Dictionary of Russian dialects examples. Dialects in modern Russian. Modern dialects in Russia

Russian language and its dialects .

"Peoples of the European part of the USSR".
Volume 1, M. Nauka-1964.

Dialects of the Russian language ( clickable).

Modern Russian language is complex in its structure. In oral and writing in a highly developed normalized form (literary language), the language of science, the language fiction, business language, etc. One of the types of oral speech - colloquial speech - exists in the Russian language both in a literary form and in less normalized forms characteristic of the national colloquial speech. In the latter, in turn, various social varieties are distinguished ( professional languages, jargons, etc.) and territorial varieties - dialects, or folk dialects, which represent a very significant ethnographic feature of the population of various areas.

Territorial dialects of the Russian language are manifested mainly in the colloquial speech of the rural population and, to some extent, in the speech of city residents. Russian territorial dialects in our time are losing their specific features. This process began a long time ago, due to the movement of the population within the country. Carriers traditional features People's dialects are now mainly spoken by the older generations of the rural population. Most dialect differences are usually associated with those eras when the integrity of a given nationality, its territorial and social integrity did not yet exist or was violated. community.

In the history of the East Slavic languages, these differences began to emerge in the early medieval period, under the conditions of the existence of individual East Slavic tribes. However, most dialect differences arose in the Russian language during the late Middle Ages. The most ancient monuments writings indicate that the Novgorod dialect of the 11th-12th centuries. there was already a characteristic “clattering” sound, which was absent in the Kyiv land. The difference in sound quality is traced back to the same or earlier time - G-(plosive or fricative formation) and some other dialect differences.

The reasons for the formation of dialect differences could be both internal (new formations that arose as a result of the internal development of dialects in conditions of feudal fragmentation) and external (for example, external influence or assimilation of a foreign-speaking population). During the formation of the Russian centralized state, uniting more and more Russian lands, the mutual influence of dialects is increasing.

The identification of dialect groups is based mainly on dialect differences in phonetics and morphology. Syntactic differences in the dialects of the modern Russian language lie in the fact that individual dialects are characterized by special patterns of phrases, sentences, or special meanings of some models, understandable, but uncommon in others.

For example, in some dialects they will say “stand By right side", or " get a quote By 20th number" - this construction denotes action in space and time; in others they may also say “ went By milk", "left By firewood", indicating the purpose of the action. Dialectal differences in vocabulary most often consist in the fact that different dialects have different words to denote one concept, or one word expresses different concepts in different dialects. So, to denote a rooster in dialects there are words: the rooster crows, peun, peven etc.

If we plot the isoglosses of all dialect differences on one map, the entire territory of distribution of the Russian language will be cut off by isoglosses going in different directions. This does not mean that groupings of dialects representing dialectal unities do not exist at all. A northerner can be easily recognized by his “reprimand in O", a resident of the southern regions - according to his special pronunciation of sound - G- (the so-called g fricative) or soft pronunciation - T- at the endings of verbs. By the combination of features, one can also distinguish the inhabitants of the Ryazan region. from a resident of Orlovskaya, a Tula resident from a Smolyan resident, a Novgorod resident from a Vologda resident, etc.

Dialectal unities of the Russian language, as a rule, do not have clearly defined boundaries, but are determined by zones of isogloss bundles. Only when any one phenomenon is recognized as an obligatory sign of an adverb, which, for example, is okanye for the Northern Russian dialect, can we draw a clear boundary of the adverb in accordance with the isogloss of okanya. Akanye is a sign of both the South Russian dialect and Central Russian dialects, and - G- plosive (a common feature of Northern Russian dialects) also characterizes the majority of Central Russian dialects.

There are two main dialects in the Russian language: Basic Northern Russian and Southern Russian and a strip of Central Russian dialects between them.

The Northern Russian dialect is characteristic of the northern and eastern regions of the European part of the country. Its southern border runs from west to southeast along the line Pskov Lake - Porkhov-Demyansk; then it goes north from Vyshny Volochok, then turns south and east and passes through Tver - Klin - Zagorsk - Yegoryevsk - Gus-Khrustalny, between Melenki and Kasimov, south of Murom, Ardatov and Arzamas, through Sergach and Kurmysh, turns sharply to the south a little east of Penza and goes to the Volga north of Samara.

The South Russian dialect borders on the Ukrainian language in the southwest, and on the Belarusian language in the west. The border of its distribution can be outlined along the northern borders of the Smolensk region; east of Sychevka it turns southeast, passes west of Mozhaisk and Vereya, then goes through Borovsk, Podolsk and Kolomna northeast Ryazan, through Spassk-Ryazansky, north of Shatsk, between Kerensky (Vadinsk) and Nizhny Lomov, east of Chembar and Serdobsk, through Atkarsk, to Kamyshin along the Volga, and then south of Volgograd, entering the North Caucasus.

There are five groups within the Northern Russian dialect: Arkhangelsk, or Pomeranian, Olonets, Western, or Novgorod, Eastern, or Vologda-Tver, and Vladimir-Volga region; in the South Russian dialect there are southern, or Oryol, Tula, eastern, or Ryazan, and western groups. Central Russian dialects are divided into subgroups: Pskov (dialects transitional from the Northern Russian dialect to the Belarusian language), Western and Eastern. Between the southern Russian dialect of the Russian language and the northeastern dialect Belarusian language There is practically no dialect boundary; there is a wide zone in whose dialects from east to west there is a gradual increase in features typical of the dialects of the Belarusian language.

The Northern Russian dialect is distinguished on the basis of Okanya, -G - explosive (as in literary language), - T- hard in endings of the 3rd person of verbs ( he goes, they listen, but not: go listen, as in the South Russian dialect) and the genitive-accusative case of personal pronouns: me, you, and return: myself, (but not me, you, myself, as in the South Russian dialect). Features of the Northern Russian dialect are also the contraction of vowels in the endings of verbs and adjectives: happen, think, red, blue(instead of happens, thinks, red, blue), the use of grammatically combined postpositive particles ( house-from, hut-ma, at sister's), the ending of the comparative degree of adjectives - ae (louder, blacker).

The Pomeranian, or Arkhangelsk, group of the Northern Russian dialect, which occupies most of the Arkhangelsk region and some areas of the Vologda region, is characterized by the fact that in those words where (according to pre-revolutionary spelling) the letter Ъ was written, the vowel is pronounced - e - closed (something between - e- And - And-) - snow, beast. There: dream sounds instead dirt, grandfather instead of uncle, V slap instead of in hat, but at the same time they say: dirty, hat, that is, they replace the sound under stress - A- sound - e- only between soft consonants.

Here they say: tsai, tsyashka, end, sheep, that is, the so-called soft clicking sound is common. There is no combination - day-, -bm- (exchangeable, Lanno, omman, instead of copper, OK, deception). In these sayings they say: I'll go to my wife, worked for the parties, that is, they use the ending - s- instead of - e- for female nouns kind in dates and sentence pad. units h.; in nouns in creativity. pad. pl. h. common endings - and we- or - am - (the plows were plowing or plowed the plows), and for adjectives - ma-, -m- (dry mushrooms or dry mushrooms, instead of dry mushrooms). Here they might say: young, whom (With - G - fricative), or even without a consonant at all: young, coo.

