Formation of language culture and language norms. Characteristics of the concept “linguistic culture”

According to F. Dostoevsky, “language is the people.” The famous French writer A. Camus declared: “My homeland is the French language.”

Language is the main instrument of knowledge and mastery of the outside world. He also performs the main means of communication between people. Equally, language makes it possible to get to know other cultures.

Being inseparable from national cultures, languages ​​go along with them through the same vicissitudes of fate. Therefore, starting from the New Age, as the world was redivided into spheres of influence, many languages ​​of ethnic groups and peoples who fell into colonial and other dependence found themselves increasingly squeezed out of the historical scene.

These days, this situation has become even more complex. If in the past the problem of survival concerned mainly the languages ​​of dependent and backward countries and peoples, now it also affects developed European countries. This is caused by the growing expansion of the English (American) language, which is increasingly becoming a universal means of communication. For this reason, mixed, hybrid languages ​​arise, an example of which is the so-called “Frangle” or “Frenchlish”, which is a bizarre mixture of French and English.

In this case, of course, it is not only the language that suffers, but the entire national culture, which in its own country becomes unimportant and secondary. What is happening is what Western theorists call "folklorization" European cultures, when they begin to take the place of folklore, become local exotics. He is experiencing the current situation in a particularly acute and painful way. France, which for three centuries - from mid-17th century until the middle of the 20th century. - was rightfully considered the first cultural power, and its language occupied a special, privileged place. However, by the middle of this century, the situation of the French language and culture is significantly deteriorating. In contrast to this, an international movement of francophonie is emerging, the main goal of which is the protection, preservation and dissemination of the French language and culture.

In the history of Western Europe, French was the third language that managed to become a universal language of international communication. Before him, only Greek and Latin achieved this status. Around the 10th century. The French language is beginning to become more and more equal in meaning to Latin. Since the 17th century. it spreads throughout the world, and with it French culture, the influence of which in the 18th century. reaches unprecedented power. The entire enlightened elite of Europe and America, including Russia, speaks and reads French. For society ladies, knowledge of the French language and playing the harpsichord is considered mandatory in all countries.

The expression “French Europe,” coined by the Italian diplomat Caraccioli, is quickly becoming generally accepted. Period from 1889 to 1914 is considered the golden age of the expansion of French culture to all countries and continents. Paris becomes the capital of world art. Many creators accept the well-known formula, according to which every artist has two homelands: one is his own, and the second is Paris.

However, in the 20th century. Fortune turns away from the French language. Already in 1918, with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, it lost its monopoly of being the only language international diplomacy. Even more serious losses were caused by the unfavorable results of the Second World War for France. Began in the late 1950s. the process of collapse of the colonial system worsened the situation. as many former French colonies abandoned the French language.

The French language lost its privileged place to English (American). It is under such conditions that Francophonie. It currently covers more than 50 countries and has adherents on all five continents. Although its objectives are the protection, preservation and prosperity of the French language and culture, it does not claim to restore their former priority. Equally, she does not challenge the established primacy in English, but opposes its complete dominance, against its displacement of other languages. Francophonie stands for the preservation and development of all languages ​​and cultures, for their fruitful coexistence and mutual enrichment.

However, objectively, the languages ​​of small ethnic groups and peoples are in an even more difficult situation. For them, it is no longer bilingualism, but rather multilingualism. the only way out from folding to modern world linguistic situation.

Exploring the meaning of language in culture

Each local is formed in specific historical and natural conditions and will create its own picture of the world, its own image of man and its own language of communication. Each culture has its own language system, with the help of which its speakers communicate with each other, but this is not the only purpose and role of language in culture. Outside of language, culture is simply impossible, since language forms the entire foundation, the internal basis. Through language, people convey and record symbols, norms, customs, transmit information, scientific knowledge and patterns of behavior, beliefs, ideas, feelings, values, attitudes. This is how socialization occurs, which is expressed in the assimilation cultural norms and mastering social roles, without which a person cannot live in society. Through language, coherence, harmony and stability are achieved in society.

The role of language in the processes of human communication has been the subject of scientific analysis since the beginning of modern times. It was studied by D. Vico, I. Herder, W. Humboldt and others, thereby laying the foundations of linguistics. Today, language is also studied by psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. Great success in the study of language and speech communication brought the 20th century, when scientists connected language and culture.

Pioneers in the study of the connection between language and culture were the American cultural anthropologist F. Boas and the British social anthropologist B. Malinovsky. Boas pointed out this connection back in 1911, illustrating it by comparing the two cultures through their vocabulary. So, for most North Americans, snow is just a weather phenomenon and in their vocabulary this concept is denoted by only two words: “snow” (snow) and “slush” (slush), and in the Eskimo language there are more than 20 words describing snow in different states . From this it is clear what is important in each of these cultures.

A significant contribution to the understanding of the connection between language and culture was made by the famous linguistic hypothesis Sapir-Whorf, according to which language is not just a tool for reproducing thoughts, it itself shapes our thoughts, moreover, we see the world the way we speak. To arrive at this idea, scientists analyzed not the composition of different languages, but their structures (European languages ​​and the Hopi language). For example, it was found that in the Hopi language there is no division into past, present and future tense; A English sentence“He stayed ten days” in Hopi corresponds to the sentence “He stayed until the eleventh day.” Using examples of this type, Whorf explains the connection between culture and language.

The importance of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis should not be exaggerated: ultimately, the content of a person’s thoughts and ideas is determined by their subject. A person is able to live in the real world precisely because life experience forces him to correct errors of perception and thinking when they come into conflict. Therefore, culture lives and develops in a “linguistic shell”, and it is not the “shell” that dictates the content of culture. But the role of the connection between language, thinking and culture should not be underestimated. It is language that serves as the basis for the picture of the world that every person develops and puts in order many objects and phenomena observed in the world around us. Any object or phenomenon is accessible to a person only when it has a name. Otherwise, they simply do not exist for us. Having given them a name, a person includes a new concept in the network of concepts that exists in his mind, in other words, he introduces new element into the existing picture of the world. We can say that language is not only a means of communication or a stirrer of emotions. Each language not only reflects the world, but builds an ideal world in the human mind, constructs reality. Therefore, language and worldview are inextricably linked.

