The energy supplier for our body can be fats, proteins and carbohydrates. But of all the substances that our body uses for its energy needs, glucose occupies the main place.
What is glucose?
Glucose or dextrose is a colorless or white, odorless, finely crystalline powder, sweet in taste. Glucose can be called a universal fuel, since most of the body's energy needs are covered by it.
This substance must be constantly present in our blood. Moreover, both its excess and deficiency are dangerous for the body. So during hunger, the body begins to “use for food” what it is built from. Then muscle proteins are converted to glucose which can be quite dangerous.
Color scale indicator visual test strips
These test strips are used to detect abnormal blood sugar levels at home.
WHO official blood glucose levels.
The food-glucose-glycogen system
Glucose enters the human body with carbohydrates. Once in the intestines, complex carbohydrates broken down to glucose, which is then absorbed into the blood. Part of the glucose is consumed for energy needs, the other part can be deposited in the form of fat reserves, and a certain amount is deposited in the form of glycogen. After the food is digested and the influx of glucose from the intestines stops, the reverse conversion of fats and glycogen to glucose begins. So our body maintains a constant blood glucose concentration.
Converting proteins and fats to glucose and vice versa is a process that takes a lot of time. But the interconversion of glucose and glycogen occurs very quickly. Therefore, glycogen plays the role of the main storage carbohydrate. In the body, it is deposited in the form of granules in various types cells, but mainly in the liver and muscles. The store of glycogen in a person of average physical development can provide him with energy during the day.
Hormones-regulators
The conversion of glucose to glycogen and vice versa is regulated by a number of hormones. Lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood insulin. And increases - glucagon, somatotropin, cortisol, thyroid hormones and adrenaline. Violations in the passage of these reversible reactions between glucose and glycogen can lead to serious illnesses, the most famous of which is diabetes mellitus.
Measuring blood glucose
The main test for the presence of diabetes is the measurement of blood glucose.
Concentration glucose is different in capillary and venous blood and fluctuates depending on whether a person has eaten or is hungry. Normally, when measured on an empty stomach (at least 8 hours after the last meal), the glucose content in capillary blood is 3.3 - 5.5 (mmol / l), and in venous blood 4.0 - 6.1 (mmol / l ). Two hours after a meal, the glucose level should not exceed 7.8 (mmol / l), both for capillary and venous blood. If during the week, when measuring on an empty stomach, the glucose level does not fall below 6.3 mmol / l, then it is necessary to contact an endocrinologist and conduct an additional examination of the body.
Hyperglycemia - too much glucose in the blood
Hyperglycemia develops most often in diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels may rise with:
- diabetes
- stress, strong emotional tension
- diseases endocrine system, pancreas, kidneys
- myocardial infarction
Endocrinologist
In stressful situations, blood glucose can rise. The fact is that the body in response to acute situation releases stress hormones, which in turn increase blood glucose.
Hyperglycemia happens:
- mild - 6.7 mmol/l
- moderate - 8.3 mmol / l
- severe - more than 11.1 mmol / liter
- state of pricoma - 16.5 mmol/l
- coma - more than 55.5 mmol / l
Hypoglycemia - low blood glucose
Hypoglycemia a condition is considered when the concentration of glucose in the blood is below 3.3 mmol / l. Clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia begin after the sugar level drops below 2.4 - 3.0 mmol / l. With hypoglycemia, there are:
- muscle weakness
- incoordination
- confusion
- excessive sweating
Glucose levels decrease when:
- diseases of the pancreas and liver
- some diseases of the endocrine system
- malnutrition, starvation
- overdose of hypoglycemic drugs and insulin
With very severe hypoglycemia, it can develop.
Glucose in medicine
Glucose solution is used in the treatment of a number of diseases, with hypoglycemia and various intoxications, as well as for diluting certain drugs when injected into a vein.
Glucose- a necessary substance that plays a very important role in the work of our body.
Israeli doctor refuted the stereotype that sugar provokes the development of diabetes and called other causes of the disease
The main source of energy for a person is glucose, which enters the body along with carbohydrates and performs many vital functions for the full functioning of the human body. Many believe that glucose has negative impact, leads to obesity, but from a medical point of view, it is an indispensable substance that covers energy needs organism.
In medicine, glucose can be found under the term "dextose" or "grape sugar", it must be present in the blood (erythrocytes), provide the brain cells with the necessary energy. However, for the human body, glucose can be dangerous both in excess and in deficiency. Let's try to get acquainted with glucose in more detail, its properties, characteristics, indications, contraindications and other important aspects.
What is glucose. General information?
Glucose refers to simple carbohydrates that are well absorbed by the body, easily soluble in water, but practically insoluble in alcohol solutions. In medicine, glucose is produced in the form of a hypertonic or isotonic solution, which is widely used for the complex treatment of many diseases. Glucose itself provides White powder with colorless crystals, having a slightly sweet taste, odorless.
About 60% of glucose enters the human body with food in the form of complex chemical compounds, among which are polysaccharide starch, sucrose, cellulose, dextrin and a small amount of polysaccharides of animal origin, which take an active part in many metabolic processes.
After the intake of carbohydrates in gastrointestinal tract, they are broken down into glucose, fructose, galactose. Part of the glucose is absorbed into the blood stream and used for energy needs. The other part is deposited in fat reserves. After the process of digestion of food, the reverse process begins, in which fats and glycogen begin to turn into glucose. Thus, there is a constant concentration of glucose in the blood. The content of glucose in the blood during normal functioning of the body is considered to be from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol / l.
If the level of glucose in the blood decreases, then a person feels a feeling of hunger, energy forces decrease, and weakness is felt. A systematic decrease in blood glucose can lead to internal disorders and diseases of different localization.
In addition to providing the body with energy, glucose is involved in the synthesis of lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids, enzymes and other useful substances.