The Olonets group is represented by dialects in the territory of Karelia east of Lake Onega. These dialects differ from the dialects of the Pomeranian group in some features: a special sound - e- closed in those words where the letter Ъ was previously written will be pronounced only before hard consonants: bread, faith, measure; before soft consonants they pronounce the sound - And-: zvir, in hlibi, virit, ommirit. Here they will say: long, I would, instead of for a long time, was, that is, instead of - l- at the end of the syllable they will pronounce the sound - y- non-syllabic. Instead of: deceit, deceive, They say: omman, ommazat. Sound - G- fricative (close to - X-), is marked not only at the end of the genitive case, but also in other words in place of the letter - G -: mnoho, vegetable garden, braves, fucked up. Unlike other dialects of the Northern Russian dialect, some Olonets dialects use the ending - t- in the 3rd person verbs: go, they say, sleep. Combination of sounds - Ouch- in some cases the combination corresponds - Hey- : to others, for gold, sister .

The Western, or Novgorod, group covers the dialects of most of the Leningrad and Novgorod regions. In place of the old Ъ it is pronounced here - And- or - e"-: snig, did, bread, peace, virit, beast or snow'g, de'd etc. They say here dirt, in a hat, that is, the sound is preserved - A -. Tsokanie is currently absent in most dialects. To the creative work pad. pl. some nouns and adjectives use the ending - m-: with clean hands. Unlike the dialects of the Pomeranian and Olonets groups, they do not use endings - Wow-, -oho-, but only - ovo- (kovo, sukhovo, dobro etc.). The remaining features of the dialects of the Novgorod group basically coincide with the features of the Pomeranian group.

The eastern, or Vologda-Kirov, group of Northern Russian dialects includes the dialects of Vologda, Kirov ( Vyatka) , Perm region, northern parts Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod regions, as well as some areas of the Novgorod and Arkhangelsk regions. It should be noted that in the east the border of this group is pushed beyond the Urals. In the dialects of this group, various sounds are pronounced in place of the old Ъ: in most dialects - e'- or - ee - only before hard consonants, and -And- before soft ones: bread or bread, But Khlibets, beast. In some dialects there is a diphthong -ee- pronounced in all cases: khlieb, khliebets, beast etc. Some of the dialects of this group have a special sound - O'-(sound similar to -u- and called -O- closed) or diphthong -woo-: vo'la or voila, cow'va or koruova, sister or sister.

In this area they say: dream, in a slap, But dirty, hat, as in Arkhangelsk dialects. Pronounce tsyashka, tsai, sheep or ts shyashka, ts sh yay, sheep and so on, that is, there is a soft and lisping clicking sound. Non-syllabic -u- some of these dialects are pronounced not only on the spot -l- before a consonant and at the end of a word, as in Olonets dialects, but also instead -V- in the same positions: long, I would, spider, kou, domo, pride, deuca. In these dialects they say Fedkya, tsyaykyu, skate, i.e. soften -To-, if it comes after a soft consonant. In most of the dialects of this group they pronounce: omman, fucked up, in some also exchangeable, Lanno, trunno etc. The instrumental plural ends in -m-: cried burning tears. In the eastern part of the Vologda-Kirov dialects the following forms are noted: he guards, you're baking and so on.

The Vladimir-Volga region group covers dialects in the north of the Tver, Moscow and Ryazan regions, Yaroslavl and Kostroma region south of the Volga, Nizhny Novgorod (without Zavetluzhye), Vladimir region, and surrounding dialects of Simbirsk, Penza, Saratov and other regions of the Lower Volga region. In the dialects of this group, in place of the old Ъ they pronounce the sound -e-, as in literary language: grandfather, bread, white, beast etc. The meaning in them is somewhat different than in other dialects of the Northern Russian dialect - here they pronounce clearly -O- or -A- only in cases like: water, mow, cow, grass, old man, where these sounds are in the first syllable before stress; in all other cases the same sound is pronounced as in the literary language ( milk, p'g'vorim, proud, ok'l, under par, stariki, pagvori, udel, drank etc). A feature of the dialects under consideration is the pronunciation: drown, missed, suburb, deceived, that is, in the second syllable before the stress at the beginning of the word instead -O- pronounce -u-.

Vladimir-Volga dialects are characterized by the ending - ovo- in the genitive case: good, bad, bad. In most dialects of this group they say: plowed with plows; only in the northern regions will they say: plowed the plows, as in the Vologda-Kirov dialects. In some dialects the following forms are noted: Rodney, raw wood- for adjectives plural. Distributed verb forms type: he guards, mother Pequot and so on.

The South Russian dialect is distinguished by a complex of features such as akanye, fricative -G -(average between -G- And -X-), soft -T - in the 3rd person endings of verbs ( he sit, they listen), forms: me, you, myself- in the genitive-accusative case. In the vast majority of southern Russian dialects there is no tsokanie. Southern Russian dialects are also characterized by the ending -mi- in creative work pad. pl. h. nouns ( plowed with plows).

The dialects of the South Russian dialect are divided into four groups. The basis for identifying groups is the most complex feature of South Russian dialects - type yakanya. Its essence lies in the fact that in the first pre-stressed syllable, sounds are in place of letters -e-(including old Kommersant) and -I- do not differ, and in certain cases a sound is pronounced in place of all these letters -I-: it's busy, spot, värsts , lasok.

The southern, or Oryol, group covers the dialects of the southwestern part of the Tula region, Oryol, eastern half Bryansk, Belgorod, Kursk, western Voronezh regions, as well as dialects along the lower reaches of the Don and in the North Caucasus. It is characterized by the so-called dissimilatory yak- type of vocalism in which vowel replacement is observed -e- or -I- in a pre-stressed syllable to a vowel opposite in rise to the vowel that is in the syllable under stress: sistra,- But sister, simya, - But seven times, family, pleasing, - But I'm dancing, dance and so on.

Dissimilative yak represented by many subtypes formed as a result of the fact that various sub-stressed vowels of medium rise, which are pronounced in place of letters -O- And -e-, act on pre-stressed vowels in some cases as high vowels, in others - as low vowels. This group is characterized -u- on the spot -V- before a consonant and at the end of a word: lauka, drow - instead of shop, firewood. Some dialects have sounds -o^- And -e^-(or diphthongs): will, cow, bread etc.

The Tula group is represented by the dialects of most of the Tula region, some areas of the Kaluga, Moscow and Ryazan regions. In Tula dialects, the so-called moderate yak. There they say: - sister, damn, it's busy, poop, värsts etc., but - family, trityak, in force, seven, Ribina, i.e. always pronounced before a hard consonant -A- in place of vowels -e- or -I-, and before the soft one, in place of the same letters they pronounce -And-. In most dialects of the Tula group -V- always pronounced as in literary language.