In cultural literature meaning of language most often assessed as:

• a mirror of culture, which reflects not only the real, surrounding a person the world, but also the mentality of the people, their national character, traditions, customs, morality, system of norms and values, picture of the world;
• a pantry, a treasury of culture, since all knowledge, skills, material and spiritual values ​​accumulated by the people are stored in their language system- folklore, books, oral and writing;
• a carrier of culture, since it is through language that it is passed on from generation to generation. Children in the process of culture, mastering their native language, together with it master the generalized experience of previous generations;
• a cultural instrument that shapes the personality of a person who, through language, perceives the mentality, traditions and customs of his people, as well as a specific cultural image of the world.

In addition, the language:

• facilitates human adaptation to environmental conditions;
• helps to correctly evaluate objects, phenomena and their relationships, promotes the identification of objects in the surrounding world, their classification and the organization of information about it;
• promotes the organization and coordination of human activity.

Culture is transmitted through language, the ability to which distinguishes man from all other creatures. Thanks to language, culture is possible as the accumulation and accumulation of knowledge, as well as its transfer from the past to the future. Therefore, man, unlike animals, does not begin his development anew in each subsequent generation. If he did not possess any skills and abilities, his behavior would be regulated by instincts, and he himself practically did not stand out from other animals. It can be argued that language is both a product of culture and its important component, and the condition for its existence.

This also means that between language and the real world there is a person - a native speaker of language and culture. It is he who realizes and perceives the world through the senses, and creates his own ideas about the world on this basis. They, in turn, are rationally comprehended in concepts, judgments and conclusions that can be conveyed to other people. Consequently, thinking stands between the real world and language.

The word reflects not the object or phenomenon of the surrounding world itself, but how a person sees it, through the prism of the picture of the world that exists in his mind and which is determined by his culture. The consciousness of each person is formed both under the influence of his individual experience, and as a result, during which he masters the experience of previous generations. We can say that language is not a mirror that accurately reflects everything around us, but a prism through which we look at the world and which is different in every culture. Language, thinking and culture are so closely interconnected that they practically form a single whole and cannot function without each other.

The path from the real world to the concept and the expression of this concept in words varies among different peoples, being determined by natural, climatic conditions, as well as the social environment. Due to these circumstances, each nation has its own history, its own cultural and linguistic picture of the world. At the same time, the cultural picture of the world is always richer than the linguistic one. But it is in language that the cultural picture of the world is realized, verbalized, stored and transmitted from generation to generation.

In this process, words are not just names of objects and phenomena, but a fragment of reality, passed through the prism of the cultural picture of the world and, thanks to this, acquiring specific features inherent in a given people. Therefore, where a Russian person sees two colors - blue and blue, an Englishman sees only one color - blue, although both look at the same part of the spectrum, i.e. language imposes a certain vision of the world on a person. The same fragment of reality, the same concept has different forms of linguistic expression in different languages. Therefore, when studying a foreign language, the words of this language, the student gets acquainted with an element of someone else’s picture of the world and tries to combine it with his picture of the world, given by his native language. This is one of the main difficulties in learning a foreign language.

Linguistic practice indicates that language is not a mechanical appendage of any culture, since in this case the potential of the language would be limited to the framework of only one culture and the language could not be used in intercultural communication. In fact, one of the leading properties of language is its universality, which allows a person to use language as a means of communication in all potentially possible communication situations, including in relation to other cultures.

Most problems arise when translating information from one language to another. Obviously, an absolutely accurate translation is impossible due to different pictures of the world created by different languages. The most common case of linguistic inconsistency is the absence of an exact equivalent to express a particular concept and even the absence of the concept itself. This is because the concepts or things denoted by such terms are unique to a given culture, are not found in other cultures, and therefore do not have terms to express them. Thus, in the Russian language there are no concepts of “ale” or “whiskey”, which means there are no corresponding words in the Russian language. At the same time, there are no words in English for pancakes, borscht, vodka, etc. If necessary, such concepts are expressed using borrowings. There are not very many non-lexical borrowings in the lexicon of any language (usually no more than 6-7%).

Perhaps the most difficult situations in intercultural communication are situations when the same concept is expressed differently - excessively or insufficiently - in different languages ​​(remember our example with color in Russians and English). The problem is that the meaning of a word is not limited to the lexical concept (denotation of the word), but largely depends on its lexical-phraseological compatibility and connotation - the cultural understanding of the people about certain objects and phenomena of reality. A complete coincidence of the named aspects of a word is practically impossible, and therefore it is impossible to translate words only with the help of a dictionary, which gives a long list of possible meanings of the word being translated. When studying a foreign language and using it in communication, you should memorize and use words not individually, according to their meanings, but in natural, most stable combinations inherent in a given language.

For example, “victory” can only be “won”, “role” - “play”, “meaning” - “have”. Russian " strong tea"in English would be 'strong tea', and 'heavy rain' would be 'heavy rain'. These examples of lexical and phraseological compatibility of words, natural and familiar in the native language, will be incomprehensible to a foreigner (if he translates them using a dictionary).

In addition, there is a problem of inconsistency between the cultural ideas of different peoples about certain objects and phenomena of reality, which are indicated by equivalent words of these languages ​​(connotation). For example, the phrase “green eyes” in Russian is very poetic, suggesting witchcraft eyes. But its same phrase in English (green eyes) serves as a figurative synonym for the feelings of envy and jealousy, which W. Shakespeare called the “green-eyed monster” in the tragedy “Othello”.

The word as a unit of language correlates with the designated object or phenomenon of the real world. However, in different cultures this correspondence may be different, since these objects or phenomena themselves and cultural ideas about them may be different. For example, the English term “house” differs from the Russian concept of “house”. For us, home means a place of residence, a place of work, any building and institution. For an Englishman, the concept of “house” means only a building or structure, and home is conveyed by the word "home". This means that in Russian the concept of “house” is broader than the concept of “house” in English.