In order for glucose to be well absorbed by the body, some cells require a pancreatic hormone (insulin), without which glucose cannot enter the cells. If there is an insulin deficiency, then most of glucose is not broken down, but remains in the blood, which leads to their gradual death and the development of diabetes.
The role of glucose in the human body
Glucose takes an active part in many processes of the human body:
- participates in important metabolic processes;
- considered the main source of energy;
- stimulates the work of the cardiovascular system;
- used in medicinal purposes for the treatment of many diseases: pathologies of the liver, diseases of the central nervous system, various infections, intoxication of the body and other diseases. Glucose is contained in many cough medicines, blood substitutes;
- provides nutrition to brain cells;
- eliminates the feeling of hunger;
- relieves stress, normalizes the functioning of the nervous system.
In addition to the above benefits of glucose in the human body, it improves mental and physical performance, normalizes the functioning of internal organs and improves general state health.
Glucose - indications and contraindications for use
Glucose is often prescribed by doctors different areas medicine, it is available in several pharmaceutical forms: tablets, solution for intravenous administration, 40 each; 200 or 400 mil. The main indications for the appointment of glucose:
- liver pathology: hepatitis, hypoglycemia, liver dystrophy, liver atrophy;
- pulmonary edema;
- treatment of chronic alcoholism, drug addiction or other intoxications of the body;
- collapse and anaphylactic shock;
- decompensation of cardiac functionality;
- infectious diseases;
Glucose for the treatment of the above diseases is more often used in complex treatment with other drugs.
Contraindications - to whom glucose is dangerous
Apart from positive qualities glucose, she, like any medicinal product has several contraindications:
- diabetes;
- hyperglycemia;
- anuria;
- severe stages of dehydration;
- hypersensitivity to glucose.
If glucose is contraindicated for the patient, then the doctor prescribes an isotonic sodium chloride solution.
What foods contain glucose?
The main source of glucose is food, which must be fully supplied to the human body, providing it with the necessary substances. A large number of glucose is found in natural juices fruits and berries. A large amount of glucose contains:
- grapes of different varieties;
- cherry, sweet cherry;
- raspberries;
- Strawberry wild-strawberry;
- plum;
- watermelon;
- carrots, white cabbage.
Given that glucose is a complex carbohydrate, it is not found in animal products. A small amount is found in eggs, fermented milk products, bee honey, some seafood.
When is glucose prescribed?
Glucose preparations are often prescribed by doctors in the form of intravenous infections for various disorders and ailments of the body:
- physical exhaustion of the body;
- restoration of energy balance - typical for athletes;
- medical indicators during pregnancy - oxygen starvation of the fetus, chronic fatigue;
- hypoglycemia - a decrease in blood sugar levels;
- infectious diseases of different etiology and localization;
- liver disease;
- hemorrhagic diathesis - increased bleeding;
- shock, collapse - a sharp decrease in blood pressure.
The dose of the drug, the course of treatment is prescribed by the doctor individually for each patient, depending on the diagnosis, the characteristics of the body.
Glucose fermentation
Fermentation or fermentation is a complex biochemical process during which complex organic substances break down into simpler ones.
Fermentation involving glucose occurs under the influence of certain microorganisms, bacteria or yeast, this allows you to get a different product. During the fermentation process, sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose, and other ingredients are also added.
For example, for the preparation of beer, malt and hops are added, vodka - cane sugar, followed by distillation, and wine - grape juice and natural yeast. If the fermentation process occurs in all stages, then it turns out dry wine or light beer, but if fermentation is prematurely stopped, then sweet wine and dark beer will turn out.
The fermentation process consists of 12 stages in which you must adhere to all the rules and regulations for the preparation of a particular drink. Therefore, such procedures should be carried out by specialists with certain skills and knowledge.
The level of glucose in the blood has a great impact on human health, so doctors recommend periodically taking lab tests blood sugar level, this will help to monitor internal environment organism.
antale.ru
Glucose: about the harm it brings to the body. What is dangerous in excess quantities
Glucose has been around for a long time. However, there is nothing strange here, because it is an excellent natural sugar substitute, and today everything natural is highly valued. Most glucose in the juice of grapes (hence the name grape sugar). It is not only found in food, but also produced by the body itself.
Yes, undoubtedly this monosaccharide is very useful, but still, in excessive amounts, it can cause great harm to the human body, become a catalyst for serious diseases. Elevated blood glucose levels are called hyperglycemia.
This disorder is characterized by the following symptoms:
Hyperhidrosis (the so-called excessive sweating);
Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat);
Chronic fatigue syndrome;
The appearance of diabetic signs (type 2 diabetes);
At first glance, causeless weight loss;
Numbness in fingers
Strong "malicious" diarrhea;
Various fungal infections;
The development of shortness of breath;
appearance pain in the chest;
problems with immune system long healing wounds.
Hyperglycemia also causes kidney failure, impairs work in the peripheral nervous system. In especially severe cases, you can generally fall into a coma.
To protect yourself from hyperglycemia, you need to eat less sweet and fatty foods, because they contain a large amount of glucose and other carbohydrates.
What is dangerous lack of glucose
Hypoglycemia is what is called a lack of glucose. The harm to the body from this disorder is very great. The brain suffers the most, for which glucose is the main source of energy. Problems with memory begin, it becomes difficult to concentrate, study, and solve elementary tasks. In general, the negative impact of the disorder extends to all cognitive functions.
There can be several reasons for hypoglycemia: or carbohydrate enters the bloodstream in insufficient quantities, or moves too quickly out of it into the cells. In the first case, the culprits of the disorder may be irregular meals, curative fasting, specific diets. Too fast “leaving” glucose from the blood, oddly enough, is often found in diabetics. As soon as they forget to "seize" insulin with something and write wasted - the glucose level will drop catastrophically. The fact is that if the hormone is administered artificially, then it comes too quickly from the blood into the cells. This is why hypoglycemia occurs in a diabetic. True, not for long.