The eastern, or Ryazan, group of dialects occupies the territory of the Ryazan region, south of the Oka, Tambov and Voronezh regions (without the western regions). The same group includes the South Russian dialects of Penza, Saratov region, as well as some areas Volgograd region. The dialects of this group are characterized by the so-called assimilative-dissimilative type, which differs from dissimilative yak because in all words with understress -A- vowels in place of letters -e- or -I- in the pre-stressed syllable are replaced by a vowel -A-. Thus, in the pre-stressed syllable, in place of letters -e- or -I- in the vast majority of cases the vowel is pronounced -A-, and only if there are letters -e- or -O- in a stressed syllable a vowel can be pronounced in a prestressed one -And- : village, turquoise, by force etc. In some parts of Ryazan dialects, vowels are stressed -O- And -e^-, or -woo-, -ee-; in many Ryazan dialects they say: oats, flax, brought, -but not oats, flax, brought.

The western group of dialects of the South Russian dialect occupies the Smolensk region, the western half of the Bryansk region and the western regions of the Kaluga region. It is typical for her dissimilative akanye And yak"Zhizdrinsky" or Belarusian type, in which in the syllable before the stress in place of the letters -e- or -I- sound is pronounced - And- if there is a vowel under stress - A-; in all other cases the sound is pronounced -A- : sistra, adjla, Rick, tease, they're making fun of, they're glancing, - But sister, sister, to my sister, at the sister's, spinning, at the Ryaki, calf, maiden. On the spot -V- before a consonant and at the end of a word in these dialects, as well as in the dialects of the southern group, it is pronounced -u-; the same sound is pronounced on the spot - l- in words like: long, wolf, and in masculine past tense verbs: long(for a long time), wok(wolf), dhow(gave or given) etc. This group is also characterized by some features that unite it with part of the western group of the Northern Russian dialect and with the Pskov dialects: these are the form of names, pad. pl. including personal pronouns of the 3rd person on -s- (they, they), verb forms: I rinse, rinse- instead of: I'm rinsing, rinse etc., form: to sisters - instead of: to Sister.

The South Russian dialect is characterized by some other features not related to separate groups, and available in different parts of the dialects of this adverb: softening -To- after soft consonants ( Vankya, hostess), which is also characteristic of the dialects of the Vologda-Kirov group; replacement -f- on -X- or -hv- : sarahvan, jacket, ending -oho- in the genitive case of adjectives and pronouns (a feature also found in some dialects of the Northern Russian dialect); agreement of neuter nouns with feminine adjectives: my dress, big bucket.

Central Russian dialects, occupying the territory between the Northern Russian and Southern Russian dialects, are characterized by a combination of Akanya with Northern Russian features. By origin, these are mainly Northern Russian dialects, which have lost their Okanian dialects and adopted some features of the southern dialects.

Among the Central Russian dialects, an array of Pskov dialects stands out (southwestern regions of the Leningrad region and most of Pskov), having a northern base and Belarusian layers. It is characterized by strong yacking, in which in place of letters -e- And -I-, in a syllable before stress is always pronounced -A- (sister, it's busy, lasok, babysitters, pull). In these dialects they say: angry, I'm digging, I wash, or evil, Ray, Mayu- instead of: evil, digging, mine. Clattering is common, -u- instead of -V- (lauka, drow- instead of shop, firewood); creation is down. pl. numbers on -m-: let's go pick some mushrooms, plowed the plows. Instead of: forests, houses, eyes, here they will say: forests, houses, eyes .

The remaining Central Russian dialects are characterized by various combinations of Northern Russian and Southern Russian features, depending on which dialects of the Northern Russian or Southern Russian dialect they are adjacent to. The Western and Eastern subgroups are not clearly differentiated from each other, but still some dialectal features characterize each of them.

Thus, in some of the dialects of the Western subgroup, a special type is common yakanya- the so-called assimilative-moderate, which is not common anywhere else in a compact territory. Pronounced here: lanno, onna, and: omman, ommeril- instead of: ok, one, deception, measured. Common forms " in sixth grade" instead of: " in the sixth..." etc. The eastern subgroup is characterized by fuss, or moderate yak, pronunciation: Vankya, let's have some tea, pronoun forms: Thea, sowing, thee, see.

The penetration of some South Russian phenomena to the north and North Russian to the south also occurs outside the Central Russian dialects proper. In particular, in the Vladimir-Volga region the penetration of a significant number of South Russian forms is observed. On the other hand, dialect unities identified by one phenomenon are often violated by others. which characterize only part of the dialects of a given dialect and at the same time can combine these dialects with the dialects of some other dialects.

For example, the Western and partly Olonets groups of dialects of the Northern Russian dialect according to the forms of 3rd person pronouns -th he-,-th ena- And -th eno- unite with the Pskov subgroup and part of other Central Russian dialects, with the dialects of the western and southern, or Oryol, groups of the South Russian dialect.

Oryol and Western groups of the South Russian dialect based on hard labial consonants at the end of a word in accordance with soft labials in other dialects and in the literary language ( family, blue instead of seven, dove), are united with the Pskov subgroup and part of the western subgroup of Central Russian dialects and with almost the entire Northern Russian dialect, excluding the Vladimir-Volga dialects, and some dialects of the Vologda-Vyatka group.

In many cases, dialect groups, which are more extensive in territorial terms, contain small, narrowly local groups of dialects. One of these local groups, the so-called “Gdov Island”, is located in the northern part of the distribution of the Pskov group of dialects in the territory adjacent to Lake Peipsi. It is characterized by a special type of vocalism, transitional from ocaña To akanyu(Gdov akanye and yakanye). The “Gdov Island” is characterized by the forms of names. pad. pl. including nouns (feminine) R. on -ya-(pit, bed) and some other peculiar features. In the north of the Ryazan region and in Meshchera there is also a peculiar grouping of dialects.

At the junction of the western, Tula, and southern groups of the South Russian dialect, a unique and very heterogeneous territory stands out. Within its boundaries are the dialects of Kaluga Polesie with closed -o^- And -e^- or diphthongs in place of vowels -O- And -e- (Voila - will, miera - measure), and strong stretching of various unstressed vowels. To the northeast and east of Kaluga Polesie there are dialects in which they say: shay- instead of tea, kurisa- instead of chicken, as in a significant part of the dialects of the southern group. In all these conversations they will say: I'm walking, - but not I'm walking, I love you, - but not I love, which is also observed in the dialects of the southern group.

The study of the geographical distribution of lexical differences has shown that among them there are those that can serve to characterize the adverbs and groups of dialects described above. Thus, the words characteristic of the entire Northern Russian dialect are: unsteady(cradle), ladle, kneading bowl, grip, frying pan, Also thrashed or thresher(flail), winter, predictable , kids(about a sheep) and some others; for South Russian - words: current- platform for threshing, cradle(cradle), deja(kvashnya), korets(ladle), chapelnik or heron, Chaplya, chapels(and other words of the same root meaning frying pan), flail, greens , greenery- in accordance with the northern winter; cat room , bitchy , lambed(about a sheep). A large number of dialect differences are manifested in the fact that the same concept is conveyed by different words, common in many micro-territories.

Most of the outlying territories, gradually settled by the Russian population, are characterized by dialect diversity. These are the Russian dialects of Mordovia, the eastern part of the Penza region, and partly the Samara and Saratov regions.

