Under creative communication a connection is understood in which there is no grammatical dependence of one component of a syntactic construction on another component. A constructive connection takes place between word forms of a simple sentence and predicative units in a complex sentence. So, using the example of a poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Echo" can distinguish more than one series of compositional connections; in the first part of the poem Is the beast roaring in the deaf forest, Is the horn blowing, is the thunder thundering, Is the maiden over the hill singing - For every sound Your response is in the empty air You will suddenly give birth a creative connection is established between four predicative units ( simple sentences as part of a complex sentence): 1) p the beast is eating in the deaf forest, 2) the horn blows, 3) Thunder, 4)the maiden over the hill sings, which in turn are connected by a subordinate connection with the fifth predicative unit: for every sound Your response is in the empty air You will suddenly give birth. In the second part You heed the roar of thunder, And the voice of the storm and the shafts, And the cry of the rural shepherds - And you send the answer... (A. Pushkin) word forms are designed with a compositional connection heed and send; rumble, voice and scream... In a sentence Every day, getting out of bed at eleven o'clock, Olga Ivanovna played the piano or, if the sun was out, painted something with oil paints(A. Chekhov) a compositional connection is established between word forms played, wrote.
Essay is a special type syntactic link, which has its own substantive and formal features.
The formal indicator of a compositional connection is compositional conjunctions. A certain type of union is assigned to the expression of a certain type of syntactic relationship. So, in the sentence On a quiet moonlit night, Olga Ivanovna stood on the deck of the Volga steamer and watched then on the water, then to beautiful shores(A. Chekhov) compositional connection between word forms stood and watched; now on the water, then on the coast... Union and expresses enumerative relationships of overlapping actions; recurring union then ... then expresses the relationship of alternation: the attention of the subject is seized by one object, then another. Wed: (L. Sobolev). Recurring connecting union no no in a sentence No longing, nor love, nor resentment, Everything faded, passed, departed(A. Block) informs about the absence of the listed denotations (referents). Wed: No in the cellars, nor in the towers, nor there were no cases in cars(L. Sobolev). Contrasting the conditions for the manifestation of different characteristics of the subject in a sentence By the years he should have been with the young, but by wealth and connections, he was a member of circles of old, respectable people(L. Tolstoy) transferred by an opposing alliance but. Recurring union not that ... not that brings value uncertainty. For example: And again not that dreaming not that Chang thinks that distant morning when, after a painful, restless ocean, a steamer, sailing from China with the captain and Chang, entered the Red Sea(I. Bunin). Union or expresses the semantic relationship of mutual exclusion. For example: Then, with the permission of Mimi, I or Volodya go to the carriage(L. Tolstoy).
In case of non-union, intonation is the decisive grammatical indicator of composition. She, intonation, is also the differentiator of the semantic relations of the composed series. An example of enumerated intonation in a simple sentence: Everything is asleep all around; some lamps In the darkness of the temple, granite pillars are gilded masses And them banner overhanging row (A. Pushkin); the same semantic relations in a complex sentence are also conveyed by enumerative intonation: Outside the window, birches whiten, Fir-trees pull thorny paws, On the pine bark, like tears, Resinous drops glow(L. Oshin).
The components of a sentence, connected by a compositional connection, form a composed (or compositional) series. An essential feature of the composed series is such a property of its structure as the absence of a main and dependent component. This is due to the fact that none of the words included in the composed series serves to explain another word, in the composed series there is no relation between the determinate and the defining. The components of the composed series are thus formally independent of each other. However, in a semantic sense, they may not have the same significance, one of the components, as a rule, post-positive, may carry information more significant than the information provided by the first component; a postpositive component can act as the instantiator of another, prepositive member of the series. For example: The watchmen not only did not get up from their seats when he passed, but didn't even look on him(N. Gogol); Everything, especially officials remained dazed for a while(N. Gogol); At the crossing of them, on round glades, were old, others broken, deprived, large sandstone statues(L. Tolstoy); The crowd buzzed around, discussing the unprecedented incident; the word was nasty, vile, seductive, piggy a scandal that ended only when the truck carried away from the gates of Griboyedov the unfortunate Ivan Nikolaevich, the policeman, Panteley and Ryukhin(M. Bulgakov).
