greatest achievement our aviation. flight conditions became More and more difficult.
Notes. 1.Unlike a bunch to be other linking verbs not only indicate mood and tense, but also have the meaning of the form and give different semantic shades to the statement; e.g. verbs become, become, become indicate the emergence or development of a feature in the subject: Petya became a pioneer. The days got shorter. The frost was getting stronger. The road became more and more picturesque. etc.; verb visit indicates that the trait is found many times: In autumn the weather is rainy; Verbs to seem, to be called, to be called contain an assessment of the feature in terms of its reality; match: He seemed to be my friend. He was considered my friend. He called himself my friend. Full verb be close in meaning to the link to be. It is used in business and journalistic styles speech and indicates the presence of a feature in the subject, for example: Your speech is truly partisan. 2. Linking verbs differ in meaning from those verbs from which they originated, for example: The players become in a circle - here the predicate is expressed independent verb become, denoting "take a place". The days are getting colder here the predicate is expressed by the phrase from the linking verb become and the adjective attached to it colder; linking verb become indicates the occurrence of a feature in an object.
§ 23. Instrumental and nominative cases of a noun and an adjective with linking verbs. 1. With a verb be nouns and adjectives, which are part of the predicate, are put only in the creative yadezhe: The arrival of the father was a complete surprise. This news is surprising and strange for me, not trustworthy.
2. With verbs become - become, become, remain, reckon, seem nouns that are part of the predicate, in modern language are used only in the instrumental case: The comrade became a pilot. My brother became an engineer. For some reason, he was considered brave.
The nominative case found in the classics is completely outdated, for example: Shakhovskaya became a mediocre poet. (P.)
As for the adjectives that make up the predicate, they should also be placed in the instrumental case with the listed verbs, although the nominative case is possible in them significantly more than nouns: From hardening, steel becomes more elastic (elastic). The day is getting hotter (hot). In the spring, the roads became completely impassable (impassable).
Sentences with the nominative case of the adjective in the nominal part of the predicate are predominantly characteristic of colloquial speech.
§ 24. Compound nominal predicate with verbs denoting a state or movement.
The predicate can be expressed by a phrase consisting of a verb denoting a state or movement (sit, stand, lie down, go etc.), and an adjective or participle in the nominative case or less often in the instrumental, for example: 1) All evening friends sat sad and silent. 2) Old man, lay sick. 3) Brother came home with something upset. 4) She is returned from the resort firm and calm.
Linking verbs in these predicates retain their lexical meaning. It is only somewhat weakened, because verbs closely merge in meaning with adjectives and participles (in the fourth example, it is not important that she returned, but what she returned stronger and calmer).
Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the action or sign of what is expressed by the subject.
Predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is reported about the realia named in the subject) and grammatical meaning (characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or irreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the mood forms of the verb, and in indicative mood- and time).
There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal .
Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it
Simple verb predicate(PGS) can be expressed one word and ambiguously
.
PGS- one word :
1) a verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject: He read / reads / will read / would read / let him read / this book.
2) verbal interjection or infinitive; there is no agreement between the predicate and the subject: And the hat bam right on the floor. As the music starts, the boy will immediately dance.
PGS- phrase :
1. PGS - phraseologically free , but syntactically related phrase - may have the following structure and typical meaning:
1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:
I go, I go, but the forest is still far away.
2) repetition of the verb form with a particle so to indicate an intense or fully implemented action:
That's what he said.
3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or single-root verbs to enhance the meaning of the predicate:
He does not sleep himself and does not let others.
I can't wait for spring.
4) semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form, which has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:
And he take it and say / know yourself sings.
5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:
I'll go for a walk in the garden.
6) a verb with a particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:
I was going to the cinema, but didn't go.
7) design with the value of the intensity of action:
All he does is sleep.
2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, inseparable in meaning into an action and its material object, in most cases this phraseological unit can be replaced by one verb: take part, come to your senses, fall into a rage, sound the alarm, have the opportunity, have the intention, have the habit, have the honor, have the right; to express a desire, to burn with desire, to acquire a habit, to consider oneself entitled, to consider it necessary etc.:
He attended the conference(=participated).
Compound verb predicate(GHS) has the following structure:
pre-infinitive part + infinitive.
Infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - calls the action.
Pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phase meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).
Phase value expressed by verbs become, start (start), accept (accept), continue (continue), stop (stop), stop (stop) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the above words, characteristic of conversational style speech):
I started/continued/finished reading this book.
modal meaning can be expressed
1) verbs to be able, able, want, wish, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.
2) a linking verb to be (in the present tense in zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intends, capable, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:
I was ready / willing / able to wait.
Both in the pre-infinitive part and in the position of the infinitive, a phraseological unit can be used:
He is eager to participate in the conference(= wants to participate)
He wants to attend the conference(= wants to participate).
He lit with eagerness to take part in conference(= wants to participate).
The complication of CGS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:
I started to want to eat.
I felt that soon I could start to want to eat.
A special type of CGS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in indefinite form: To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is not typical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which occurs in compound nominal predicates. In addition to being, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:
Not to come means to offend.
The predicates expressed are not compound verbal predicates:
1) compound form of the future tense of the verb imperfect form in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;
2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive that occupies the position of an object in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her.underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to sing (everyone asked, but she should sing);
3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.
It is easy to see that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb before the infinitive has neither phase nor modal meaning.
Compound nominal predicate
Compound nominal predicate(SIS) has the following structure:
nominal part (bundle) + nominal part.
Nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.
Indicative part expresses the grammatical or grammatical and part of the lexical meaning of the predicate.
Indicative part
happens:
1) abstract: the verb to be (meaning "to appear" and not "to be" or "to have"), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form: He is a student / was a student.
2) semi-significant (semi-abstract): verbs to appear (appear), to be, to appear (to appear), to introduce themselves (to appear), to become (become), to become (to be done), to stay (to remain), to be considered, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part.
For example: He turned out to be a student. She seemed tired.
3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie down, work, live, etc.
For example: We returned home tired. He worked as a janitor. He lived as a hermit.
Significant and semi-significantbundle when determining the type of the predicate, it can be replaced by an abstract one.
The nominal part can be expressed in one word and ambiguous.
Single-word noun expression :
1) a noun in the case form, more often in the nominative case. / instrumental.
For example: He/was a teacher. The skirt was in a cage.
2) adjective in full and short form, in the form of any of the degrees of comparison.
For example: His words were smart. He became taller than his father. He is the tallest in the class.
3) complete or short communion: Letter was not printed .
4) pronoun: This pencil is mine!
5) numeral: He was eighth in line.
6) adverb: The conversation will be frank. I felt sorry for the old man.
An ambiguous expression of the nominal part:
1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase may have the following structure:
a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in the genitive case.
For example: The boy was five years old.
b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is not very informative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be thrown out of the sentence almost without loss of meaning).
For example: He is the best student in the class.
2) phraseological unit: He was the talk of the town.
The linking part can also be expressed by a phraseological unit:
He looked gloomy and distracted
- phraseologism in the connective part;
A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it.
For example: She wanted to appear tired. He gradually began to become a specialist in this field.