Under special conditions, the dialects of various groups of Cossacks developed; in each of them, a more or less homogeneous dialect was formed over the centuries from heterogeneous elements. Thus, the dialects of the Don and Kuban Cossacks were the result of the interaction of the Ukrainian and Russian languages. The Ural Cossacks developed a dialect on a Northern Russian basis.

Among the Russian dialects of Siberia, the territory of relatively late Russian settlement, dialects differ old-timers and dialects new settlers. The old-timers' dialects are of the Northern Russian type, since the waves of colonization in Siberia initially came from the northern European regions of Russia. Dialects of this type are common in the western as well as in the northern part of Siberia along old waterways.

The dialects of the new settlers who settled in the mid-19th century. along the main Siberian tract and to the south of it, they are distinguished by great diversity. These are South Russian and Central Russian dialects, which have largely retained their characteristics. A special place is occupied by the dialects of the Altai " Poles"(in the area of ​​​​Zmeinogorsk and Biysk) and " family"(in Transbaikalia).

The peculiarities of the settlement of Siberia by Russians led to close mutual influence of both different Russian dialects among themselves, and Russian dialects with various languages ​​of the local population. As a result of interaction with non-Slavic languages, Russian dialects in Siberia acquired some features that were absent in the dialects of the European part. In areas where communication with the non-Slavic population was especially close, Russian dialects were replenished with local words, for example: Mergen(hunter) - in Tobolsk dialects, torbase(fur boots) - in Yakutia, Shurgan(blizzard in the steppe) - in the southeast of Siberia, etc.

Under the influence of Ostyak, Nenets, Tungus, Yukagir and other languages, a mixture of whistling and hissing consonant sounds developed in dialects mainly in the northeast of Siberia: - s -, -sh-, -z-, -zh-. « Sweet tongue", which consists in the fact that instead of -R- or -l- pronounced -th-: goyova, yevet (head, roar), as well as the pronunciation of hard labial consonants instead of soft ones: med, ima, maso, biru, pie, vyzhu .

The study of dialect differences provides interesting and valuable material for clarifying the ethnic history of the Russian people, migration processes and phenomena, as well as problems of cultural mutual influences between separate nations our country.

[*Isoglosses are the boundaries of the distribution of phenomena or words that make up dialect differences.
*The grouping of Russian dialects (see map) and their characteristics are given mainly from the work “Experience of a dialectological map of the Russian language in Europe with the application of an outline of Russian dialectology. Compiled by N. N. Durnovo, N. N. Sokolov, D. N. Ushakov” (“Proceedings of the Moscow Dialectological Commission”, issue 5, M., 1915), but taking into account some significant clarifications provided by modern materials collected in connection with the compilation of atlases of Russian folk dialects.
*Cm. also “Atlas of Russian folk dialects of the central regions east of Moscow” M-1957] .

Have any incidents ever happened to you when, while reading the works of Russian classics, you did not understand what they were writing about? Most likely, this was not due to your inattention to the plot of the work, but because of the writer’s style, including outdated words, dialectisms.

V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Sholokhov, N. Nekrasov, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Shukshin, S. Yesenin liked to express themselves in words of this type. And this is only a small part of them.

Dialectisms: what is it and how many types are there?

Dialects are words whose distribution and use are limited to a certain territory. They are widely used in the vocabulary of the rural population.

Examples of dialectisms in the Russian language show that they are characterized by individual characteristics concerning phonetics, morphology, vocabulary:

1. Phonetic dialectisms.

2. Morphological dialectisms.

3. Lexical:

• actually lexical;
• lexical-semantic;

4. Ethnographic dialectisms.

5. Word-forming dialectisms.

Dialectisms also occur at the syntactic and phraseological levels.

Types of dialectisms as individual features of the original Russian people

In order to find out the original features of the dialect of the Russian people, it is necessary to consider dialectisms in more detail.

Examples of dialectisms:

• Replacing one or more letters in a word is typical for phonetic dialectisms: pshono - millet; Khvedor - Fedor.
• Changes in words, which are not the norm from the point of view of the agreement of words in sentences, are characteristic of morphological dialectisms: in mene; I spoke with smart people(substitution of cases, plural and singular).
• Words and expressions that are found only in a certain area and have no phonetic or word-forming analogues. Words whose meaning can only be understood from the context are called lexical dialectisms. In general, in the known vocabulary they have equivalent words that are understandable and known to everyone. For southern regions Russia is characterized by the following dialectisms (examples): beet - beet; cibula - bow.
• Words that are used only in a specific region and have no analogues in the language due to their correlation with the characteristics of the life of the population are called “ethnographic dialectisms.” Examples: shanga, shanga, shaneshka, shanechka - a dialectic denoting a certain type of cheesecake with a top potato layer. These delicacies are widespread only in a certain region; they cannot be described in one word from common usage.
• Dialectisms that arose due to a special affixal design are called word-formative: guska - goose, pokeda - bye.

Lexical dialectisms as a separate group

Due to their heterogeneity, lexical dialectisms are divided into the following types:

• Actually lexical: dialectisms that have common literary meanings general meaning, but differ from them in spelling. They can be called peculiar synonyms of generally understood and well-known words: beets - sweet potatoes; stitch - path.
• Lexico-semantic. Almost the complete opposite of lexical dialectisms themselves: they have a common spelling and pronunciation, but differ in meaning. Correlating them, they can be characterized as homonyms in relation to each other.

For example, the word "cheerful" can have two meanings in different parts of the country.

1. Literary: energetic, full of strength.
2. Dialectal meaning (Ryazan): elegant, neat.

Thinking about the purpose of dialectisms in the Russian language, we can assume that, despite the differences with common literary words, they replenish the Russian literary word fund on an equal basis with them.

The role of dialectisms

The role of dialectisms for the Russian language is varied, but first of all they are important for the inhabitants of the country.

Functions of dialectisms:

1. Dialectisms are one of the most important means of oral communication for people living in the same territory. It was from oral sources that they penetrated into written ones, giving rise to the following function.
2. Dialectisms used at the regional level regional newspapers, contribute to a more accessible presentation of the information provided.
3. Fiction takes information about dialectisms from the colloquial speech of residents of specific regions and from the press. They are used to convey local features of speech, and also contribute to a more vivid transmission of the character of the characters.

Some expressions slowly but surely find their way into the general literary stock. They become known and understandable to everyone.

Researchers studying the functions of dialectisms

P.G. Pustovoit, exploring the work of Turgenev, focused on dialectisms, examples of words and their meaning, he names the following functions:

• characterological;
• educational;
• dynamization of speech;
• cumulation.

V.V. Vinogradov based on the works of N.V. Gogol identifies the following series of functions:

• characterological (reflective) - it helps color the characters’ speech;
• nominative (nominal) - manifests itself when using ethnographisms and lexical dialectisms.

The most complete classification of functions was developed by Professor L.G. Samotik. Lyudmila Grigorievna identified 7 functions for which dialectisms in a work of art are responsible:

Modeling;

Nominative;

Emotive;

Culminative;

Aesthetic;

Phatic;

Characterological.