Currently, the generally accepted point of view is that the culture and language of every nation contains both universal and national components. Universal meanings, equally understood by all people in the world or representatives of individual cultures, create the basis for intercultural communication; without them, intercultural understanding would be impossible in principle. At the same time, in any culture there are specific cultural meanings enshrined in language, moral norms, beliefs, behavioral characteristics, etc. The connection between language, thinking and culture demonstrated above is part of the concept developed in the 20th century. semiotic approach to culture, considering culture as a set of signs and texts.

Skorovarova Lyubov Pavlovna, Senior Lecturer

The purpose of the course is to introduce the student to the world of Russian language culture, to show ways and means of overcoming communicative difficulties that are typically characteristic of students at technical universities, and most importantly, to awaken the desire to improve in the art of speaking in various situations. The course is aimed at developing students' abilities to competently, adequately and accurately use the modern Russian literary language in oral and written speech. Considerable time is devoted to practical classes, during which individual students will be identified to have deviations from the norm of the literary language in the areas of spelling, grammar and vocabulary. Therefore, a necessary component of the training will be individual work with such students.
As educational material During the classes, the most striking countries of Russian fiction are used, as well as samples of scientific, popular science and journalistic literature on topics close to MIPT students, including tape recordings of speeches and lectures by Physics and Technology professors.

Topic 1. INTRODUCTION

Brief historical overview formation of the Russian literary language over the course of a millennium (X-XX centuries). Creation of the Old Church Slavonic language by Cyril and Methodius. Old Church Slavonic and Old Russian languages. The role of Novgorod excavations under the leadership of Academician V.L. Yanin in the second half of the twentieth century. in the assessment of ancient Russian language culture. The language of chronicles. The role of monasteries. Language reform M.V. Lomonosov. Formation of the Russian literary language in the 19th century. Language A.S. Pushkin and his influence on Russian linguistic culture.
Complex processes in Russian linguistic culture of the twentieth century. as a reflection of the cataclysms of Russian history. Scientific and technological revolution: the influence of electronic media and the Internet. The meaning of reference dictionaries. Characteristic various types dictionaries. Explanatory, spelling, encyclopedic dictionaries, synonym dictionaries, etc.
Modern Russian language in the system of world languages. Russian language in the post-Soviet space after the collapse of the USSR. Public policy in the field of language: the loss of the national state language is a direct threat to the preservation of the nation and state. The problem of the gap in language communication between national communities, between different age groups of the population.
Federal target program"Russian language 2002-2005", extended until 2010.

Topic 2. CULTURE OF SPEECH

Norms colloquial speech. Issues of etiquette and ethics in speech: speaker and listener. Psychological variants of speech behavior. Conditions for exposure to the living word. Abuse of words. Causes of communication failures. Compliance with moral standards in various communication situations (for example, in a situation of an order, request, refusal, etc.). The art of dialogue and polylogue. Rhetorical figures in colloquial speech. Methods of emotional influence on the interlocutor, aesthetics of colloquial speech. Ethics telephone conversation. The problem of profanity in modern Russian spoken language.

Topic 3. CULTURE OF SPEECH (oral and written)

Stylistic difference between oral and written oratory.
Kinds oratorical speech:
1. Political eloquence: reports at congresses, conferences, rallies, parliamentary speeches, various types of public speeches in the media on socio-political topics. Varied means of expression influencing the audience to achieve the effect desired by the speaker. Outstanding performances of politicians in the pre-revolutionary State Duma(P.A. Stolypin, V.M. Purishkevich, S.Yu. Witte, N.A. Maklakov, P.B. Struve, etc.). Revolutionary speakers - M.A. Bakunin, P.A. Kropotkin, V.I. Lenin, G.V. Plekhanov, L.D. Trotsky, I.V. Stalin, A.V. Lunacharsky and others.
Speeches of modern politicians- M.S. Gorbachev, V.S. Chernomyrdina, B.N. Yeltsin, V.V. Zhirinovsky and others. Samples oratory in public speeches D.S. Likhachev (1989) and A.I. Solzhenitsyn (1994).
2. Academic eloquence. Its types: university lecture, scientific report, message, speeches at seminars, conferences, etc., popular science journalism. Features of each of these types of public speaking. Individual teaching techniques. Outstanding lecturers at Phystech.
3. Judicial eloquence. Speeches by talented Russian lawyers - A.F. Koni, N.P. Karabchevsky, F.N. Plevako et al.
4. Spiritual eloquence. The science of Christian church preaching, which has rich and deep traditions. “The Sermon on Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion (11th century), sermons by Simeon of Polotsk (17th century), Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow (19th century), books by Father Alexander Men (20th century), etc.
5. Everyday eloquence. Its diverse forms, traditions and individual skill of the speaker. Anniversary speeches, addresses, greeting messages, speeches at banquets, academic receptions, friendly feasts, etc.
Techniques for well-prepared “improvisation” of everyday eloquence.

Topic 4. CULTURE OF DISCUSSION-POLEMICAL SPEECH

Dispute, controversy, discussion, disputation, debate - the semantic differences between these concepts. The popularity of discursive and polemical forms in modern media.
Two main types of "disputes":
1. “Dispute” as a means of jointly finding a solution to a problem or problem (scientific discussions, debates);
2. "Argument" as a means psychological impact on the enemy (most political disputes).
Problems of etiquette and ethics in a dispute situation. Use of evaluation linguistic means in a dispute situation.

Topic 5. CULTURE OF BUSINESS SPEECH

Features and norms of official business style. Genres of documentation. Compositional features of official documents. Document drafting culture: methods of presenting material, proportionality of parts, the importance of precise wording in a business document, clarity and conciseness of style. Business etiquette: personal and written messages. Choosing the genre of a business document: statement, letter, memo, memo, explanatory letter, power of attorney, etc.
Oral business speech, business telephone conversation.

Topic 6. MODERN MEDIA AND CULTURE OF SPEECH

Information field. Types and functions of mass media. Means of speech expression. Tendency towards expression and standardization. Stamps, cliches, types of allusion, etc.
Stylistics of periodical press genres: essay, sketch, interview, portrait, reportage, etc. The influence of the media on the linguistic culture of the population.

