Dictionaries may be needed by a person involved in some kind of activity that is new to him. New sphere activity opens up new phenomena for a person that require understanding and, of course, names.
A dictionary is a book (or any other source) that contains words arranged in a strict order (usually alphabetical), all words are given interpretations or translations into another language.
Dictionary types
Encyclopedic dictionaries - this type represents brief information from various fields of knowledge. Such dictionaries explain not the literal, but the concepts and various terms.
Explanatory dictionaries give words; translation dictionaries indicate words in any of the languages. There are also terminological dictionaries in which you can find any highly specialized term. The meaning of words can be found in etymological dictionaries. To check the correct spelling of a word - spelling. In addition, there are dictionaries of synonyms, foreign words.
Dictionaries of phraseological units will help people involved in literary translation of texts or writing. Here they can find an explanation of the meanings of various set expressions entrenched in the speech of a particular people.
There are rhyming dictionaries (where word endings are presented), sorting inside of which occurs in reverse order. Such dictionaries are called "reverse". In frequency and semantic dictionaries, elements are grouped by lexemes, which are arranged depending on the frequency of use (from the core to the periphery).
IN spelling dictionaries you can check the pronunciation and sound of words, the vocabulary of various territorial groups. In the dictionaries of neologisms, you can find words that have recently entered the language, not yet fully mastered. In dictionaries obsolete words on the contrary, words that have long been out of use are presented.
Dictionaries are often created that contain words or expressions that characterize the work of a particular author. Usually in such dictionaries there are comments explaining the specifics of the use of this or that word.
There are many types of dictionaries. In order to use any dictionary, it is necessary to be aware of the need to refer to the dictionary in the process of solving any cognitive and communicative task. You also need to be able to choose a dictionary, perceive its text in the right way.
Anthroponymic dictionaries- dictionaries about people's proper names, as well as nicknames and pseudonyms.
For reference:
Anthroponymy (from the Greek antropos - person and onima - name) is a section of onomastics that studies anthroponyms, i.e. proper names of people.
Anthroponymy is a section of onomastics that studies anthroponyms - the names of people (accepting various forms, for example: Pyotr Nikolayevich Amekhin, Ivan Kalita, Igor Kio, Pele) and their individual components ( personal names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms, etc.); their origin, evolution, patterns of their functioning.
Anthroponymy emerged from onomastics in the 1960s and 1970s. Until the 60s of the XX century, instead of the term "anthroponymy", the term "onomastics" was used. This science studies the information that a name can carry: a characteristic of human qualities, a person’s connection with a father, clan, family, information about nationality, occupation, origin from any locality, estate, caste. Anthroponymy studies the functions of an anthroponym in speech - nomination, identification, differentiation, change of names, which is associated with age, a change in social or marital status, living among people of a different nationality, joining secret societies, conversion to another faith, tabooing, etc.
Dialect (regional) dictionaries- a kind of explanatory dictionaries that describe the vocabulary of one or a group of dialects (dialects). Differential dictionaries include specific dialect words and the so-called semantic dialectisms, which differ in meaning from common Russian words.
The complete dialect dictionaries contain the entire vocabulary of the dialect, as well as words common to the dialect and literary language.
For reference:
Dialect (from the Greek. dialektos - conversation, dialect, adverb) - a variety given language used as a means of communication by persons connected by a close territorial, social or professional community.
A dialect is a type of language that is used as a means of communication between people connected by the same territory.
The dialect is a complete system speech communication(oral or signed, but not necessarily written) with its own vocabulary and grammar.
Traditionally, dialects were primarily understood as rural territorial dialects. IN Lately many works have appeared on urban dialects; in particular, they include the speech of the Negro urban population of the United States, whose English language significantly different from other varieties of American English. French linguists, along with the term "dialect" (dialecte), use the term "patois" (patois), which also denotes locally limited speech of certain groups of the population, mainly rural.
Grammar dictionaries are dictionaries that contain information about the morphological and syntactic properties of a word. Grammar dictionaries include words arranged in direct or reverse alphabetical order. The principles of selection and the amount of information about a word are different depending on the purpose and addressee of each grammar dictionary.
One of the best grammar dictionaries is the “Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language. Inflection” by A. A. Zaliznyak (Moscow, 1977). It contains about 100,000 words in reverse alphabetical order for which the unique system indices relating words to a specific category, type within it, type of stress, etc.
For reference:
Morphology (from other Greek - “form” and - “teaching”) is a section of grammar that studies parts of speech, their categories and word forms. This is a branch of linguistics, the main object of which are words natural languages and their meaningful parts (morphemes). The tasks of morphology, therefore, include the definition of the word as a special linguistic object and the description of its internal structure.
Syntax (from other Greek - “construction, order, compilation”) is a section of linguistics that studies the structure of phrases (linguistics) and sentences.