Literature and dialectisms: what are the dangers of abuse?

Over time, the popularity of dialectisms, even at the oral level, decreases. Therefore, writers and correspondents should use them sparingly in their works. Otherwise, it will be difficult to perceive the meaning of the work.

Dialectisms. Examples of inappropriate use

When working on a work, you need to think through the appropriateness of each word. First of all, you should think about the appropriateness of using dialect vocabulary.

For example, instead of the dialect-regional word “kosteril” it is better to use the common literary word “scold”. Instead of “promised” - “promised”.

The main thing is to always understand the line between moderate and appropriate use. dialect words.

Dialectisms should help the perception of the work, and not complicate it. To understand how to correctly use this figure of the Russian language, you can ask for help from word masters: A.S. Pushkina, N.A. Nekrasova, V.G. Rasputina, N.S. Leskova. They skillfully, and most importantly, used dialectisms moderately.

The use of dialectisms in fiction: I.S. Turgenev and V.G. Rasputin

Some works by I.S. Turgenev is difficult to read. When studying them, you need to think not only about the general meaning literary heritage writing work, but also over almost every word.

For example, in the story “Bezhin Meadow” we can find the following sentence:

“With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and, instead of this familiar plain ˂...˃ I saw completely different places unknown to me.”

An attentive reader has a logical question: “Why did Ivan Sergeevich put the seemingly usual and appropriate word “square” in brackets?”

The writer personally answers it in another work, “Khor and Kalinich”: “In the Oryol province, large continuous masses of bushes are called “squares.”

It becomes clear that given word widespread only in Oryol region. Therefore, it can safely be attributed to the group of “dialectisms”.

Examples of sentences using terms of a narrow stylistic focus, used in the speech of residents of certain regions of Russia, can be seen in the stories of V.G. Rasputin. They help him show the character's originality. In addition, the hero’s personality and character are reproduced precisely through such expressions.

Examples of dialectisms from Rasputin’s works:

• To become cold is to cool down.
• To make a fuss is to rage.
• Pokul - for now.
• Engage - get in touch.

It is noteworthy that the meaning of many dialectisms cannot be understood without context.

A dialect is a language system that serves as a means of communication for a small territorially closed group of people, usually residents of one or several rural settlements. In this meaning, the term “dialect” is synonymous with the Russian term “dialect”. A dialect is also called a set of dialects united by common linguistic features. The continuity of the territory of distribution as a condition for the unification of dialects into a dialect is not recognized by all researchers.

It is customary to distinguish between territorial dialects - varieties of language used in a certain territory as a means of communication by the local population - and social dialects - varieties of language spoken by certain social groups population.

A dialect can differ from a standard language at all levels of the language system: phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic. So, for example, some northern dialects of the Russian language are characterized by a rounded pronunciation, replacing the sound “Ch” with “C” (“tsai” instead of “chai”, “tserny” instead of “black”, etc.). Another feature of some northern dialects is the coincidence of the endings of the instrumental and dative cases of the plural of nouns. For example: “work with your hands” instead of the all-Russian “work with your hands.” But, of course, the biggest differences are in the area of ​​vocabulary.

So, in Northern Russian dialects, instead of the all-Russian “good” they say “baskoy”, instead of “neighbor” they say “shaber”; in Siberian villages, gooseberries are called “argus,” huts are called “buda,” and instead of the common Russian “branch,” they say “gilka.” Dialectal differences in the Russian language as a whole are very small. A Siberian easily understands a Ryazan, and a resident of Stavropol understands a Northern Russian. But in countries such as Germany or China, the differences between individual dialects can be even greater than the difference between Russian and Polish. Since in such countries communication between people speaking different dialects is very difficult or even impossible, the role of a national literary language in them increases sharply. Literary language here serves as a factor that unites the entire population of the country into one people. On the other hand, there are languages ​​in which there is no dialect division at all. An important difference The difference between dialects and literary languages ​​is that dialects do not have an independent form of writing (there are few exceptions).

Let us briefly list some features of the main adverbs of the Russian language. Northern dialect. Distributed north of the line St. Petersburg - Novgorod - Borovichi - Bezhetsk - Kalyazin - Rostov - Yuryevets. The main groups of dialects: Ladoga-Tikhvin, Vologda, Komstroma.

The following features stand out in the northern dialect: first of all, this is okaniya (full pronunciation of the sound o in unstressed syllables), the pronunciation of a stop g, the absence of the sound “yot” [j] between vowels (on delat, she is good), the combination mm instead of bm (omman, ommiryal), pronunciation of s instead of st at the end of words (mos, hvos), declension of words in -ushk, -yushk according to the type of masculine and neuter words (dedushko), coincidence of forms of the dative and instrumental cases of plural. numbers (with empty buckets), etc. In a significant part of the northern dialects there is a clicking sound (ts"ashka, ts"ai).

In some dialects, collective forms are used as the plural: beast, mosquito, bear. You can find such archaic forms plural, like snygi (instead of the literary snowb). Vologda and Arkhangelsk dialects are characterized by a peculiar “interrogative” intonation of narrative sentences, which gives the speech a so-called “melody.”

In the vocabulary of northern dialects, words are used such as kashnya - a vessel where dough is fermented, ladle - a vessel for scooping up liquids, a frying pan used to grip a frying pan, zybka - a cradle.

Borrowings from Finno-Ugric languages ​​are common: lahta (from Finnish laahti - bay), luda (from Finnish luoto - rock). Southern dialect. Distributed south of the Sebezh - Velikiye Luki - Rzhev - Naro-Fominsk - Kolomna - Kasimov line. Groups of dialects: Western, Upper Dnieper, Upper Desninsky, Kursk-Oryol, Eastern (Ryazan). colloquial dialectism professional slang

The southern dialect is characterized by akanation, the pronunciation of the fricative (aspiratory) r, and the forms of the pronouns me, you, and in your genus. and wine singular case (these are more archaic forms than the northern ones of me, you, myself), the ending t" is soft in the 3rd person of the verb (he walk, sing). In many southern dialects there is a partial loss of the neuter gender, which is replaced, as a rule, by the feminine gender, less often on the male (large herd, milk flowed out).

In the vocabulary of southern dialects the following are used: dezha - for preparing dough, korets - for scooping up liquids, chaplya - for gripping a frying pan, cradle - cradle, kochet - rooster. The words top, peak in the meaning of “ravine”, “bottom”, “deep longitudinal hole” are common. There are borrowings from Turkic languages: biryuk (wolf). Central Russian dialects. They stretch in a rather narrow strip from northwest to southeast, occupying the space between the northern and southern dialects, where Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, Moscow, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod.

Among the Central Russian dialects, the following stand out: Western regional dialects - Novgorod, Gdov; Western Acai - Pskov, Seliger-Torzhkov; eastern bordering Central Russian - Vladimir-Volga region; Eastern Akaya Central Russian. Central Russian dialects developed relatively late - after the formation of the centralized Moscow state in the 14th century, when close contact arose between southern and northern dialects, which led to the formation of transitional dialects containing partly southern and partly northern features. The Moscow dialect, which formed the basis of the Russian literary language, also belongs to the transitional dialect. Central Russian dialects are characterized by the alternation of a voiced stop g with k at the end of a word; spread of the words kashnya, ukhvat, caftan. In general, central dialects are closer to the literary language than peripheral ones. They are characterized, for example, by the presence of five vowel phonemes and - y - e - o - a; distinguishing between c and h; l hard and l soft; distinction between hard and soft labials at the end of words, the presence of word forms mother-in-law, mother, daughter.