Tumor of the pancreas (insulinoma)- another reason for the lack of glucose. Such a neoplasm produces insulin uncontrollably, as a result of which the level grape sugar in the blood falls below normal.
The main symptoms of hypoglycemia include:
Strong causeless irritability;
Tachycardia;
Cold sweat (especially at night);
Migraine;
blanching of the skin;
clouding of consciousness;
Severe dizziness, fainting.
Also, the person's coordination of movements is disturbed.
To "raise" the level of sugar in the blood, you just need to eat something rich in glucose. Chocolate or cake is great.
Glucose: about contraindications. Who should not use it and why?
Glucose is especially dangerous for diabetics, whose body does not produce enough insulin. As soon as they eat something sweet (candy, even a regular banana), the carbohydrate concentration rises to critical levels. Therefore, they have to comply strict diet with low glucose content. This is the only way diabetics can save their heart, blood vessels and nerve cells from serious diseases.
In addition to diabetic patients, there are many other different groups people who are better off not consuming too much glucose. Contraindications, for example, apply to the elderly and old people, since this substance greatly disrupts their metabolism in them.
It should also not be abused by people prone to obesity. They better not do this, because the excess monosaccharide turns into triglyceride - dangerous substance similar in properties to cholesterol. Because of it, the cardiovascular system suffers, coronary disease occurs, and blood pressure rises.
However, no one should abuse glucose, otherwise:
Insulin will be produced in excess, which means that the risk of developing diabetes will increase dramatically;
In the blood, the content of cholesterol, a substance that causes atherosclerosis, will increase;
Thrombophlebitis may develop.
In addition, due to the abuse of this carbohydrate, allergies to various foods and drugs appear.
Glucose: about the beneficial properties of a monosaccharide
This monosaccharide is very important for all of us, since a person receives the bulk of his energy from food rich in it. In addition, glucose is a "strategic" energy reserve of the body, which is located in the liver and muscles. She plays huge role in the process of thermoregulation and the work of the respiratory apparatus. It allows our muscles to contract and our hearts to beat. And this monosaccharide is very important for the normal functioning of the central nervous system, since it is the main source of energy for nerve cells.
Due to the low calorie content, glucose is very well absorbed and quickly oxidized.
about glucose and useful properties which she possesses can be said endlessly. For example, thanks to her:
Mood improves, it becomes easier to endure stress;
Regenerated muscle. That is why shortly after physical activity It is advisable to have a snack to replenish the reserves of healthy carbohydrates.
The overall performance increases, since it is the excess of grape sugar in the muscles that helps us to work physically for a long time;
The transmission of nerve impulses is accelerated, mental abilities improve: it becomes easier to memorize information, concentrate, and solve various problems. Glucose even helps the mentally retarded, as well as those with dementia ( dementia) partially restore the lost cognitive functions of their brain.
And glucose is also a component of various medicines that save in case of poisoning and liver diseases. Often carbohydrate is used in blood substitutes.
What foods are high in glucose
Carbohydrates are especially abundant in:
grapes;
Various juices;
carrots;
Milk (especially in milk, curdled milk, kefir).
It is also rich in honey, corn and legumes.
You literally cannot live a day without glucose, but you still need to be careful with foods that contain a lot of it - otherwise you will be in trouble. Eat such food wisely and then diseases will bypass you.
zhenskoe-opinion.ru
What is glucose?
Glucose is a type simple sugar(monosaccharide). The name comes from the ancient Greek word for "sweet". It is also called grape sugar or dextrose. In nature, this substance is found in the juice of many berries and fruits. Glucose is also one of the main products of photosynthesis.
The glucose molecule is part of more complex sugars: polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, glycogen) and some disaccharides (maltose, lactose and sucrose). And it is also the end product of the hydrolysis (decomposition) of most complex sugars. For example, disaccharides, getting into our stomach, quickly break down into glucose and fructose.
Properties of glucose
In its pure form, this substance is in the form of crystals, without a pronounced color and odor, sweet in taste and highly soluble in water. There are substances sweeter than glucose, for example, sucrose is as much as 2 times sweeter than it!
What are the benefits of glucose?
Glucose is the main and most versatile energy source for metabolic processes in humans and animals. Even our brain is in dire need of glucose and begins to actively send signals in the form of a feeling of hunger, with its deficiency. The body of humans and animals stores it in the form of glycogen, while plants store it in the form of starch. More than half of all biological energy we receive from the processes of glucose conversion! To do this, our body hydrolyzes it, as a result of which one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid (the name is terrible, but the substance is very important). And this is where the fun begins!
Various conversions of glucose into energy
The further conversion of glucose occurs in different ways, depending on the conditions in which it occurs:
- aerobic route. When there is enough oxygen, pyruvic acid turns into a special enzyme that participates in the Krebs cycle (the process of catabolism and the formation of various substances).
- anaerobic pathway. If there is not enough oxygen, then the breakdown of pyruvic acid is accompanied by the release of lactate (lactic acid). According to popular belief, it is precisely because of lactate that we have P±PѕP»СЏС‚ мышцы после тренировки. (Actually this is not true).
The level of glucose in the blood is regulated by a special hormone - insulin.