Another essential feature of a composition is the subordination of the components of the series (in the structure of simple and complex sentences) to one word (word form) and the ability to express in this subordination a certain type of syntactic relations. For example, the composed row fountains, lines, gold, sea in a sentence I remember the fountains, long extinct, White marble strict lines, Gold, glittering dimly in the sun, The sea beyond the park is cold, blue(L. Oshin) spreads, explains the word remember(remember what?), all components of the series express explanatory relationships. In a multi-component complex sentence I came to you with greetings to tell you that the sun has risen, that it fluttered with hot light through the sheets(A. Fet) subordinate clauses are subordinate, they, answering the question "about what?", Spread, explain, concretize the lexical meaning of the word tell in the main part (tell about what ?: that the sun has risen; what else? that it fluttered with hot light through the sheets), and express an explanatory relationship.
Corresponding to one pivotal word, the components of a composed series can express one type of semantic relationship, thereby occupying one syntactic place and performing the function of one member of the sentence, and different semantic relationships, thus occupying different syntactic places and performing the function of different members of the sentence.
The components of the composed series, which occupy one syntactic place and perform the function of one member of the sentence, are homogeneous and form row homogeneous members ... For example: Neither the Acropolis, nor Baalbek, nor Thebes, nor Paestum, nor St. Sophia, nor the old churches in the Russian Kremlin are still incomparable for me with gothic cathedrals (I. Bunina) - the composed row is represented by nouns Acropolis, Baalbek, Thebes, Paestum, Hagia Sophia, churches calling different subjects speech, but taking the position of the subject represented nominative, and are subjects. They form a series of homogeneous members. In a sentence The admiral saw flashes of red and orange(L. Sobolev) a homogeneous series is represented by adjectives – red, orange, calling the attribute of an object by color, in the definition function.
The components of the composed series, which occupy different syntactic places and are therefore different members of the sentence, are not homogeneous. For example, the components of the composed row in the sentence are not homogeneous On the sands, in paradise nudity roll coffee bodies black-haired teens(A. Fadeev). The composed row is represented here by word forms on the sands and in heavenly nudity, the first word form takes the position of the circumstance of the place, the second - the circumstances of the mode of action (or concomitant circumstance): where are the bodies lying around? - on the sand; lying around in what condition? - in nudity. Similarly also in the statement Scientists were at a loss: they expected to see our ancestor not at all there and not so(V. Scheulin) word forms not there and not like that are components of the composed series, as evidenced by the compositional conjunctive conjunction "and", however, they are not homogeneous members, since the adverb "there" takes the position of the circumstance of place: did you expect to see where? - not there; whereas the pronoun "such" expresses attributive relations: did they expect to see the ancestor as what? - not like that. This suggests that the syntactic positions of the selected word forms are different, therefore they cannot be recognized as homogeneous.
The components of the composed series that occupy one syntactic place and perform the function of one member of the sentence are homogeneous if they are correlated with one common member of the sentence or are subordinate to it. All members of a proposal can be homogeneous. An example of homogeneous subjects: From century to century poetry and prose deadly battle are fought among themselves(E. Vinokur); That story was folded mountains, towers, stars, clouds, snow and herbs spring heap, people, songs and river (N. Tikhonov);
homogeneous predicates: My life - fate of my power, everyone day her and hour (M. Aliger); No, it's time unhappy, painful, miserable (I. Bunin); Even in childhood, he known as an eccentric and was different on comrades(F. Dostoevsky); First there was me merry and sharp, And sometimes too careless (M. Lermontov).
Homogeneous minor members suggestions:
homogeneous definitions: The work must contain clear, definite thought(A. Chekhov); Gloomy, vague rain clouds hanging over the garden(I. Bunin);
additions: Take care of old people offense, cold weather, fire (L. Tatyanicheva); Every noble person is deeply aware of his blood kinship, their hard-earned connections with the fatherland(V. Belinsky);
circumstances: Attentively, tirelessly, stubbornly learn the language(M. Gorky); Ripe bread dim, gloomy were white in front(I. Bunin); You v summer heat and snow bright and good(E. Dolmatovsky).
However, it should be remembered that the performance of the same syntactic function of adjacent word forms is not a guarantee of homogeneity. For the homogeneity of such members of the sentence necessary condition is the presence of a creative connection. For example, in the sentence Dubov had no idea about difficult frosty experiences(A. Fadeev) definitions complex and Morozkin, characterizing the subject (experiences of Morozka) with different sides(in quality and belonging), are not homogeneous, since they are not connected by a compositional connection, which is signaled by a compositional union, which is absent here, and enumerative intonation, as evidenced by the absence of a comma between definitions. Likewise: It was brand new blue satin shirt(N. Ostrovsky). The absence of a comma and a union - signs of a compositional connection - speaks of the heterogeneity of the selected definitions to the word shirt.