SEMINAR TOPICS:

1. Genres and ethics of speech communication.
2. Style and genre features of the scientific style.
3. Business style text forms.
4. Means of speech expression in various genres.

ABSTRACT TOPICS:

Write on the materials of Physics and Technology life (optional):
- feature article
- story
- report
- feuilleton
- story
- interview
- review

LITERATURE

1. Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for universities. - M., Nauka, 2006.
2. Rosenthal D.E. Large reference book on the Russian language. Spelling. Punctuation. Orthographic dictionary. Uppercase or lowercase? - M., Onyx, 2006.
3. Rosenthal D.E., Dzhadzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. - M., 1994.
4. Chukovsky K.I. Alive as life. About the Russian language. Any edition.
5. Everything simple is true... Aphorisms and reflections of Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. - M., MIPT publishing house, 1994.
6. I am Physics and Technology. - M., 1996.
7. For scientific humor. - M., 2000.

Language- a complex of signs and sensually perceived forms (which also seem to become signs, but still too specific, original). These signs and elements forms become carriers of meanings (meanings, ideal ideas, principles, positions, etc.).
In fact, by the concept of “language” we designate a whole complex of cultural languages. In addition to languages ​​in the traditional linguistic sense and the languages ​​of science (symbols, icons, formulas, etc.), the languages ​​of culture include the languages ​​of various types of art (painting, architecture, music, dance, etc.), and the language of fashion and costume, and the language of everyday things, as well as the language of gestures, facial expressions, movements, intonations.
One of the linguistic forms is the image. An image is a carrier of an emotional impulse; an image is something that has been experienced and perceived vividly and in its own way.

Mother tongue refers to those dimensions of a person that are not selected. The nature of human speech activity is dual: it contains both innate (genetic) and acquired. Genetically, people have the ability to master a language, any language, in the first years of life. However, this does not depend on genetics, but on social conditions. Acquiring a first language is a socio-psychological process. A person is not free to choose his first language, because it is acquired involuntarily, spontaneously, without targeted training.

The primitive communal era was characterized by the plurality and fragmentation of languages ​​within the language family in the absence of clear boundaries between languages. In relatively small spaces, many related languages ​​and dialects coexisted, forming a linguistic continuum (linguistic continuity). This is a situation where two neighboring languages ​​are very similar, close to each other; languages ​​between which there is another language are less similar, etc. Such a linguistic landscape found N.N. in the 70-80s of the last century. Miklouho-Maclay in New Guinea. A similar picture emerged for researchers in Australia, Oceania, and Africa. In Australia in the last century, for every 300 thousand Aborigines there were 500 languages ​​of the Australian language family, i.e. on average one language per 600 people. The primitive era is characterized by rapid changes in languages ​​due to constant and deep linguistic contacts. The existence of one language could be and was very short; languages ​​that were not fixed in a written tradition were easily forgotten, and this did not bother anyone. In the 19th-20th centuries, researchers of archaic communities were amazed at how many names in tribal languages ​​there were for everything concrete and individual, allowing one to represent the outside world in visible, audible, and tangible detail in speech, with noticeable gaps in the sphere of general and generic designations. Australian Aborigines, for example, do not have words for common gender: bird or tree, but extremely specific terms that apply to each particular species of tree, bird, or fish. Australians have separate names for almost every small part human body, instead of the word hand, they have many words denoting left right hand, top part hands, etc.
As the human community developed, languages ​​appeared in which this or that religious doctrine was first expounded or written down, and subsequently canonized; these languages ​​later began to be called “prophetic” or “apostolic”; there are few such languages: Vedic, later Sanskrit, close to it, Wenyan ( the language of the writings of Confucius), the Avestan language, written literary Arabic (the language of the Koran), Greek and Latin, Church Slavonic and a few others. With the spread of world religions, a situation arises of a discrepancy between the supra-ethnic language of religion and book and written culture (close to religion) and the local folk language, which served everyday communication, including partly written communication. The international confessional languages ​​of the Middle Ages created the opportunity for communication within the boundaries of their cultural and religious worlds. The communicative significance becomes especially obvious if we take into account another significant feature of the linguistic situations of that time - the strong dialectal fragmentation of languages. During this era, supra-dialectal forms of communication “Koine” also emerged; later, on their basis, folk ethnic literary languages ​​were formed - such as Hindi, French and Russian, in contrast to the cult languages ​​- Sanskrit, Latin and Church Slavonic.
In modern times, the bilingualism of the bookish written and folk languages ​​is gradually being overcome. Folk languages ​​are becoming the main languages ​​of the school of science and book and written culture. Religious books are translated into them. Literary languages, as supra-dialectal forms of communication, displace and absorb dialects, gradually go beyond the limits of written use and include everyday communication - speech - into the sphere of correct use. Social integration of society determines the growing linguistic unity of the ethnic group.

In terms of the number of languages ​​and backgammon on Earth, there is a sharp asymmetry: there are significantly more languages ​​than peoples (about 2.5-5 thousand (or 30 thousand with dialects) languages ​​for about 1 thousand peoples. This is not the only sign of an ethnos or people.