The use of pure glucose
In medicine, glucose is used to relieve intoxication of the body, because it has a universal antitoxic effect. And with its help, endocrinologists can determine the presence and type of diabetes in a patient, for this a stress test is performed with the introduction of a high amount of glucose into the body. Determination of glucose in the blood is a mandatory step in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
The norm of glucose in the blood
The approximate level of glucose in the blood is the norm for different ages:
- in children under 14 years old - 3.3-5.5 mmol / l
- in adults from 14 to 60 years old - 3.5–5.8 mmol / l
Blood glucose levels can rise with age and during pregnancy. If you, according to the results of the analysis, have greatly exceeded sugar levels, then immediately consult a doctor!
stopkilo.net
Chemical composition
Glucose is monosaccharides with hexose. The composition includes starch, glycogen, cellulose, lactose, sucrose and maltose. Once in the stomach, grape sugar is broken down into fructose.
The crystallized substance is colorless, but with a pronounced sweet taste. Glucose is able to dissolve in water, especially in zinc chloride and sulfuric acid.
This allows you to create based on grape sugar medical preparations to make up for his deficiency. Compared to fructose and sucrose, this monosaccharide is less sweet.
Significance in the life of animals and humans
Why is glucose so important in the body and why is it needed? In nature, this chemical is involved in the process of photosynthesis.
This is because glucose is able to bind and transport energy to cells. In the body of living beings, glucose, due to the energy produced, plays an important role in metabolic processes. Main benefits of glucose:
- Grape sugar is an energy fuel, thanks to which cells are able to function smoothly.
- In 70%, glucose enters the human body through complex carbohydrates, which, getting into the digestive tract, break down fructose, galactose and dextrose. The rest of the body produces this chemical, using its own stored reserves.
- Glucose penetrates into the cell, saturates it with energy, due to which intracellular reactions develop. Metabolic oxidation and biochemical reactions take place.
Many cells in the body are capable of producing grape sugar on their own, but not the brain. An important organ cannot synthesize glucose, therefore it receives nutrition directly through the blood.
The norm of glucose in the blood, for the normal functioning of the brain, should not be lower than 3.0 mmol / l.
Surplus and deficiency
Glucose is not absorbed without insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas.
If there is a deficiency of insulin in the body, then glucose is not able to penetrate into the cells. It remains unprocessed in human blood and is enclosed in an eternal cycle.
As a rule, with a lack of grape sugar, the cells weaken, starve and die. This relationship is studied in detail in medicine. Now this condition is classified as a serious disease and is called diabetes mellitus.
In the absence of insulin and glucose, not all cells die, but only those that are not able to independently absorb the monosaccharide. There are also insulin-independent cells. Glucose in them is absorbed without insulin.
These include brain tissue, muscles, red blood cells. The nutrition of these cells is carried out at the expense of incoming carbohydrates. It can be seen that during starvation or poor nutrition, a person changes significantly mental capacity, weakness, anemia (anemia) appears.
According to statistics, glucose deficiency occurs in only 20%, the remaining percentage is accounted for by an excess of the hormone and monosaccharide. This phenomenon is directly related to overeating. The body is not able to break down carbohydrates that come in large quantities, which is why it simply begins to store glucose and other monosaccharides.
If glucose is stored in the body for a long time, it will be converted into glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles. In this situation, the body falls into a stressful state, when glucose becomes excessive.
Since the body cannot independently remove a large amount of grape sugar, it simply deposits it in adipose tissue, due to which a person is rapidly gaining excess weight. This whole process requires a lot of energy (breakdown, conversion of glucose, deposition), so there is constant feeling hunger and a person consumes carbohydrates 3 times more.
For this reason, it is important to use glucose correctly. Not only in diets, but also in proper nutrition it is recommended to include complex carbohydrates in the diet, which are slowly broken down and evenly saturate the cells. Using simple carbohydrates, the release of grape sugar in large quantities begins, which immediately fills the adipose tissue. Simple and complex carbohydrates:
- Simple: milk, confectionery, honey, sugar, jams and jams, carbonated drinks, white bread, sweet vegetables and fruits, syrups.
- Complex: found in beans (peas, beans, lentils), cereals, beets, potatoes, carrots, nuts, seeds, pasta, cereals and grains, in black and rye bread, pumpkin.
Use of glucose
For several decades, mankind has learned how to get glucose in large quantities. For this, cellulose and starch hydrolysis are used. In medicine, glucose-based drugs are classified as metabolic and detoxifying.
They are able to restore and improve metabolism, and also have a beneficial effect on redox processes. The main form of release is a sublimated combination and a liquid solution.
Who benefits from glucose
The monosaccharide does not always enter the body with food, especially if the food is poor and not combined. Indications for the use of glucose:
- During pregnancy and suspected low fetal weight. Regular consumption of glucose affects the weight of the baby in the womb.
- With intoxication of the body. For example, chemicals such as arsenic, acids, phosgene, carbon monoxide. Glucose is also prescribed for overdose and drug poisoning.
- With collapse and hypertensive crisis.
- After poisoning as a restorative agent. Especially with dehydration on the background of diarrhea, vomiting or in the postoperative period.
- Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. Suitable for diabetes, checked regularly with glucometers and analyzers.
- Diseases of the liver, intestinal pathologies against the background of infections, with hemorrhagic diathesis.
- It is used as a restorative agent after prolonged infectious diseases.
Release form
There are three forms of glucose release:
- intravenous solution. Assigned to increase osmotic blood pressure, as a diuretic, to dilate blood vessels, to relieve swelling of tissues and remove excess liquid, to restore the metabolic process in the liver, as well as nutrition for the myocardium and heart valves. Produced in the form of dried grape sugar, which dissolves in concentrates with different percentages.
- Tablets. Assign to improve the general condition, physical and intellectual activity. Acts as a sedative and vasodilator. One tablet contains at least 0.5 grams of dry glucose.
- Solutions for infusions (droppers, systems). Assign to restore water-electrolyte and acid-base balance. Also used in dry form with a concentrated solution.
How to check your blood sugar level, learn from the video:
Contraindications and side effects
Glucose is not prescribed for people suffering from diabetes and pathologies that increase blood sugar levels. With the wrong appointment or self-medication, acute heart failure, loss of appetite and violation of the insular apparatus may occur.