If the sentence repeats the same word in the same form, it is impossible to talk about the homogeneity of the member of the sentence indicated by them even in the presence of a compositional connection, because we are talking about one action, one feature. For example: Friend of my harsh days, my decrepit dove! Alone in the wilderness of pine forests Long, long time ago Are you waiting for me(A. Pushkin); Food, food v open field, Bell ding ding ding. The repetition of the lexeme performs a stylistic technique, informing about the duration of actions.
Components homogeneous series can be represented as one morphological form, and different forms one part of speech, as well in different parts speech. For example: And someone's tender fleshy face, shaved and well-fed, wearing horn-rimmed glasses, appeared in front of Ivan(M. Bulgakov); And this is very well known not only in Russia, but also in Europe (M. Bulgakov); It is not the air that attracts him to the garden, he sees something on this spring full moon on the moon and in the garden, in height (M. Bulgakov); In his eyes alone blue, bulging and several motionless, there was either thoughtfulness or fatigue, and his voice sounded even(I. Turgenev); The nose is crooked, the lips are proud, the forehead white and clean, without any special signs (M. Bulgakov).
Components of a heterogeneous composed row can also have one or different ways morphological expression. For example: She looked at him for a long time and attentively (A. Fadeev); She looked at him for a long time, v deep thoughtfully.
Thus, composition and homogeneity are not identical concepts. The concept of a composed series is broader than the concept of homogeneity: homogeneous members of a sentence form a composed series and are its components, but not all components of the composed series are homogeneous.
The composed row can be open or closed. Under open is understood as a series capable of potential spread. It is typical for constructs with enumerated relations, as well as with mutual exclusion and alternation relations. They can be multi-component. For example: Nai Tours on a grand scale planted Colt in a holster, jumped up to the machine gun on the sidewalk, crumpled, sat down, and left hand corrected ribbon(M. Bulgakov); She never(Marie) never tired of listening to these naive sea stories - albeit repeated more than once - O sea and fishery life, O small meager joy, O simple artless love, O distant voyages, about storms and wrecks, O submissive, stern acceptance always close of death, O rude fun on the land(A. Kuprin); I or sob, or scream, or faint (A. Chekhov); With a sliding motion like a cat, he's not that crawled, not that slipped through, not that flew over across a run-down road... (A. Fadeev).
Under closed two-component series are understood that cannot be supplemented by new members with the same semantic relations... These are, as a rule, comparative, gradational, adversarial constructions. For example: The guest did not go out of town, a in town (M. Bulgakov); Levin obediently put myself some sauce, but did not give there is Stepan Arkadyevich(L. Tolstoy); Not only Volodya , but also other children happy going to the theater.
The connection between the components of the composed series can be mandatory and optional. In the presence of compulsory links cannot be omitted from one of the components of the series. The obligatory nature of this connection is determined, for example, lexical meaning verb as common word... These are verbs with the meaning of connection, separation, juxtaposition: fold, match, divide, marry, delimit, compare... A feature of these verbs is that they call actions directed simultaneously not at one object, but at several objects that are in the same relation to this action. In this case, all components of the composed series are among the obligatory distributors of the verbs: combine work and leisure; separate sugar and salt, compare properties and states of an object, put things and books, marry a brother and girlfriend, compare structural and semantic approaches to a sentence and under. Obligatory connection in a composed row can be dictated by the nature of the union, as well as by the presence of others service words(particles not) determining the presence of homogeneous members. For example: But the proposal to send Kant to Solovki not only amazed foreigner, but even delighted (M. Bulgakov); Levin put on big boots and for the first time not a fur coat, a cloth underwear, and went to the house(L. Tolstoy).
In the absence of these conditions, the connection between the components of the composed series is optional. For example: There were dogs, horses, sheep, cows, workers, there were a coachman, a headman, cooks, cowgirls, nannies, mother and father, school students - brothers, sister Olya, still swinging in the cradle(I. Bunin).
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If the dependent word answers the question how? and is an adverb, then the conjunction is used in the phrase. Subordination see subordination. Coordination - subordinate relationship, in which the dependent word agrees with the main one in the form of gender, number and case. A connection used to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence.
Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent, then you have control. When adjacent, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb, or gerunds. In the complex interaction of two organisms, to distinguish between the compositional and subordinate connection, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility.