From a philosophical point of view, language belongs to the category of spiritual culture of humanity. This is the form public consciousness, that is, a reflection of the world in the consciousness of humanity. Language represents the image of the world, knowledge about the world. Language is a way of communication, a communication system that has its own content and the ability to convey, communicate this content in the form of social experience (cultural norms and traditions, natural science and technological knowledge).
The uniqueness of language as a social phenomenon is rooted in two of its features: firstly, in the universality of language as a means of communication and, secondly, in the fact that language is a means, not the content and not the goal of communication, the semantic shell of social consciousness but not itself. consciousness. The role of language is comparable to the role of a dictionary in relation to the entire variety of texts that can be written using this dictionary. The same language can be a means of expressing polar ideologies, etc.
Language acts as a universal means of communication of the people; it preserves the unity of the people in the historical change of generations and social formations, despite social barriers, thereby uniting the people in time, in geographical and social space.
In many ethical languages ​​there are two different words for designation: there is language (i.e. a set of meanings and means of expression common to the entire linguistic community) and there is speech (the use of these general opportunities in individual speech activity, i.e. in specific communicative acts).Language is speech, but correct, standardized. Speech is the individual use of language, but without rules, without norms, outside the law. Speech is the property of individuality, special social group. Language imposes a ban on the use of words for purposes other than their intended purpose by individual speech. Because language is a socio-ideological system of signs, a semantic and meaningful norm, something universal that everyone uses to understand each other and recognize the world. Language is the source of culture as a norm (something stable, prescribed, generally accepted). Attention to language in postmodernism comes from the desire to change the paradigm of culture, which is impossible without the destruction of language - its institutional basis.
The plan of language content (linguistic semantics) includes two classes of meanings: the meanings of words and the meanings of grammatical structures and forms. In the processes of mapping the world, lexical meanings occupy a middle position between representations as a form of visual-figurative knowledge and concepts as a form of abstract-logical thinking. Most of lexical meanings- these are common to carriers (supra-individual) and fairly stable ideas about objects, properties and processes of the external world.
Information stored in a language at two levels: in the language itself (library of meanings), using the language (library of texts). Of course, the first one is many times smaller in volume than the second one. However, despite the limited amount of information that makes up the semantics of a language, it plays an exceptionally important role in mastering the entire information wealth of humanity. The fact is that the meanings of words and the content of grammatical categories - all these inaccurate and shallow ideas about reality - captured the first and therefore important experience of man’s mastery of the surrounding reality. These initial ideas generally do not contradict the later acquired knowledge. On the contrary, they form the foundation on which the walls of even more complete, deep and accurate knowledge about the world are gradually erected.
In its main volume, the information that makes up the semantics of a language is known to all speakers of that language, without distinction. Before school, only in the process of language acquisition, ideas about time and space, action, goals, etc. are formed in the child’s mind (unnamed and not conscious before learning). laws of the surrounding world. This information is generally stable, as opposed to changing text information. Unlike linguistic semantics, late information contained in texts is known to individual speakers in to varying degrees based on age, education, etc.
Thus, language knows little about the world, for language is the first modeling semiotic system of human consciousness, the first imprinted view of the world. The picture of the world reflected in language can be described as naive (unscientific), it is seen through the eyes of a person (not God or an instrument), therefore it is approximate and inaccurate, but the picture of the language is mainly visual and corresponds to common sense, what knows the language is publicly and generally known, This is the semantic foundation of human consciousness.

Belief in the determining influence of language on spiritual development people was the basis of the philosophy of language of Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835), studying the language of the Spanish Basques, sharply different from the languages Indo-European family, Humboldt came to the idea that different languages ​​are not just different shells of social consciousness, but different visions of the world. Later, in his work “On the Difference in the Structure of Human Languages ​​and Its Influence on the Spiritual Development of Mankind,” Humboldt wrote: “Each language contains an original worldview. Just as an individual sound comes between objects and a person, so the whole language as a whole acts between a person and nature, influencing on it from the inside and from the outside. Each language describes a circle around the people to which it belongs, from which a person is given the opportunity to leave only insofar as he immediately enters the circle of another language." In Russia, Humboldt’s ideas about the influence of language on the national consciousness were developed by A.A. Potebnya (1835-1891), he found the participation of language also in the development of thought itself.
The belief that people see the world differently - through the prism of their native language - underlies the theory of "linguistic relativity" of the Americans Edward Sapir (1884-1939) and Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941). They sought to prove that the differences between Central European culture and the cultural world of the Indians were due to differences in languages. In the 60s, numerous experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis of “linguistic relativity”. In general, the experiments did not reveal any dependence of the results cognitive processes from the lexical and grammatical structure of the language. At best, one could talk about confirmation of the “weak” version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: “it is easier for speakers of certain languages ​​to speak and think about certain things because the language itself makes this task easier for them.” In general, psychologists have come to the conclusion that the main variable here is the activity of the cognitive person. In the Sapir-Whorf experiments, we are talking about the participation of language in the processes of perception, reproduction and memorization, and not about different pictures of the world. In general, we can conclude that a person is not in an insurmountable captivity of language, but for a person the world of his native language is the “house of being,” “the most intimate womb of culture” (M. Heidegger). This is the natural psychological environment of a person, that figurative and mental “air” that he breathes, in which his consciousness lives.

R.O. Jacobson defined a system of functions of language and speech:

• information reporting function
• expressive-emotive function (expressing one’s attitude towards what is being communicated)
• aesthetic
• an appealing function associated with the regulation of the behavior of the message addressee, private
  a case of the latter can be called the magical function of speech

Manifestations of the latter include conspiracies, curses, oaths (piety and oath), prayers, predictions, praises, taboos and taboo substitutions, vows of silence, sacred texts. A common feature the relationship to the word as a magical force is the unconventional interpretation of the linguistic sign, i.e. the idea that a word is not a conventional designation of some object, but a part of it, therefore pronouncing a ritual name can evoke the presence of the one named by it, and a mistake in a verbal ritual can offend and anger higher power or harm them. The origins of the non-conventional perception of a sign lie in the primary syncretism of the reflection of the world in the human psyche - this is one of the features of pre-logical thinking. But a different logic prevails: the story of the past is enough. To explain the present, similar phenomena can be identified, succession in time can be perceived as a cause-and-effect relationship, and the name of a thing as its essence. Identifying the sign and the signified, the word and the object, the name of the thing and the essence of the thing, mythological consciousness tends to attribute to the word certain transcendental properties - such as magical possibilities. In the mythological consciousness, the name of a deity or especially ritual formulas are fetishized; the fish can be worshiped as an icon or relics or other religious shrines. The very sound or writing of a name can be presented as a request addressed to God to allow, help, bless.
In the Orthodox Creed the following words were read: I believe... in God... born, not created. Under Patriarch Nikon, the conjunction “a” was omitted, which caused severe rejection from opponents of church reforms. In general, the fear of translations of Scripture into another language and, in general, the fear of any translations are associated with the unconventional perception of the sign. Even purely formal, variations in the expression of sacred meanings, hence the increased attention to spelling, spelling and even calligraphy. The name seemed to be the mysterious essence of a thing; to know the name meant to have power over what was named. The name is one of the main secrets of the world. Who named things? What do people's names mean? How do sounds make up a name? What does a name mean in a person’s destiny? There are two opposite extremes associated with names: the taboo on pronouncing the name and repeated repetitions of the name. Name main tool of magic. Almost all designations of someone who casts a spell are associated with verbs denoting speech. (doctor, sorcerer, fortune teller, soothsayer, etc.) The name can also act as a talisman.
In times of sharp ideological shifts, there was a conscious break with the previous tradition, which required at least a partial rejection of the corresponding language.
From the point of view of psychology and semiotics, the unconventional interpretation of a sign in a sacred text appears as an irrational and subjectively biased attitude towards the word. Close to the aesthetic function of the word. It is not for nothing that the first poetic texts went back to magical texts. The magic of poetry is based on expression. The prophet and the poet are one person (Orpheus).