It is also impossible to inject glucose intramuscularly, as this can cause necrosis of the subcutaneous fat. With the rapid introduction of a liquid solution, hyperglucosuria, hypervolemia, osmotic diuresis and hyperglycemia may occur.
Unusual uses of glucose
In the form of syrup, grape sugar is added to the dough when baking bread. Because of this, the bread is able to be stored at home for a long time, not stale or dry out.
At home, you can also make such bread, but using glucose in ampoules. Grape sugar in a liquid candied form is added to baked goods, such as muffins or cakes.
Glucose provides softness and long-lasting freshness to confectionery products. Dextrose is also an excellent preservative.
Eye baths, or rinsing, with a dextrose-based solution. This method helps to get rid of vascularized corneal opacity, especially after keratitis. Baths are used according to strict instructions to prevent delamination of the cornea layer. Also, glucose is dripped into the eye, using in the form of homemade drops or diluted.
Used for finishing textiles. A weak glucose solution is used as a top dressing for withering plants. For this, grape sugar is purchased in an ampoule or dry form, added to water (1 ampoule: 1 liter). Such water is regularly watered with flowers as it dries. Thanks to this, the plants will again become green, strong and healthy.
Dry glucose syrup is added to children food. Also used during diets. It is important to monitor your health at any age, so it is recommended to pay attention to the amount of monosaccharides that are eaten along with easily digestible carbohydrates.
With a deficiency or excess of glucose, failures occur in the cardiovascular, endocrine, and nervous systems, while brain activity is significantly reduced, metabolic processes are disturbed, and immunity deteriorates. Help your body using only healthy foods such as fruits, honey, dried fruits, vegetables and cereals. Limit yourself from unnecessary calories that enter the body along with waffles, cookies, pastries and cakes.
Tell your friends! Tell your friends about this article in your favorite social network using social buttons. Thanks!
pishhevarenie.com
Glucose is a white or colorless, odorless, sweet-tasting substance that is soluble in water. Cane sugar is approximately 25% sweeter than glucose. Glucose is the most important carbohydrate for humans. Scientists are still wondering why it is glucose, and not some other monosaccharide, for example, fructoseFructose - the benefits and harms natural product
, is widely distributed in living organisms.
One reason for this may be that it is less likely than other sugars to react nonspecifically with the amino groups of proteins. Such reactions reduce or destroy the function of many enzymes. However, some complications of diabetes (associated with increased level blood glucose levels) are probably caused by the reactions that glucose has with proteins and lipids. These complications include blindness, kidney failure and peripheral neuropathy.
What is glucose for?
Glucose is a key source of energy for humans, as well as for plants and animals. It is, moreover, the main food for the brain, and in many ways it is this sugar that affects many mental processes. With low glucose levels, processes that require mental effort (for example, self-control, making difficult decisions, and so on) can be impaired.
In addition, glucose is used in the production of certain foods. A five or ten percent glucose solution is used for intravenous feeding of patients who, for whatever reason, cannot take food by mouth.
How is glucose used?
If the body receives more glucose than necessary, the excess in the form of glycogen is deposited in the liver and in the form of fat in adipose tissues. In the blood of an adult there is, on average, 5-6 g of glucose (or a teaspoon). This volume is enough to provide the body with energy for approximately 15 minutes. Therefore, the level of glucose in the blood is constantly maintained by glycogen stored in the liver.
Sources of glucose are fruits, flower nectar, various plants, their juice, and blood.
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. High glucose levels may indicate diabetes or prediabetes. Glucose is present in the urine only when its level in the blood is significantly higher than normal - this can be the case with diabetes.
At healthy people even when eating a large amount of carbohydrate-rich food, glucose is oxidized and converted to glycogen quickly and its blood level never becomes high enough for glucose to enter the urine.
In addition to diabetes, blood glucose levels can be elevated due to the following conditions:
In addition, some drugs affect glucose levels. Taking the following medicines can cause high blood glucose levels:
- Atypical antipsychotics, especially olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone
- Beta blockers (eg propranolol)
- Corticosteroids
- Dextrose
- Adrenalin
- Estrogens
- Glucagon
- Isoniazid
- Lithium
- Oral contraceptives (birth control pills)
- Phenothiazines
- Phenytoin
- Salicylates
- Thiazide diuretics
- Triamterene
- Tricyclic antidepressants
Glucose lowering drugs include:
- Acetaminophen
- Alcohol
- Anabolic steroid
- Clofibrate
- Disopyramide
- Gemfibrozil
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
- pentamidine
- Sulfonylureas (eg, glipizide, glibenclamide, and glimepiride).
www.womenhealthnet.ru
Glucose acts as fuel in the body. It is the main source of energy for cells, and the ability of cells to function normally is largely determined by their ability to absorb glucose. It enters the body with food. Food is broken down in the gastrointestinal tract into molecules, after which glucose and some other cleavage products are absorbed, and undigested residues (slags) are excreted through the excretory system.
In order for glucose to be absorbed in the body, some cells need the pancreatic hormone insulin. Insulin is usually compared to the key that opens the door to the cell for glucose, and without which it will not be able to penetrate there. If there is no insulin, most of the glucose remains in the blood in an unassimilated form, while the cells starve and weaken, and then die of hunger. This condition is called diabetes mellitus.
Some body cells are non-insulin dependent. This means that glucose is absorbed directly in them, without insulin. Brain tissues, red blood cells and muscles are made up of insulin-independent cells - that is why, with insufficient intake of glucose into the body (that is, during hunger), a person quite soon begins to experience difficulties with mental activity, becomes anemic and weak.