See what a "subordinate relationship" is in other dictionaries:
Examples: writing poetry, faith in victory, happy with the answer. This couple of words should not be written out, since the grammatical bases in which the words are connected by a compositional link, that is, are equal, are NOT a phrase. The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence, one of them acts as the main one, the other as a dependent one. Submission - subordinate relationship, formally pronounced dependence one syntactic element (word, sentence) from another.
PARATAXIS - ling. a creative connection of two or more sentences within one complex sentence; linking parts of the proposal. All types of subordinate communication: control, coordination, reflection, adjoining express the dependent position of one word in relation to another. The subordinate connection is expressed most often with the help of various inflectional suffixes of number, case, possessive suffixes.
Sometimes the gender, number and case of nouns associated with management are the same, so in such cases, management can be confused with coordination, for example: with a college director. If the dependent word does not change, then this is a phrase with management: from the director of the college to the director of the college. Sometimes it is difficult to establish which word in a phrase is the main one and which is dependent, for example: slightly sad, I like to eat.
In word combinations, the verb in the mood + infinitive form is always the verb as the main word, and the infinitive as the dependent one. Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the structure and meaning of phrases and sentences. According to the number of grammatical bases, sentences are divided into simple (one grammatical basis) and complex (more than one grammatical basis).
You mean: Now I saw that the rain is over ↓, ↓ that the cloud has gone further. ↓ By the way, I listened to this option for myself - at first glance, it seems possible. 1. In the middle of the SPP there can be no descending phrase - otherwise the intonation of the enumeration, and with it the compositional connection, will remain. They write about this on the Internet. When the main word is changed, the dependent also changes.
In the categories of pronouns, there are two homonymous (identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories. Distinguish between prepositional and adverbial forms. 1) Determine the main word by asking a question from one word to another. We determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically - this is an adverb. 3. If you need control, look for a non-nominative noun or pronoun.
I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. Mom called ambulance and we went to district hospital... Submission is characterized by an irreversible relationship between parts of a link: one part cannot be replaced by another without prejudice to the overall content. Examples: little boy, on a summer evening; our doctor, on Lake Baikal. Examples: female astronaut, excellent student. 4] (word order, lexical and intonation).
The independent part in it is called the main part, and the dependent part is called the subordinate clause. Suddenly, an insidious convict stunned me with the handle of a pistol, as you might guess (uncirculated introductory sentence, where the highlighted words are subject and predicate), my own pistol. "
Example 2. SPF: NOW AND I SAW THAT THE RAIN IS ENDED, THE CLOUD WAS FURTHER. There are three types of subordinate relationship between the main and dependent word in a phrase: agreement, control and adjoining. In a complex sentence, a subordinate relationship exists between the main and subordinate clauses. Students and the examiner are not a phrase, because the connection between words is compositional, not subordinate (that is, the main and dependent word cannot be distinguished).
Complex sentences always include two or more simple sentences (also called predicative parts) that connect different kinds connections: allied compositional, non-allied and allied subordinate connection. It is the presence or absence of unions and their meaning that make it possible to establish the type of connection in the sentence.
Defining a subordinate relationship in a sentence
Submission, or subordinate relationship- a type of connection in which one of the predicative parts is the main, subordinate, and the other is dependent, subordinate. Such a connection is transmitted through subordinate conjunctions or union words; from the main part to the subordinate clause it is always possible to ask a question. Thus, a subordinate relationship (as opposed to a compositional one) implies a syntactic inequality between the predicative parts of the sentence.
For example: In geography lessons, we learned (about what?) Why there are ebb and flow, where In geography lessons, we learned- main part, there are ebb and flow- a subordinate part, why - a subordinate union.
Submissive unions and allied words
The predicative parts of a complex sentence, connected by a subordinate link, are connected using subordinate unions, union words... In turn, subordinate unions are divided into simple and complex.
Simple unions include: what, that, how, when, barely, while, if, as if, as if, exactly, for, though other. 
We want all peoples to live happily.
Complex conjunctions include at least two words: because, because, because, because, in order to, as soon, while, as long as, in spite of the fact that, as if other. Once the sun rose, all the songbirds woke up.
The union words can be relative pronouns and adverbs: who, what, who, whose, what, how much(in all cases); where, where, where, when, how, why, why other. Union words always answer a question and are one of the members of the subordinate clause. I took you there, where and grey Wolf did not run!(G. Rosen)
You need to know: what is, its examples in the literature.
Types of subordination in a complex sentence
Depending on the remedy, connecting predicative parts, stand out the following types submissions:
- union subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected by simple or complex unions. He opened the doors wider so that the procession could pass freely.