Body movements and gestures preceded words, sound language developed as a kind of translation and consolidation in sound of those meanings that were expressed through movements and gestures. The mythological preconscious (collective unconscious) also preceded language; in its content, mythological consciousness is deeper and more significant than the system of linguistic meanings: myth is the syncretic worldview and worldview of primitive man. Language, as a simpler and clearer system, translated the vague images of the collective unconscious into a more reliable shell of words. But language acts as the most durable shell of early forms of social consciousness.

If classical philosophy dealt mainly with the problem of knowledge, i.e. relations between thinking and the material world, then almost all modern Western philosophy is experiencing a kind of “turn to language” (a linguistic turn), placing the problem of language in the center of attention, and therefore questions of cognition and meaning acquire a purely linguistic character in them. Poststructuralism, following Foucault, sees in modern society primarily the struggle for the “power of interpretation” of various ideological systems. At the same time, the “dominant ideologies,” taking over the cultural industry, in other words, the media, impose their language on individuals, i.e. according to the ideas of structuralists, who identify thinking with language, they impose the very way of thinking that meets the needs of these ideologies. Thus, the dominant ideologies significantly limit the ability of individuals to understand their life experience, their material existence. The modern cultural industry, by denying the individual an adequate means of organizing his own life experience, thereby depriving him of the necessary language for understanding both himself and the world around him. Thus, language is considered not just as a means of cognition, but also as an instrument of social communication, the manipulation of which concerns not only the language of science, but is mainly manifested in the degradation of the language of everyday life, serving as a symptom of “relations of domination and suppression.”
According to Foucault, each era has a more or less unified system of knowledge - an episteme. In turn, it is realized in the speech practice of contemporaries as a strictly defined language code - a set of instructions and prohibitions. This linguistic hole unconsciously predetermines the linguistic behavior, and therefore the thinking of individual individuals.
The most accessible and information-rich way to comprehend the consciousness of another person is information conveyed using ordinary language. Consciousness can not only be identified with oral speech. But also with written text as the only possible means its recording in a more or less reliable way. Considering the world exclusively through the prism of consciousness, as a phenomenon of written culture, poststructuralists liken the self-awareness of an individual to a certain sum of texts in the mass of texts of a different nature, which, in their opinion, constitutes the world of culture. Any individual is inside the text, i.e. within the framework of a certain historical consciousness, as far as it is available to us in the available texts. The whole world is ultimately perceived as an endless, limitless text (Derrida), like a cosmic library, like a dictionary or encyclopedia (Eco).

Literature serves as a model for all texts, ensuring that the reader understands them.

• Language precedes man and even establishes him as such
• It is not the person who speaks this or that language, but the language “pronounces” the person according to those rules
  and laws that man is not given to know

Rhetoric

The word "rhetoric" has three meanings:
1. Rhetoric as the science of the general conditions of motivating discourse (semiology);
2. Rhetoric as a technique for generating a certain type of statement, as a mastery of argumentation techniques that make it possible to generate statements of conviction based on a reasonable balance of information and redundancy.
3. Rhetoric as a set of techniques of persuasion that have already been tested and accepted in society. In the latter case, rhetoric acts as a repository of established forms and well-established solutions.
There is a contradiction at the heart of rhetoric: on the one hand, rhetoric focuses on speeches that seek to convince the listener of something that he does not yet know, on the other hand, it achieves this based on what is already somehow known and desirable, trying to prove to him that the proposed solution necessarily follows from this knowledge and desire.

From some psychophysiological experiments it follows that human reactions to some essentially important stimuli are slowed down in comparison with similar reactions of animals by about one second. Apparently, the reason for this delay is hidden speech activity. It is language-consciousness that separates a person from the world. Even among primitive people, overcoming this isolation occurs through ritual and myth or silence.

1

The article aims to consider issues of speech culture in everyday life. The issues of violation of the basic principles of ethics of business relations during public speaking and deviations from language norms are considered. In addition, conclusions were drawn regarding the features of official speech. The article talks about the stages of a speech, how to structure a speech correctly, how to prepare for a meeting with listeners, and techniques for managing an audience. It provides explanations regarding the polite use of speech patterns in accordance with etiquette standards, and provides ways to improve those that express respectful attitude to the listeners.

a culture of speech

language norm

public speaking

business relationship

communication

language structure

1. Kurmanbaeva Sh.K. On the issues of teaching the Kazakh language through educational texts using a computer training program // Electronic scientific journal " Contemporary issues science and education". – 2015. – No. 1.

2. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G. Culture and art of speech. – Rostov-on-Don, 1995. P. 168.