However, much more often modern people face not a lack, but an excess intake of glucose into the body as a result of overeating. Excess glucose is converted into glycogen, a kind of "can storehouse" of cellular nutrition. Most of the glycogen is stored in the liver, the smaller part - in the skeletal muscles. If a person does not take food for a long time, the process of splitting glycogen in the liver and muscles starts, and the tissues receive the necessary glucose.
If there is so much glucose in the body that it can no longer be used either for the needs of tissues or utilized in glycogen depots, fat is formed. Adipose tissue is also a “warehouse”, but it is much more difficult for the body to extract glucose from fat than from glycogen, this process itself requires energy, which is why losing weight is so difficult. If you need to break down fat, then the presence of ... right, 
glucose to provide energy.
This explains the fact that diets for weight loss should include carbohydrates, but not any, but hard to digest. They break down slowly, and glucose enters the body in small amounts, which are immediately used to meet the needs of the cells. Easily digestible carbohydrates immediately throw an excessive amount of glucose into the blood, there is so much of it that it must immediately be disposed of in fat depots. Thus, glucose in the body is essential, but it is necessary to provide the body with glucose wisely.
www.neboleem.net
All parts of the body (muscles, brain, heart, liver) need energy to work. This energy comes from the food we eat. Our bodies digest the food we eat by mixing it with the fluids (acids and enzymes) in the stomach. When the stomach digests food, the carbohydrates (sugars and starches) contained in the food converted to other types of sugar called glucose and fructose. Fructose is not involved in supplying the body with energy, but glucose, on the contrary, is a source of energy.
stomach and small intestine absorbs glucose and then releases it into the bloodstream. Once glucose is in the blood, it can be immediately used for energy or stored in our bodies to be used later. But our bodies need insulin to metabolize glucose. Without insulin, glucose remains in the bloodstream, keeping blood sugar high (and sometimes dangerously high).
How does the body metabolize glucose?
Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. The cells that secrete it are very sensitive to the level of glucose in the blood. They are like check insulin concentration every few seconds to speed up or slow down the release of insulin. When you eat something high in carbohydrates, such as a piece of bread, insulin levels in the blood rise and cells begin to secrete more insulin.
Insulin, getting into the blood, instructs the cells to let glucose in. Once inside, the cells either use it for energy or store it for future use. At the same time, the amount of glucose in the blood begins to decrease and the cells of the pancreas reduce the secretion of insulin.
Such ups and downs in insulin secretion occur many times during the day, a person does not notice it. In a normal person, blood sugar levels are between 70 and 120 milligrams per deciliter. However, even in non-diabetic people, blood sugar levels can rise to 180 during or immediately after a meal. Within two hours of eating, your blood sugar should drop below 140.
Diabetes.
In diabetes, the body does not stop producing insulin, he simply secretes too little of it or stops using his own insulin. This leads to a number of bad consequences. For example, glucose cannot enter the cells where it is needed, so the amount of glucose in the blood begins to rise. This is called hyperglycemia increased content blood sugar) . When blood sugar reaches 180 or higher, the kidneys try to get rid of excess sugar through urine. This causes the person to urinate more often than usual. It also makes the person feel thirsty due to the water he loses by urinating so much.
When a person loses sugar in the urine it is the same as losing energy because the sugar is no longer available for the cells to use or store. When this happens, the person may feel tired, lose weight, and may feel hungry all the time.
The human body requires glucose for the normal functioning of the brain and other tissues. If the system for obtaining, creating and using glucose is disturbed, diabetes occurs and many bad things can follow, such as heart attacks, blindness, and loss of limbs.
The most important of the monosaccharides is glucose C 6 H 12 O 6, which is otherwise called grape sugar. It is a white crystalline substance, sweet in taste, highly soluble in water. Glucose is found in plant and living organisms, its content is especially high in grape juice (hence the name - grape sugar), in honey, as well as in ripe fruits and berries.
The structure of glucose is derived from the study of its chemical properties. So, glucose exhibits properties inherent in alcohols: it forms alcoholates (saccharates) with metal, an acetic acid ester containing five acid residues (according to the number of hydroxyl groups). Therefore, glucose is a polyhydric alcohol. With an ammonia solution of silver oxide, it gives a "silver mirror" reaction, indicating the presence of an aldehyde group at the end of the carbon chain. Therefore, glucose is an aldehyde alcohol, its molecule can have the structure
However, not all properties are consistent with its structure as an aldehyde alcohol. So, glucose does not give some reactions of aldehydes. One hydroxyl out of five is characterized by the greatest reactivity, and the replacement of hydrogen in it by a methyl radical leads to the disappearance of the aldehyde properties of the substance. All this led to the conclusion that, along with the aldehyde form, there are cyclic forms of glucose molecules (α-cyclic and β-cyclic), which differ in the position of hydroxyl groups relative to the plane of the ring. The cyclic structure of the glucose molecule is in the crystalline state, while in aqueous solutions it exists in various forms, mutually transforming into each other:
As you can see, the aldehyde group is absent in the cyclic forms. The hydroxyl group at the first carbon atom is the most reactive. The cyclic form of carbohydrates explains many of their chemical properties.
IN industrial scale glucose is obtained by hydrolysis of starch (in the presence of acids). Its production from wood (cellulose) has also been mastered.
Glucose is a valuable nutrient. When it is oxidized in the tissues, the energy necessary for the normal functioning of organisms is released. The oxidation reaction can be expressed by the overall equation:
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O
Glucose is used in medicine for the preparation of medicinal preparations, blood preservation, intravenous infusion, etc. It is widely used in the confectionery industry, in the production of mirrors and toys (silvering). It is used for dyeing and finishing fabrics and leathers.
The main source of energy for a person is glucose, which enters the body along with carbohydrates and performs many vital functions for the full functioning of the human body. Many believe that glucose has a negative effect, leads to obesity, but from a medical point of view, it is an indispensable substance that covers the energy needs of the body.