Moscow/St. Petersburg:

Entrance/Front

Curb/Curb

Turtleneck/Badlon

Travel card/card

Overpass/viaduct

Shawarma/Shaverma

Loaf/Roll

Donut/Donut

Tent/Stall

Chicken/Chicken

Utyatnitsa/Latka

The ancient people who inhabited Rus' were largely illiterate, could not check the use of words in a dictionary, and did not adhere to certain rules in speech. Therefore, until the 14th century, preliterary Old Russian language developed as an oral one: spontaneously.

By the 14th century, Rus' consisted of appanage principalities, some of which were captured by the Tatar-Mongols. But the Old Russian language continued to develop.

In geographically close areas, the evolution of speech occurred differently. Three dialects gradually emerged: Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian. Each of them eventually formed into separate language, now these are close East Slavic languages.

2. There are three main dialects in the Russian language

Despite the fact that Russia is so large, linguists distinguish only three groups of dialects: northern, southern and Central Russian, in which the interpenetration of northern and southern features occurred.

Director of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian State University for the Humanities Igor Isaev says that the conditional border between dialects in the west and east of Russia can be drawn along the central European part, if you draw a line from Kirov, through Nizhny Novgorod and to Saratov in the south.

Natalia Nosova

All dialects east of this border - and therefore the entire Urals, Siberia and the Far East - were formed on the basis of the dialects of the oldest Slavic tribes. It is the language of immigrants from the center of Russia, which has changed slightly over time.

Therefore, in Vladivostok you are unlikely to feel a strong difference in speech compared to Moscow. For example, the speech of residents of northern Arkhangelsk and southern Krasnodar will differ much more.

3. Literary language was formed around a political center

In all major cities In Russia they speak predominantly the so-called literary language. The archaic dialects of the late 19th century are gradually being destroyed. And yet it cannot be said that all Russians speak the same way.

The vernacular will definitely “give itself away”, especially in villages and small towns, as well as among older people. But these differences will never be as strong as in different regions Italy and especially China. With the exception of some rare words, all Russians will understand each other.

The literary norm is the Central Russian dialect - as they say in Moscow, because it has become the capital Ancient Rus'. “If power had remained concentrated in Vladimir and Suzdal, where they spoke the northern dialect, as it was until the end of the 13th century, then we would now all speak like in the north,” says Igor Isaev.

4. The main differences between the northern and southern dialects from the literary norm

“If you take a train, say, from Petrozavodsk to Sochi, that is, cross Russia from north to south, you will hear several variations of dialects at once: someone will okat, someone will okakat, someone will tsokat or gekat,” - says Nelly Krasovskaya, professor Tula University them. Lev Tolstoy.

Natalia Nosova

Differences are visible at all levels of language: in phonetics (pronunciation of sounds), morphology (declension and change of words depending on case and number), vocabulary (use of words). Here are just a few of the distinguishing features:

• Gack
  One of the most striking differences of the southern dialect (Ryazan, Kursk, Voronezh, Belgorod) is the so-called “gekanye”, or, as it is scientifically called, “fricative g”. It is designated as the Greek scale - γ, and is pronounced as a soft “he”.
  Most often this is the deafening of the sound “g” at the end of a word before a vowel. For example, "snow" is spoken as "sneha". The further you go south, the deeper and guttural the “r” becomes and is used at the beginning of a word. You can hear in Krasnodar the pronunciation “horod” instead of “city”. By the way, even further south - in Ukraine - “gekanie” is a literary norm.

• Okanye and Akanye
  If Central Russian residents often pronounce “a” in place of unstressed “o” (“Maskva”, not “Moscow”), then northerners can be distinguished by a clear “o”. By the way, “akanie” interferes with Russians when pronouncing English words. For example, Russians pronounce the last name “Obama” as “Abama.”

• Substitution of letters "f" and "x"
  This feature is typical for both the north and south of Russia. For example, the peasants of Leo Tolstoy’s family estate in Yasnaya Polyana called their master “grakh” instead of “count”.
• Softening some consonants
  In the north they like to cluck, that is, instead of “ch” they pronounce a soft “ts”. “Petska” instead of “stove” and “grandson” instead of “grandson”.
  In the south they don’t say this, but they soften the “t” at the end of third-person verbs (often the result is a coincidence with the infinitive form): “he walks” instead of “he walks.”
• Substitution of endings of nouns and adjectives in the plural
  In the southern dialect, in the genitive plural, “ov” is sometimes added instead of zero endings. This is a difficult part of the Russian language; many people confuse how to say “no shoes” or “no shoes”, “a kilogram of tomatoes” or “a kilogram of tomatoes”.
  But speakers of the southern dialect deliberately add endings in cases where there is no doubt that they are not needed: “places” instead of “places,” “lakes” instead of “lakes.” The nominative case in the plural is also replaced by “boxes” instead of “boxes”, “kuchá” instead of “heaps”, all this is often used with the emphasis transferred to the replaced vowel.
  In the northern dialect, sometimes the instrumental case of the plural is replaced by the dative: “I walked with my own feet”, “I made it with my own hands” instead of “I walked with my own feet”, “I made it with my own hands”.

5. Each region has its own characteristics

In addition to the main dialects, many areas have local characteristics.

Nelly Krasovskaya gives an interesting example: in Tula region there is the word “Kazyuk”, which is the name given to workers at Tula arms factories. This word comes from the word “treasury”, because the factories were sponsored from the state treasury, and the work was prestigious and highly paid.

In contrast to the “kazyuk”, a “male” is someone who was not hired at the factory, which means a lazy and inept person. Literally, “kobel” means “stump.” In Russian you can still find the expression “sits like a stump,” that is, he is lazy and does nothing.

The word “zhalik” is used by Tula people to describe gingerbread without filling, baked from the remains of dough that was probably kneaded for the famous Tula gingerbread.

In Vologda, for example, as Igor Isaev says, the word “flock,” which throughout Russia means “a flock of birds” or other animals, is also used to designate an outbuilding for small livestock. For example, Vologda residents call the pond “vica”.

Dialects and literary language. The atlas “The Language of the Russian Village” is unusual. This is not a geographical or historical atlas, like the ones you get acquainted with at school during geography and history lessons. This is a dialectological atlas. By reading it, you can learn about the differences in the pronunciation of words, in grammatical forms, names of the same objects and concepts in different regions of Russia where Russian is spoken. Probably, many of you yourself have encountered the fact that residents of even neighboring villages differ from each other in their dialect. Peculiarities of pronunciation are often fixed in nicknames. So, you can hear: “Yes, we call them shchimyaki, they are on sch They say; here, for example, tickling(Now)". The science that studies territorial varieties of language - local talk, or dialects, is called dialectology(from the Greek dialektos “talk, adverb” and logos “word, teaching”).