Word combination dictionaries- how to choose the right words to ensure their correspondence to each other in semantic and stylistic terms.
For example:
Denisov P. N., Morkovkin V. V., Novikov L. A. Prospekt educational dictionary compatibility of Russian words. M., 1971.
Ideographic, semantic and associative dictionaries. Ideographic dictionaries (they are also called thesauri) are linguistic dictionaries in which the lexical composition of the language is presented in the form of systematized groups of words that are more or less close in semantic relation. Ideographic dictionaries represent and explain the semantic content of lexical units, but in solving this problem they do not proceed from single word, but from the concept to the expression of this concept in words. The main task of such dictionaries is to describe sets of words combined general concept; this makes it easier for the reader to choose the most appropriate means for adequate expression of thought and contributes to the active use of the language.
For reference:
Thesaurus (from Greek - treasure), in the general sense - special terminology, more strictly and substantively - a dictionary, a collection of information, a corpus or set, fully covering the concepts, definitions and terms of a special field of knowledge or field of activity, which should contribute to the correct lexical, corporate communication (understanding in communication and interaction of persons related by one discipline or profession); in modern linguistics - a special kind of dictionaries that indicate semantic relationships (synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, hyponyms, hypernyms, etc.) between lexical units. Thesauri are one of the most effective tools for describing individual subject areas.
Unlike an explanatory dictionary, the thesaurus allows you to identify the meaning not only by definition, but also by correlating the word with other concepts and their groups, which can be used to fill the knowledge bases of artificial intelligence systems.
In the past, the term thesaurus denoted primarily dictionaries that represented the vocabulary of the language with maximum completeness with examples of its use in texts.
Linguistic and Cultural Dictionaries- “Cultural Linguistics (from Latin lingua - language, cultura - culture, logos - teaching) - scientific discipline synthesizing type, studying the relationship and interaction of culture and language in its functioning and reflecting this process as an integral structure of units in the unity of their linguistic and extralinguistic content. The object of linguoculturology is the study of the relationship and interaction of culture and language in the process of their functioning, and the subject is material and spiritual culture created by man, i.e. everything that makes up the “linguistic picture of the world”. It is in the circle of related sciences: sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, psycholinguistics, linguistic and regional studies, cultural studies.
For reference:
Culturology (from Latin cultura - cultivation, farming, education; from other Greek - thought as a reason) - a set of studies of culture as a structural integrity, identifying the patterns of its development. The aim of cultural studies is to understand general characteristics her being, system analysis its development. As an independent direction, culturology has developed in modern times.
Ethnolinguistics (from Greek - people, tribe), linguistic anthropology - a field of linguistics that studies language in its relationship with culture. Central to ethnolinguistics are the following two closely related problems, which can be called "cognitive" (from Latin cognitio - knowledge) and "communicative" (from Latin communicatio - communication):
How, with the help of what means and in what form are the cultural (everyday, religious, social, etc.) ideas of the people speaking this language about the world around and about the place of man in this world reflected in the language?
What forms and means of communication - primarily linguistic communication - are specific to a given ethnic or social group?
Morphemic and word-building dictionaries. Derivational dictionaries (derivational dictionaries) are dictionaries that show the division of words into their constituent morphemes, the word-formation structure of a word, as well as a set of words (word-formation nest) with a given morpheme - root or affix. Words in word-building dictionaries are given with division into morphemes and with stress.
For reference:
Morpheme (from Greek morphe - form) - the minimum significant part of the word.
In most concepts, the morpheme is considered as abstract linguistic unit. A concrete realization of a morpheme in a text is called a morph or (more commonly) a morph.
At the same time, morphs representing the same morpheme may have a different phonetic appearance depending on their environment within the word form. A set of morphs of one morpheme that have the same phonemic composition is called an allomorph.
reverse dictionaries. IN reverse words In arys, words are arranged alphabetically not by initial, but by final letters, and are aligned not on the left, but on the right.
For example: coat of arms
Serb
damage
hump
oak
Dictionaries of this type are a valuable tool in the study of suffixal word formation, features of the phonetic structure and morphological composition of the end of words, in deciphering texts and compiling programs for their machine processing.
Spelling dictionaries
. A dictionary to refer to if you don't know how to spell a particular word. Dictionaries containing an alphabetical list of words in their standard spelling. Spelling dictionaries are divided into four types according to their focus: general, sectoral (for example, "Spelling Marine Dictionary" M., 1974), reference dictionaries for press workers, school. Recall also that the spelling of words should be checked according to authoritative dictionaries.
For reference:
Spelling is a branch of linguistics that studies the correct spelling of a word when writing.
The uniformity of spelling smooths out individual and dialectal peculiarities of pronunciation, which contributes to mutual understanding when the opportunity to ask again is limited.