3. Ivin A.A. Rhetoric: the art of persuasion: Tutorial. M.: FAIR PRESS, 2003. P. 208.

4. Ualiev N. Culture of the word. - Almaty. 2007. P. 184.

Currently, a pressing issue is the issue of developing a speech culture for future specialists. Speech development is possible only through language communication. According to experts, language abilities and language culture make it possible to find solutions in various life situations. Higher educational institutions preparing future teachers must take this situation into account. Therefore, great importance in the formation of culture, civilization, religion, and language of the future generation must be given to the development and improvement of professional skills and linguistic culture. The difference between linguistic culture and other areas of linguistics lies in the use of language in everyday life, in its close connection with the culture of writing and oral speech. Linguistic culture means the appropriate use of linguistic means in communicative communication, depending on the conditions and sphere of communication.

Purpose of the study: to develop in future specialists the desire to professional skills and linguistic culture.

Materials and research methods:

1. Linguistic culture is important in the training of teaching staff with higher education.

2. Use of new technologies, effective methods and techniques for the purpose of forming language culture, language norms, and professional skills.

3. Formation public opinion in a relationship speech culture, assessment of speech culture as the basis of social sciences and national culture.

Language is a means of communication. Language is a mirror that reflects a person’s intellect, the level of development of his culture, reason, and spiritual wealth. Issues of linguistic culture are so important that not a single nationality, not a single nation could leave this problem without consideration. The Kazakh people also attached great importance to the skill of speech: “A well-aimed word is a manifestation of art.” Speech culture is based on spelling standards Oh. If spelling norms - correct pronunciation words, lexical norms- the correct use of words through selection, taking into account the compatibility of words, then grammatical norms in the culture of speech are considered as stable norms. In the culture of speech, an important role is played by precision of thought, clarity, purity of speech, sincerity, which can influence state of mind(regardless of the use of words: simple (neutral) or figurative-expressive), imagery.

In the culture of speech, a stylistic norm is realized only if orthoepic, punctuation, lexico-grammatical, syntactic norms and their communicative and aesthetic functions. Stylistic norms contribute to the formation correct speech. The culture of speech is realized and manifested in all spheres of language use: in artistic, popular science, official and even in everyday life.

Speech culture is an important indicator professional level any specialist, especially entrepreneurs, lawyers, broadcasters, journalists, politicians. Speech culture and speaking skill play an important role in the communication process. Therefore, everyone who has to engage in organizing, managing activities, conducting business negotiations, working in the field of education, training, healthcare, and in the field of consumer services must have a culture of speech. Based on the speaker’s speech, one can determine the level of his spiritual and moral development, the level of internal culture.

Speech culture means mastering the oral and written norms of a literary language (pronunciation of words, stress, use of words, grammatical, stylistic rules) and the ability to use the means of expressive language in different conditions in accordance with goals and circumstances.

Let's take a closer look at these signs of speech culture:

1. Correctness is compliance with the norms of language. Correctness implies compliance of the pronunciation of words and their spelling with the stylistic norms of the language.

2. Compliance with the sphere of communication means the appropriate use of words and statements in accordance with the communication situation.

3. Accuracy of opinion is the ability to clearly, concisely and accurately express and convey your thoughts to the listener. Failure to comply with these requirements can lead to confusion of paronyms - words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning.

4. Correct perception of what is stated means the correct presentation of the characteristics of objects, phenomena, their connections, relationships, and correspondence to reality.

5. Clarity and intelligibility of the expressed thoughts require their accessibility and intelligibility in relation to the listener-addressee. This is achieved through the use of words, terms, phrases, borrowed (foreign language) words, dialects, jargons, professionalisms, historicisms, obsolete words (archaisms) and new words (neologisms) in only one meaning.

7. Expressiveness of a word is the ability of a word to attract the attention of listeners and students and arouse their interest.

8. You can master methods of summarizing opinions in oral or written form through the widespread use of the entire vocabulary of the language, including synonyms.

The development of language culture begins with the ability to speak. Language, being a means of exchanging opinions and understanding, provides linguistic communication. Speech communication is a phenomenon directly related to thinking, reasoning, speaking, listening, exchanging points of view, understanding, and speaking of a person.

One of the main requirements of speech culture is correct pronunciation and correct writing words Therefore, in order for the speech to be correct, the teacher, in order to improve the quality of speech, must constantly develop the ability to formulate his thoughts taking into account their influencing function, strive for accuracy of words, effective use speech beats, different rhythms and intonations of words and sentences.

Despite the fact that words are pronounced with changes in sounds according to spelling norms, they are written, except in exceptional cases, according to spelling rules. The scientific foundations of spelling norms involve improving the teacher’s speech culture by preserving orthoepic norms, taking into account the law of syllabic synharmony and non-violation of the traditional composition of the word. For example: Saryark a, Aғ heat, Aғbota, ө rutau, ө zon, tұ rұ s, zhұ mu shshұ, Zhetіғ ara, etc.

To successfully implement business relationships, a deep knowledge of the language, its grammar, and vocabulary is not enough. In order to influence the interlocutor, to attract his attention, in order to develop the ability to conduct a conversation with friends, even with opponents, it is necessary to learn how to organize your speech in accordance with the conditions, situation and sphere of communication. If the text is prepared not by the speaker himself, but by someone else, then it will represent only a dry presentation of the word, but not living speech. In this case, the speaker will not be able to impress the listeners and touch their souls. Listeners immediately notice disharmony in the speaker’s speech.

Norms, patterns, and the origins of a specialist’s speech culture date back to ancient times. They are reflected in the statements of great speakers.

The scientist N. Ualiev in his work “Culture of the Word” defines: “The culture of language is not only politeness expressed in oral and written forms, but also a clear thought, the ability to choose a word, mastery of speech, the art of speech.”

The Kazakh people attached great importance to the purity of language and mastery of speech. special meaning. Even in times far from science and education, people recognized the importance of the word: “The art of words is the highest art,” “A well-aimed word is a manifestation of art.”

The Kazakh people have always been able to value a wise word: not bending under bullets, the Kazakh people bowed to an apt word, an aptly spoken expression was equated with manhood and honor. The people, who valued their language and the art of speech, had a negative attitude towards all manifestations of contempt for language and reflected this in proverbs. For example: A reasonable silent person is more valuable than a idle talker; talking in vain is the work of a fool; pestering a listener with empty talk is an indecent thing; a gossiper’s tongue always itches; from obscene lips - obscene speech; from the mouth good man Only good is heard, and from the lips of bad - only anger.