- relative subordination - between the predicative parts there is union word. After death, people return to the same place from where they came.
- interrogative-relative subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected through interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs. The clause explains verb or by a noun a member of the main sentence, which has the meaning of an utterance, mental activity, feeling, perception, internal state. Berlioz looked around sadly, not understanding what had frightened him.(M. Bulgakov).
Often, one complex sentence contains more than two predicative parts that are dependent on the main one. Due to this there are several types of subordination:
This is interesting: in the rules of the Russian language.
Based on which member of the main sentence the addict explains or spreads, subordinate clauses in some sources are subdivided on subjects, predicates, determinants, additional and adverbial.
- Each, whom he met here, offered him help. The subordinate part spreads the subject of the main part each.
- Never think that you already know everything.(I. Pavlov) The subordinate part explains the predicate of the main think.
- You should never regret what can no longer be changed. V in this case the subordinate part answers the question of the prepositional case.
A more common classification is that, depending on the questions they answer, the subordinate clauses are divided as follows:
Submissive relationship
Subordination, or subordinate relationship- the relation of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence.
In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) acts as main, the other is like dependent.
The linguistic concept of "submission" is preceded by an older concept - "hypotaxis".
Features of the subordinate relationship
To distinguish between the compositional and subordinate connections, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility. Submission is characterized by irreversible relationship between parts of a link: one part cannot be replaced by another without compromising the overall content. However, this criterion is not considered to be decisive.
The essential difference between the subordinate connection (according to S.O. Kartsevsky) is that it functionally close to the dialogical unity of the informative (question-and-answer) type, firstly, and mainly has pronominal means of expression, Secondly .
Submission in a phrase and a simple sentence
Types of subordinate relationships in a phrase and a sentence:
- reconciliation
- adjoining
Submission in a complex sentence
A subordinate connection between simple sentences in a complex sentence is made using subordinate unions or union (relative) words. Difficult sentence with such a connection is called complex. The independent part is called the main part, and dependent - subordinate clause.
Types of subordinate relationships in a complex sentence:
- union subordination
- submission of proposals using unions.
I do not want the light to know my mysterious tale(Lermontov). - relative subordination
- the subordination of sentences using union (relative) words.
The moment came when I understood the full value of these words(Goncharov). - indirect interrogative submission(interrogative-relative, relative-interrogative)
- subordination with the help of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs connecting the subordinate part with the main part, in which the member of the sentence explained by the subordinate part is expressed by a verb or a noun with the meaning of expression, perception, mental activity, feeling, internal state.
At first I could not understand what exactly emo was(Korolenko). - sequential subordination (inclusion)
- subordination, in which the first subordinate clause refers to the main part, the second subordinate clause - to the first subordinate clause, the third subordinate clause - to the second clause, etc.
I hope that this book is quite clear about the fact that I did not hesitate to write the truth when I wanted to.(Bitter). - mutual subordination
- mutual dependence of the predicative parts of a complex sentence, in which the main and subordinate clauses are not distinguished; relations between parts are expressed by lexico-syntactic means.
Before Chichikov had time to look around, he was already seized by the arm of the governor(Gogol). - parallel subordination (subordination)
Notes (edit)
Links
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See what "Subordinate link" is in other dictionaries:
The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence, one of them acts as the main one, the other as a dependent one. New tutorial, implementation of the plan, answer correctly. see coordination, control, adjacency; V… …
A connection used to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordination see subordination. Competent connection see composition ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A word connection used to express the interdependence of the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Submissive relationship. Writing connection ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
The connection that arises between the components of a complex sentence. Contents 1 Description 2 Types of syntactic links 3 Notes ... Wikipedia
Submissive connection, formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (word, sentence) on another. On the basis of P. are formed syntactic units 2 types of phrases and complex sentences... Word (in ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
This article or section describes a certain linguistic phenomenon applicable only to the Russian language. You can help Wikipedia by adding information about this phenomenon in other languages and typological coverage ... Wikipedia
Subordination, or subordinate relationship, the relation of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia
- (SPP) is a type of complex sentence, which is characterized by division into two main parts: the main and the subordinate clause. The subordinate connection in such a sentence is due to the dependence of one part on the other, that is, the main part assumes ... ... Wikipedia audiobook
In modern Russian, especially in written speech, complex sentences are often used. Difficulties in Russian are of two types: allied and non-allied. Unionless - which consists of several parts, but unions are not used to link these parts together. Here is a classic example of a non-union sentence: "It was snowing, the weather was freezing." Or, for example: "It was getting colder, the birds flew south."