In medicine, glucose can be found under the term "dextose" or "grape sugar", it must be present in the blood (erythrocytes), provide the brain cells with the necessary energy. However, for the human body, glucose can be dangerous both in excess and in deficiency. Let's try to get acquainted with glucose in more detail, its properties, characteristics, indications, contraindications and other important aspects.
Read this article:
What is glucose. General information?
Glucose refers to simple carbohydrates that are well absorbed by the body, easily soluble in water, but practically insoluble in alcohol solutions. In medicine, glucose is produced in the form of a hypertonic or isotonic solution, which is widely used for the complex treatment of many diseases. Glucose itself is a white powder with colorless crystals, having a slightly sweet taste and odorless.
About 60% of glucose enters the human body with food in the form of complex chemical compounds, including polysaccharide starch, sucrose, cellulose, dextrin and a small amount of animal polysaccharides, which are actively involved in many metabolic processes.
After carbohydrates enter the gastrointestinal tract, they are broken down into glucose, fructose, galactose. Part of the glucose is absorbed into the blood stream and used for energy needs. The other part is deposited in fat reserves. After the process of digestion of food, the reverse process begins, in which fats and glycogen begin to turn into glucose. Thus, there is a constant concentration of glucose in the blood. The content of glucose in the blood during normal functioning of the body is considered to be from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol / l.
If the level of glucose in the blood decreases, then a person feels a feeling of hunger, energy forces decrease, and weakness is felt. A systematic decrease in blood glucose can lead to internal disorders and diseases of different localization.
In addition to providing the body with energy, glucose is involved in the synthesis of lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids, enzymes and other useful substances.
In order for glucose to be well absorbed by the body, some cells require a pancreatic hormone (insulin), without which glucose cannot enter the cells. If insulin deficiency is noted, then most of the glucose is not broken down, but remains in the blood, which leads to their gradual death and the development of diabetes mellitus.
The role of glucose in the human body
Glucose takes an active part in many processes of the human body:
- participates in important metabolic processes;
- considered the main source of energy;
- stimulates the work of the cardiovascular system;
- used for medicinal purposes for the treatment of many diseases: liver pathology, diseases of the central nervous system, various infections, intoxication of the body and other diseases. Glucose is contained in many cough medicines, blood substitutes;
- provides nutrition to brain cells;
- eliminates the feeling of hunger;
- relieves stress, normalizes the functioning of the nervous system.
In addition to the above benefits of glucose in the human body, it improves mental and physical performance, normalizes the functioning of internal organs and improves overall health.
Glucose - indications and contraindications for use
Glucose is often prescribed by doctors in various fields of medicine, it is available in several pharmaceutical forms: tablets, intravenous solution for 40; 200 or 400 mil. The main indications for the appointment of glucose:
- liver pathology: hepatitis, hypoglycemia, liver dystrophy, liver atrophy;
- pulmonary edema;
- treatment of chronic alcoholism, drug addiction or other intoxications of the body;
- collapse and anaphylactic shock;
- decompensation of cardiac functionality;
- infectious diseases;
Glucose for the treatment of the above diseases is often used in combination with other drugs.
Contraindications - to whom glucose is dangerous
In addition to the positive qualities of glucose, it, like any drug, has several contraindications:
- diabetes;
- hyperglycemia;
- anuria;
- severe stages of dehydration;
- hypersensitivity to glucose.
If glucose is contraindicated for the patient, then the doctor prescribes an isotonic sodium chloride solution.
What foods contain glucose?
The main source of glucose is food, which must be fully supplied to the human body, providing it with the necessary substances. A large amount of glucose is found in natural juices of fruits and berries. A large amount of glucose contains:
- grapes of different varieties;
- cherry, sweet cherry;
- raspberries;
- Strawberry wild-strawberry;
- plum;
- watermelon;
- carrots, white cabbage.
Given that glucose is a complex carbohydrate, it is not found in animal products. A small amount of it is found in eggs, dairy products, bee honey, and some seafood.
When is glucose prescribed?
Glucose preparations are often prescribed by doctors in the form of intravenous infections for various disorders and ailments of the body:
- physical exhaustion of the body;
- restoration of energy balance - typical for athletes;
- medical indicators during pregnancy - oxygen starvation of the fetus, chronic fatigue;
- hypoglycemia - a decrease in blood sugar levels;
- infectious diseases of different etiology and localization;
- liver disease;
- hemorrhagic diathesis - increased bleeding;
- shock, collapse - a sharp decrease in blood pressure.
The dose of the drug, the course of treatment is prescribed by the doctor individually for each patient, depending on the diagnosis, the characteristics of the body.
Glucose fermentation
Fermentation or fermentation is a complex biochemical process during which complex organic substances break down into simpler ones.
Fermentation involving glucose occurs under the influence of certain microorganisms, bacteria or yeast, this allows you to get a different product. During the fermentation process, sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose, and other ingredients are also added.
For example, for the preparation of beer, malt and hops are added, vodka - cane sugar, followed by distillation, and wine - grape juice and natural yeast. If the fermentation process goes through all stages, then dry wine or light beer is obtained, but if fermentation is prematurely stopped, then sweet wine and dark beer will be obtained.
The fermentation process consists of 12 stages in which you must adhere to all the rules and regulations for the preparation of a particular drink. Therefore, such procedures should be carried out by specialists with certain skills and knowledge.
The level of glucose in the blood has a great impact on human health, so doctors recommend periodically taking laboratory blood tests for blood sugar levels, this will help monitor the internal environment of the body.
The structure of the molecule.
When studying the composition of glucose, it was found that its simplest formula is CH 2 O, and molar mass 180 g/mol. From this it can be concluded that molecular formula glucose C 6 H 12 O 6.