Orthoepic dictionaries- dictionaries reflecting the rules of literary pronunciation.
For reference:
Orthoepy (Greek orthoepia, from orthos - correct, epos - speech) - a set of norms of the literary language associated with the sound design of significant units: morphemes, words, sentences.
Orthoepy (from other Greek - “correct” and Greek - “speech”) is a science (a section of phonetics) that deals with pronunciation standards, their justification and establishment.
In the history of the Russian literary language orthoepic norm by the beginning of the 20th century, it had practically gained the upper hand over local pronunciations. So, the dialectal pronunciation in o disappeared: “young”, “good” instead of the literary “young”, “kharasho”, etc. Nevertheless, some dialectisms are stable, for example solid pronunciation the sound “h” in the west and east, the pronunciation of “field”, “sea” instead of “field”, “sea” - in the center, etc. But there are especially many cases when it is impossible to confidently say which of the options for the literary language "correct". On the currently Russian orthoepy is not yet fully established and continues to develop.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Moscow pronunciation, preserved in old Moscow families, was considered the “correct” Russian pronunciation. However, by that time it became clear that this pronunciation was in many ways behind the times, and later, with the diffusion and migration of ethnic groups in Moscow, it became archaic for Moscow as well. Therefore, every day new ones are created and old norms in orthoepy disappear and change, this process is influenced by life itself, a living language and a changing culture.
Synonymic dictionaries- Synonymic dictionaries describe words that are different in sound and spelling, but identical or close in meaning. Such a definition of synonyms should be considered a working one, since it does not claim to be comprehensive in covering the essence of synonymy. Synonyms are defined in different ways. It is important to note that this multiplicity and differences in definitions are most likely due to the peculiarities of the very subject of consideration, its diversity, the existence various types semantic convergence, which, accordingly, is reflected in the unequal approach to the definition of synonyms. It is also clear that this diversity is evidence of rich synonymic means of expression, which is one of the remarkable properties of the Russian language.
For reference:
Synonyms are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling (cf. homonyms), but having a similar lexical meaning (cf. antonyms).
Examples of synonyms in Russian: cavalry - cavalry, brave - brave, go - walk.
They serve to increase the expressiveness of speech, avoid its monotony.
It is necessary to distinguish between synonyms and nominal definitions - the latter represent complete identity.
Dictionaries of antonyms- linguistic reference dictionaries that describe antonyms (see below). The main tasks of antonym dictionaries:
- Systematized presentation of lexical units with opposite meanings (including phraseology).
- Analysis of the semantics of antonymic pairs (paradigms).
- Fixation and analysis of the characteristic patterns of the use of correlative antonyms, their connection with synonyms.
For reference:
Antonyms (Greek - against + - name) are words of one part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: "truth" - "false", "good" - "evil", "speak" - "keep silent".
Antonyms are possible for such words, the meanings of which contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be opposed. Therefore, words related to different parts speech or lexical levels.
Dictionaries linguistic terms
- this is a kind of industry dictionaries with a decoding of the concepts of a particular area. For example, a marine dictionary of terms is from maritime affairs.
The Linguistic Dictionary contains articles on language units, their relationships, language laws, the functioning of language in society, philosophical problems of linguistics, theories of the origin of language, sections, methods and schools in linguistics, languages and groups of languages, scripts.
A special place among the dictionaries of linguistic terms is occupied by the dictionary of OS Akhmanova (1966; 7,000 terms). It is not only a generalization of all previous terminological experience, but also a new types dictionary that simultaneously combines the interpretation of the term, its translation into four languages, illustrations of the actual functioning of the term, and the like. Mapping terms to terms the following languages: English, French, German and Spanish.
For reference:
The Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary (LES) is a one-volume encyclopedic dictionary published in 1990 by the Soviet Encyclopedia publishing house. It was intended to "give a systematic body of knowledge about the human language, the languages of the world, linguistics as a science." The author's team of the dictionary included more than 300 scientists.
Dictionaries of names of inhabitants. When forming the names of residents from the names settlements Difficulties often arise, which special dictionaries help to resolve.
Dictionaries of neologisms- describe words, meanings of words or combinations of words that appear in certain period time or used only once (occasionalisms). In developed languages, the number of neologisms recorded in newspapers and magazines during one year is tens of thousands.
For reference:
Neologism (ancient Greek neo - new, logis - speech, word) - a word, the meaning of a word or a phrase that has recently appeared in the language (newly formed, previously absent). The freshness and unusualness of such a word, phrase or turn of speech is clearly felt by native speakers of this language.
This term is used in the history of the language to characterize the enrichment of the vocabulary in certain historical periods - so, we can talk about the neologisms of Peter the Great, the neologisms of individual cultural figures (M. V. Lomonosov, N. M. Karamzin and his school), the neologisms of the period Patriotic War etc.