The allies, in turn, have a different feature. They are also in two or more parts, and alliances are used for communication. Unions are of two types - compositional and subordinate... If subordinate unions are used, the sentence is called complex. If compositional conjunctions are used, it is called compound.
Submissive relationship in a complex sentence
If parts of a complex sentence are connected with each other using a subordinate connection, it is called a complex sentence. It consists of two parts: main and subordinate clauses... The main thing is always only one thing, but clauses there may be several. From the main part to the subordinate clause, you can ask a question. There are different types of subordinate relationships.
Accessory part can function as a circumstance, for example: "I left school when the bell rang." It can also serve as a complement: "I told him what I wanted to say for a long time." And, finally, it can perform the function of a circumstance, for example: “Grandmother told her grandson to go to the place where he forgot his briefcase”, “I did not come because my grandmother fell ill”, « "My mom arrived when the snow melted in the yard."
Here classic examples options with different types subordinate relationship. In all examples, the first part will be the main, and the second - subordinate clause, respectively, the question is asked from the first part to the second:
- “I love when spring comes”;
- “I read a book about the house that Jack built”;
- “Mom was upset because the son got a deuce”;
- "The boy decided to find out where Santa Claus comes to the house from."
A compositional connection in a complex sentence
We can talk about a compositional connection in cases where the simple parts that make up a complex are equal, and none of them can be called main or dependent. Accordingly, the question cannot be posed from one part to another. The most common creative conjunctions are conjunctions "a", "but", "and".
Examples of a compositional connection:
- "Mom came home, and the son went for a walk at that time."
- "I felt bad, but my friends were able to cheer me up."
- "The sun went down and the dandelion heads in the meadow were closed."
- "Winter has come, and everything around is plunged into white silence."
The compositional connection in variants with the conjunction "a" is often used in Russian folk proverbs and sayings based on the opposition of any signs, for example: "Hair is expensive, but the mind is short." In old Russian, for example, in folklore works(fairy tales, epics, sayings, fables) the union "a" is often replaced by its old Russian synonym "yes", for example: "Grandfather came to pull a turnip, but a big turnip has grown. The grandfather was pulling and pulling the turnip, but he called the grandmother for help. "
Compound sentences especially often used in descriptions of nature, when the author of a work wants to give the most complete picture summer day, winter night or bright, beautiful landscape... Here is an example of such a descriptive text with a compositional connection in complex sentences: “It was snowing and people ran home with their collars turned up. It was still light outside, but the birds had long been silent. Only the creaking of snow was heard underfoot, and there was no wind. The sun was slowly setting below the horizon, and two lovers on a park bench were watching the short winter sunset. "
Also complex sentences, especially sentences with the unions "a" and "but", are actively used in scientific style written speech, in text-reasoning. Here is an example of such reasoning: “ Human body hardy but immune system easily destroyed by uncontrolled use of antibiotics. Antibiotics have many benefits as medicines, but they cause dysbiosis and have bad influence on immunity ".
Features of punctuation
Two parts subordinate clause
are interconnected by subordinate unions. Parts compositional type, in turn, are connected to each other creative unions... A union is a small particle that visually resembles a preposition, but performs a completely different function: connects or two sentences that are inside one.
In both complex and complex sentences, unions must be preceded by a comma... When reading aloud, you need to pause before this comma. Omitting a comma before conjunctions using a compositional and subordinate connection is considered a gross syntax error. However, students in elementary and even high school often make such mistakes in dictations, in independent and verification works in the Russian language, in essays and written works on literature. In this regard, in school curriculum studying the Russian language includes a separate section dedicated to the development of punctuation rules.
In complex non-union sentences to connect two parts, you can use not only a comma, but also other punctuation marks, for example:
- "The sun has risen, the birds woke up with their usual morning song."
- "I warned you: playing with fire is very dangerous!"
- "Lit up full moon illuminating the earth with its radiance; sensing the approach of night, a wolf howled in a distant forest; somewhere in the distance, on a tree, an owl hooted.
Complex sentences help to make written and oral speech especially expressive. They are actively used in texts of various contents. Competent spelling them, in compliance with all punctuation rules, indicates that a person knows Russian well and knows how to clearly express his thoughts in writing. Neglect existing rules punctuation on the contrary, it speaks of a low level speech culture person. Teachers of the Russian language and literature should pay Special attention on correct writing complex sentences when checking students' written works.