To establish the structural formula of a glucose molecule, it is necessary to know its chemical properties. Experimentally proved that one mole of glucose reacts with five moles of acetic acid to form an ester. This means that there are five hydroxyl groups in the glucose molecule. Since glucose with an ammonia solution of silver oxide gives a "silver mirror" reaction, its molecule must also contain an aldehyde group.
Empirically also proved that glucose has an unbranched carbon chain.
Based on these data, the structure of the glucose molecule can be expressed as follows:
biological significance glucose, its use.
Glucose is a necessary component of food, one of the main participants in the metabolism of substances in the body, it is very nutritious and easily absorbed. When it is oxidized, more than a third of the energy used in the body is released - the resource is fats, but the role of fats and glucose in energy various organs different. The heart is used as fuel fatty acid. Skeletal muscles need glucose to “start”, but nerve cells, including brain cells, work only on glucose. Their need is 20-30% of the generated energy. nerve cells energy is needed every second, and the body receives glucose when eating. Glucose is easily absorbed by the body, so it is used in medicine as a tonic. remedy. Specific oligosaccharides determine the blood type. In the confectionery business for the manufacture of marmalade, caramel, gingerbread, etc. Great importance have glucose fermentation processes. So, for example, when pickling cabbage, cucumbers, milk, lactic acid fermentation of glucose occurs, as well as when ensiling feed. Alcoholic fermentation of glucose is also used in practice, for example, in the production of beer. Cellulose is the starting material for the production of silk, cotton wool, and paper.
Carbohydrates are indeed the most common organic matter on Earth, without which the existence of living organisms is impossible.
In a living organism, in the process of metabolism, glucose is oxidized with the release of a large amount of energy:
Application.
Glucose refers to carbohydrates and is one of the products metabolism human and animal organisms. In metabolism, glucose is mainly of energy importance. With the complete breakdown of 1 g of glucose, 17.15 kJ (4.1 kcal) of heat is released. The energy released at the same time ensures the activity of the cells of the body. The energy value of glucose is especially high for such intensively functioning organs as the central nervous system, heart, and muscles. For this reason, glucose is widely used as tonic with many chronic diseases accompanied by physical exhaustion.
Glucose increases the ability of the liver to neutralize various poisons, which largely explains the antitoxic properties of glucose. In addition, in case of poisoning, the use large quantities glucose solutions are accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of poisons in the blood due to an increase in the mass of fluid circulating in the vessels and increased urination.
1.Polysaccharides (glycans) are molecules of polymeric carbohydrates connected by a long chain, united together by a glycosidic bond, and upon hydrolysis become an integral part of monosaccharides or oligosaccharides
2. Physical properties of starch. It is a white powder, insoluble in cold water. hot water swells to form a paste.
.Being in nature
Starch - the main source of reserve energy in plant cells - is formed in plants during photosynthesis and accumulates in tubers, roots, seeds: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O light, chlorophyll→ C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2
nC 6 H 12 O 6 → (C 6 H 10 O 5) n + nH 2 O
glucose starch
Contained in potato tubers, grains of wheat, rice, corn. Glycogen (animal starch) is formed in the liver and muscles of animals.
Starch is one of the products of photosynthesis, the main nutrient reserve substance of plants. Starch is the main carbohydrate in human food.
3. 1) Under the action of enzymes or when heated with acids (hydrogen ions serve as a catalyst), starch, like all complex carbohydrates, undergoes hydrolysis. In this case, soluble starch is formed first, then less complex substances- dextrins. The end product of hydrolysis is glucose. The overall reaction equation can be expressed as follows:
There is a gradual splitting of macromolecules. The hydrolysis of starch is its important chemical property.
-glucose. The process of starch formation can be expressed as follows (polycondensation reaction): a2) Starch does not give a “silver mirror” reaction, but its hydrolysis products give it. Starch macromolecules are composed of many molecules of cyclic
3) characteristic reaction is the interaction of starch with iodine solutions. If a solution of iodine is added to the cooled starch paste, a blue color appears. When the paste is heated, it disappears, and when cooled, it appears again. This property is used in the determination of starch in food products. So, for example, if a drop of iodine is applied to a potato slice or slice white bread, a blue color appears.
4.cellulose structure
Cellulose is a substance widely distributed in plant
the world. It is a part of both annual plants and perennials, in particular - in the composition of tree species.
The modern theory of the structure of cellulose answers the following basic questions:
The structure of cellulose macromolecules: the chemical structure of the elementary link and the macromolecule as a whole; conformation of the macromolecule and its units.
Molecular mass cellulose and its polydispersity.
Cellulose structure: equilibrium phase state cellulose (amorphous or crystalline); types of bonds between macromolecules; supramolecular structure; structural heterogeneity of cellulose; structural modifications of cellulose.
2) The structure of the cellulose macromolecule can be represented by the formula
5.cellulose hydrolysis
С6Н10О5) n + nH2O=nC6H12O6 beta-glucose
Acetate fibers- one of the main types of artificial fibers; obtained from cellulose acetate. Depending on the type of feedstock, triacetate fiber (from triacetylcellulose) and acetate fibers proper are distinguished.
Viscose- (from late lat. viscosus- chilly) high viscosity concentrated solution cellulose xanthate in dilute NaOH solution.
7. Cellulose is the main part of the walls of plants. (picture " natural materials containing cellulose" - slide 7, lesson 21). Relatively pure cellulose are fibers of cotton, jute and hemp. Wood contains from 40 to 50% cellulose, straw - 30%. Plant cellulose serves nutrient for herbivores, in the body of which there are enzymes that break down fiber.
From cellulose (manufactured numerous artificial fibers, polymer films, plastics, smokeless powder, varnishes. A large amount of pulp goes to the production of paper. Glucose is obtained by saccharification of cellulose; going to manufacture ethyl alcohol. Ethanol, p