Each national language includes a standard language and territorial dialects. Literary, or "standard", is called a language everyday communication, official business documents, school education, writing, science, culture, fiction. His distinguishing feature – normalization, i.e. the presence of rules (you learn them at school from year to year), compliance with which is mandatory for all members of society. They are enshrined in grammars, reference books and dictionaries of the modern Russian language. Dialects also have their own language laws. However, they are not clearly understood by the speakers of dialects - rural residents, much less have a written embodiment in the form of rules. Russian dialects are characterized only by oral form existence, in contrast to a literary language, which has both oral and written forms.

Speak, or dialect, is one of the main concepts of dialectology. A dialect is the smallest territorial variety of a language. It is spoken by residents of one or more villages. The scope of the dialect is the same as the scope of the literary language, which is a means of communication for everyone who speaks Russian.

How to treat dialects? Literary language and dialects constantly interact and influence each other. The influence of the literary language on dialects is, of course, stronger than that of dialects on the literary language. His influence spreads through schooling, television, radio. Gradually, dialects are destroyed and lose their character traits. Many words denoting rituals, customs, concepts, and household items of a traditional village have gone and are leaving along with the people of the older generation. That is why it is so important to record the living language of the village as completely and in detail as possible.

In our country for a long time a disdainful attitude towards local dialects prevailed as a phenomenon that needed to be combated. But it was not always so. In the middle of the 19th century. In Russia there is a peak of public interest in folk speech. At this time, the “Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary” (1852) was published, where dialect words were specially collected for the first time, and the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian language» by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl in 4 volumes (1863–1866), also including a large number of dialect words. Lovers of Russian literature actively helped collect materials for these dictionaries. Magazines and provincial newspapers of that time published various kinds of ethnographic sketches, dialect descriptions, and dictionaries of local sayings from issue to issue.

The opposite attitude towards dialects was observed in the 30s. of our century. In the era of the breakdown of the village - the period of collectivization - the destruction of old ways of farming, family life, peasant culture, i.e., all manifestations of the material and spiritual life of the village was proclaimed. A negative attitude towards dialects has spread in society. For the peasants themselves, the village turned into a place from which they had to flee in order to save themselves, to forget everything connected with it, including the language. An entire generation of rural residents, having deliberately abandoned their language, at the same time failed to perceive a new language system for them - the literary language - and master it. All this led to the fall linguistic culture in society.

A respectful and careful attitude towards dialects is characteristic of many nations. The experiences of countries are interesting and instructive for us Western Europe: Austria, Germany, Switzerland, France. For example, in schools in a number of French provinces, an elective in the native dialect has been introduced, a mark for which is included in the certificate. In Germany and Switzerland, literary-dialectal bilingualism and constant communication in the dialect in the family are generally accepted. In Russia early XIX V. educated people, coming from the village to the capital, spoke the literary language, and at home, on their estates, communicating with neighbors and peasants, they often used the local dialect.

Nowadays, people who speak a dialect have an ambiguous attitude towards their language. In their minds, the native dialect is assessed in two ways: 1) through comparison with other, neighboring dialects and 2) through comparison with the literary language. The emerging opposition between “one’s own” (one’s own dialect) and “alien” has different meanings. In the first case, when “foreign” is a different dialect, it is often perceived as something bad, ridiculous, something you can laugh at (see examples of teases in the comments to cards and), and “ours” – as correct, pure. In the second case, “one’s own” is assessed as bad, “gray”, incorrect, and “alien” - literary language - as good. This attitude towards the literary language is completely justified and understandable: thereby its cultural value is realized.

But should a person be ashamed of the language of his “small homeland”, forget it, expel it from his life? What does dialect mean from the point of view of the history of the Russian language and the Russian people, from the point of view of culture?

Our dialectological atlas will help you answer these questions and learn something new about the Russian language.

How the School Dialectological Atlas is structured. We have already written that the science of dialectology deals with dialects, and people who have chosen it as their specialty are called dialectologists. They study dialects various methods: descriptive, recording and studying specific modern dialects; historical, exploring how dialects and dialect differences developed; linguogeographical, compiling maps and entire sets of maps - dialectological atlases. To date, about 300 atlases have been published different languages. Our atlas is distinguished primarily by its simplicity and accessibility of presentation of complex material.

The school dialectological atlas is an album of linguistic maps with explanatory texts. On geographical maps using special symbols - color fills, hatches, icons– the distribution of linguistic phenomena is shown. The territory in which a particular linguistic feature occurs is called habitat, and the line limiting it is isogloss. The areas vary in size: some include dialects of only a few villages, others occupy vast spaces.
Sometimes the habitats overlap each other. And then we talk about the coexistence of several phenomena in one territory. Usually coexistence is depicted by a combination of signs, and when these signs are filled different color, they are given in stripes: a stripe of one color, a stripe of another (for example, on a map).

To get it right read the map, you must first study carefully map name and legend– a set of symbols and explanatory texts for them. Most of the maps in the atlas are devoted to one topic, which is included in the title. But there are cards with not one, but several topics related to each other. Then they are numbered in the legend with Roman numerals (see maps,).

In a number of cards, in addition to the main topic, an additional one is given. It is not specified in the name, but becomes clear from the logic of the map.

Let's look at the card “Verbs with the meaning “to plow the ground.” On it the use of the verb groin in another meaning, namely: “sweep the floor”, “sweep the dust” and others - is shown by isogloss, which in this case is an additional sign introducing new information not provided for by the name. However, the isogloss can also be used as the main sign corresponding to the theme of the map (see maps,). Sometimes you can see “voids” on the map, that is, territories not filled with signs. Thus, on the maps , , , special symbols (see legends) show various dialect phenomena, and emptiness - unshaded space - means the absence of a mappable feature in the dialects.

Maps accompany texts - comments. They tell about dialect features, their history, origin individual words or forms, the necessary linguistic terms. And in the explanations for the vocabulary cards, attention is paid not only to linguistic features, but also on the peculiarities of life and culture of the village, on ethnography.

At the end of the comments there are tasks for those who are interested in what they read and want to test themselves. In the atlas, the authors sought to give examples of genuine dialect speech, while dialect features are conveyed in three ways: orthographically (for example, karo va, I'm running, Dirivensky), with transcription elements (for example, O[m:] yang(deception), [ts’] and shka(cup) or in transcription (for example, [d'in'o k] (day). Often dialect examples are taken from regional dictionaries, folklore, and fiction.

Russian writers, classics and contemporaries, who know the village and its language well, use elements of local speech in their works - dialectisms, which are introduced into artistic text to characterize the speech of characters, describe features local nature, village life. By reading the examples from the comments, you will see this for yourself.

The school atlas consists of only 25 maps, although there are a great many linguistic features in the dialects. When selecting maps for this publication, the authors chose primarily those that most clearly demonstrate:

1. The importance of phenomena in the system of dialect differences in the Russian language.
2. Visibility of the linguistic landscape, i.e. the existence of clear areas of phenomena.
3. Dialectal features that are frequently encountered and recognizable in speech.
4. Dialectal differences that are essential for understanding traditional peasant culture (this relates to vocabulary).