One of the main requirements of speech culture is the formation of language norms. Linguistic norms are formed during the development of a literary language, some of them (spelling norms, terms, punctuation norms) are compiled by linguists, others are formed through the press on the basis of existing language systems.

A linguistic norm is one of the characteristics of a literary language. We advocate universal proficiency in the literary language; the level of their proficiency in the norms of the literary language is determined by the degree of linguistic culture of the population and press representatives. This is one side of linguistic culture. In addition, linguistic culture also consists of polite speech, precise, clear expression of thoughts, appropriate use of words, and correct construction of sentences in accordance with thoughts.

The linguistic norm is formed and developed on the basis of the internal laws of the language system, which are universal. Sound system language, vocabulary richness, semantics of words, grammatical structure of the language - everything is based on the established features (specifics) of the language. They contain patterns that form the basis of literary language. Kazakh literary language absorbed all the best from the national language, unified it, made it public property in order to increase the level of linguistic culture of the entire people.

Bibliographic link

Turabaeva L.K., Kurbanov A.G., Kairbekova U.Zh., Ukibasova K.A. FORMATION OF LANGUAGE CULTURE AND LANGUAGE NORM // International Journal of Experimental Education. – 2016. – No. 6-2. – P. 244-246;
URL: http://expeducation.ru/ru/article/view?id=10228 (access date: 03/01/2019). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

Now, in post-perestroika Russia, slang is popular, the inappropriate use of foreign words, jargons of various stripes. This, of course, is all understandable. After all, who began to dominate our country after the collapse of the USSR? Organized crime world. It has its own structure, it has its own language.

And elements of this language, as the dominant culture, naturally began to occupy a dominant place. By the way, there is nothing unusual about this. This has happened at all times and among all peoples - the way of life, the culture of the core of the country spreads to the entire periphery, implanting its own language.

However, this pattern also contains back side: language, being a means of communication, can attract culture like a magnet. Therefore, the following work needs to be done: try to raise the prestige of the “high” syllable, make it distinctive feature a successful person.

Correct, balanced speech should become the norm in society. Moreover, cultural speech should be mandatory and necessary for the majority. Then, of course, such a linguistic culture will pull along with it the most appropriate layer of society. And he will take a dominant position.

In this case, unfortunately, this does not happen with us. From all sides: from newspapers, radio, television and even the Internet, a person is bombarded with examples of the use of words of low culture, and such a perverted, mutated situation with our great and powerful language in the past is already perceived, as a rule, as a worthy renewal by new trends in life. But let's figure out where the tops are and where the roots are and let's not confuse cause and effect.

For example, let's take action-packed films, which, due to their exciting nature, have a direct impact on people's minds. And what do they see? Thieves, murderers, drunken cops live bright, exciting lives. The word uttered by the hero of the film immediately becomes on everyone’s lips, sprouting like a rich harvest among the masses.

For example, let's look at the influence of the film "Interdevochka", which many have seen. Despite the complexity and tragedy of the fate of the main character, her life was presented as an exciting adventure, full of romance, a stellar rise above the ordinary, dull life of ordinary people.

And immediately the activity of a currency prostitute became prestigious for many. Do you understand what happened? One film has made paneling a tempting and promising pastime in the country. Sociological surveys of girls conducted soon showed that most of them dreamed of becoming prostitutes.

Indeed, the topic itself is relevant. Bandits and all other evil spirits are currently sweeping the country. Of course, we need to talk about this, and talk loudly so that everyone can hear it, but not in laudatory tones, thereby promoting such a way of life. But it is necessary, while showing this scum, to immediately demonstrate the other side of their life, to present it as the antithesis of the normal layer of society, which is structured and speaks differently.

It is necessary to make it prestigious and significant, primarily through the same media, and then people will have a desire to speak and live according to such a standard for the development of society. Why, for example, don’t talented artists star in an exciting film, where the main character will be an intelligent person who speaks beautifully and correctly. And in this way you can raise the importance of high, pure speech in people.

Like this naturally, the wave of cultural speech will begin to rise, and to consolidate such a surge, a law regulating the use of linguistic means can be adopted. Because such a law adopted now will not work, because it is foreign, alien to the current state of affairs, and has no basis.

First you need to raise a wave of desire among the people, and then pass a law, which only then will work constructively. This is how you can solve this issue, which now seems insoluble to many, even highly educated people.

Unfortunately, the current musical culture does not support language in any way. And the point is not that many fashionable musical trends, such as rock, pop and rap, are spoiled by low-grade imitations of something great. That's not the point. It is very important what lyrics go with this music. What do we hear?

“...Vanka-basin, I-you, aha-aha...” - that is, monstrously unconstructive, some kind of wild cries. And they, presented in a fashionable theme, impose a trend like this meaningless words, conversations without ideas, not connected by meaning. Not only that: such careless slang becomes prestigious.

A set of word-symbols that cannot form a coherent speech has become an indicator of the elite, some distinctive feature of bohemia, standing above mere mortals.

Many people, especially young people, do not notice that the intelligentsia - this immune system of society - is itself already infected with cadaveric poison that has risen from the murky prison lowlands and they begin to see hallucinations that prevent them from figuring out where the truth is and where the lies are.

Well, why not write lyrics for the same rock or rap on a cultural level, so that the theme presented has a high syllable, so that the song is pleasant and well received by listeners? All this will shape the taste of the younger generation, on whom the future of the country depends.

After all, now young people are decomposing on these meaningless clips. The basis of a thoughtless existence is fixed in their minds, and it shapes their lifestyle, distorting moral values. So, very simply, we ourselves are creating a big problem for ourselves, which we can no longer cope with using forceful operational methods.

By raising the culture of language, we raise the general culture of behavior, and therefore our standard of living. By omitting the culture of language, we trample universal human norms of communication into the mud and thereby reduce our standard of living. It is not surprising that the prestige of our country in the international arena is falling.

Why should he rise up, if even our intelligentsia often speaks like an ordinary cook?