The atlas includes maps of various language levels– vocabulary, phonetics, grammar.
There are slightly more lexical maps in the atlas than others, for obvious reasons: they are easier for the linguistically inexperienced reader to understand, but, most importantly, because it is the vocabulary that introduces us to traditional culture villages, the way of life and mentality of the peasant.

Dialectology is closely connected with history, archeology, ethnography, since it is inseparable from the life of the people. Every historical period- tribal era, the era of ancient Russian principalities of the 12th century, the time of the rise of the Moscow principality in the 15th century. etc. - left its mark in modern Russian dialects. You all know that in the Middle Ages in the East Slavic lands (the Eastern Slavs include Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians) there was a repeated redistribution of territories between feudal principalities. It turns out that on some maps you can see the boundaries of linguistic phenomena that are correlated with ancient political boundaries, for example, the Novgorod Republic.

In modern dialects, archaic phenomena are sometimes preserved, reflecting the dialectal features of the Proto-Slavic language - the ancestor of all Slavic languages, as well as the features of the East Slavic tribal dialects: Krivichi, Vyatichi, Slovenian, etc.

So, each of the dialects is generated by the history of the people, and in this sense they are all equal. And the modern Russian literary language also has a dialect basis - the dialects of Moscow and the villages surrounding Moscow.

Sources of the School Dialectological Atlas. The atlas “Language of the Russian Village” is compiled on the basis of DARY - “Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Center of the European Part of the USSR)” - a large scientific work, created at the Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now - Russian Academy sciences). Materials for this unique publication were collected in 1946–1966. according to a special Program (it contains 294 questions) during numerous expeditions to villages in Central Russia. Here are examples of questions from the Program: “What vowel sound is pronounced in the 1st pre-stressed syllable in place of the letter O? Is there a sound being made? O or A, or a sound intermediate between a and s, aurally close to uh? – water, vada, issue..."; “What ending do plural nouns have: a) in I. p.: Houses, houses; horns, horns, forests, forests or le sy; horses, horse; bolo ta, bolo you or swamps etc.; b) in R.p.: godot in, godo x or year, for eggs, hare in or for eggs etc."; “What do you call knitted, leather or fabric mittens with one finger: mittens, elm nki, de lnitsa, guys, fur makers, golki…?».

Dialectologists, teachers and university students traveled to more than 4,500 villages and hamlets. The survey density is one settlement per 225 km 2 . This means that the villages where the recordings were made were approximately 15 km apart from each other. Many of these settlements no longer exist. Everywhere, linguists recorded the speech of residents of the older generation, mainly women, who are less likely to leave their homes in search of work, do not serve in the army, and therefore their speech better preserves the features of the traditional dialect.

From the outside it may seem that a dialectological expedition is an easy task that does not require special training. This is wrong. The work requires not only great professional knowledge, but also the ability to win over the interlocutor, to arouse his sympathy and trust. In addition, a linguist must be able to listen and hear linguistic phenomena well. There are also subtle phonetic and pronunciation differences that an inexperienced collector may not notice.

Collecting materials is not without its oddities. In one of the questions of the Program it is required to find out the T. p. of a noun spoon. Students ask the old lady: “Grandma, what do you eat?” To which they receive an answer full of irony: “We eat the same way as you - with a poker.” Speakers of the dialect are often endowed not only with a sense of humor, but also with an amazing flair for language. They themselves hear and understand that their speech contains sounds that differ from the sounds of the literary language, and they give vivid examples. And the work of dialectologists is treated with understanding. Once in one of the Pskov villages we happened to hear: “Well, your work is difficult - you are merciless behind your words!”

The “Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language” does not represent the entire territory where the Russian population predominates and Russian speech is heard, but only the area of ​​​​the early settlement of East Slavic tribes before late XVI V. - the territory on which the language of the Russian nation was formed. These dialects are called in the dialects of primary education(See Diagram 1).

Scheme 1

Arkhangelsk region, including the coast White Sea, was not included in either the DARYA or the School Atlas, although it was populated back in the 12th – 15th centuries. immigrants from the Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal lands. But in these places the settlement territory was not continuous, as in Central Russia: villages stood only along rivers and on the coast, and the rest of the space remained uninhabited, which means it was impossible to comply with the accepted principle of survey density (see about this above).

Our atlas covers only the territory of the Center of Russia. In areas beyond its borders, dialects of the so-called secondary education are common. Russian people moved to these lands, as a rule, later than the 16th century. from a wide variety of areas. Here the population mixed, dialects mixed, forming new variants of the local language. This was the case in the Middle and Lower Volga region, in the Urals, Kuban, Siberia and other regions. The talk of the Center is “motherly” for them. Therefore, the atlas is also of interest to those who live outside the territory covered by it. The atlas helps to determine the linguistic origins of secondary dialects.

Dialects are part of folk culture. By becoming familiar with dialects, we receive not just information about the names of everyday objects, the meanings of words, and concepts that are not typical of city life. Behind them are certain ways of farming, features of the family way of life, rituals, customs, folk calendar. Each dialect contains a large number of expressive, vivid verbal images and phraseological units that convey a unique perception and vision of life villager- a peasant. Thus, by studying dialects, we become acquainted with a whole complex of diverse folk ideas about the world, which often differ from the ideas of a city dweller.

“The people have a well-known – and very respectable and high moral worldview..., which is included in their language and morals... This circle of vocabulary teaches and educates the people from childhood to old age,” the famous linguist and teacher V.I. Cher wrote about dialects -nyshev at the beginning of this century.

The dialectological atlas is also remarkable because, by looking at maps, you can find out how residents of different villages speak without going on a long journey.
The authors of the atlas really want their work to attract attention to Russian dialects, change the view of the dialect as an incorrect, corrupted language, and arouse interest and respect for the living Russian word.

The team of authors expresses deep gratitude to V. E. Goldin, who proposed the idea of ​​​​creating a School dialectological atlas; L. N. Bulatova, whose valuable critical comments were taken into account when working on the text; teachers and students of gymnasium schools No. 67 and 57 in Moscow, whose advice and recommendations helped at various stages of compiling the atlas; M. Volotskaya for drawings to the Atlas.

The authors will be grateful to everyone who sends their comments and feedback to [email protected] or 121019, Moscow, Volkhonka, 18/2. Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Dialectology and Linguistic Geography).

Although the norms of the Russian literary language are the same everywhere, the speech of the intelligentsia, educated people, for example, in Vologda, Arkhangelsk, on the one hand, and in Voronezh, Orel, on the other, has its own characteristics, differing from the speech of Muscovites and St. Petersburg residents. It is clear why this is happening: the urban population has been and is being replenished by people from neighboring villages. This is how individual local words penetrate into urban speech, and the phonetics of speech retains some dialectal features and intonation features.
In V.I. Dahl’s dictionary, literature, verbal sciences are sciences leading to the study of words, speech, correct and elegant language.

Ethnographic(from ethnography) - description of the life, character and customs of the people (according to V. I. Dahl’s dictionary)