In developed languages, tens of thousands of neologisms appear every year. Most of them have a short life, but some are fixed in the language for a long time, enter not only into its living everyday fabric, but also become an integral part of literature.
Homonym dictionaries is a type of dictionary that describes homonyms, such words that are the same in their design (sound and / or spelling; in some or all forms) and differ in meaning.
Dictionaries of paronyms
Paronyms are words with the same root that belong to the same part of speech, have similarities in sound (due to a common root or stem), but differ in their meanings.
Paronyms often become a source speech errors: the similarity of words is often the reason for their confusion (for example: put on - put on).
Dictionaries of epithets, comparisons and metaphors
For reference:
Epithet (from Greek epitheon - attached, added) - figurative artistic definition object, concept, phenomenon. A word (or a combination of words) performs the syntactic function of a definition or circumstance and is usually used in figurative meaning.
An epithet is a definition attached to a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (second life).
An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose.
Metaphor (Greek metaphora - transfer) - a trope or figure of speech, the use of a word denoting a certain class of objects, phenomena, actions or signs, to characterize or nominate another class of objects or an individual similar to this one.
Metaphor - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative sense, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. The term belongs to Aristotle and is associated with his understanding of art as an imitation of life. Aristotle's metaphor is in essence almost indistinguishable from hyperbole (exaggeration), from synecdoche, from simple comparison or personification and likening. In all cases, there is a transfer of meaning from one word to another.
Comparison is a stylistic device based on the figurative transformation of a grammatically structured comparison.
Abbreviations Dictionaries
For reference:
Abbreviation (from Latin abbrevio - shorten) - a noun consisting of truncated words or truncated components of the original compound word. Formation of abbreviations (abbreviation) as special way word formation became widespread in European languages in the 20th century. In Russian, abbreviations, along with other abbreviations, are especially actively distributed after October revolution 1917
Abbreviations (Italian abbreviatura from Latin brevis - short) are divided into compound words and initial abbreviations. An abbreviated word is a word made up of abbreviated initial elements (morphemes) of a phrase. The initial types of compound words or acronyms are words formed by adding initial letters words or initial sounds, in turn, are divided into abbreviations alphabetic, sound and alpha-sound
Dictionaries of social dialects: jargon, slang, slang
For reference:
A social dialect is the language of certain social groups. Such a language differs from the literary one only in vocabulary. Distinguish professional languages(hunters, shoemakers, fishermen); corporate or group jargon (students, soldiers, etc.); slang - a special language of a limited professional or social group (the language of hunters, fishermen, military, thieves' slang), which is used to hide the subject of communication. The vocabulary of social dialects does not have its own grammar, but is based on the system of the literary language.
Argo (from French argot) is the language of a socially closed group of people, characterized by the specificity of the vocabulary used, the originality of its use, but not having its own phonetic and grammatical system.
Jargon and slang should not be confused. Jargon usually has a professional attachment, while slang can be used regardless of profession. For example, in modern French many slang words are used by both young people from poor neighborhoods and managers with higher education.
Dictionaries of the language of writers and individual works The dictionary of the writer's language contains a description of the words used in his writings. In this case, a complete selection of words is made from all literary works, including texts of variants, as well as from letters, notes and official papers of the writer.
The most complete theoretically developed explanatory dictionary of the writer is the four-volume Dictionary of Pushkin's Language, edited by V. V. Vinogradov (M., 1956-1961, 2nd ed. T. 1-2, M., 2000), which was created in Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR under the program of G. O. Vinokur. The dictionary contains and explains 21,191 words.
Dictionaries-reference books of the difficulties of the Russian language
Reference books of difficulties continue the tradition of "dictionaries of irregularities" that developed in Russian lexicography as early as the 19th - early 20th centuries. Correctness dictionaries (orthological dictionaries - from orthology is a section of linguistics, the object of which is the theory of correct literary speech; Greek orthos - correct and logos - word, concept, doctrine) - these are dictionaries of a normative-stylistic nature, by genre they belong to dictionaries dedicated to problems codification and normalization of the literary language. Dictionaries of this type answer the question of how best, how to say which option to prefer in a given speech situation. - normative dictionaries that serve to improve the language and speech, strengthen the current norms of the literary language.
Terminological dictionaries- dictionaries containing the terminology of one or more special areas of knowledge or activity.
See above - still the same example of a marine dictionary of terms or a dictionary of chemical terms.
Explanatory dictionaries- dictionaries, where the meaning of a particular word is deciphered. For example, Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary, etc.
A dictionary is a reference tool that contains all the known words of a language. For the convenience of users, words or concepts, with the exception of some dictionaries, are arranged in alphabetical order. Depending on the purpose, the dictionaries provide information about the meaning, use, origin of words, their translation into another language.
Dictionary classification
There are over a dozen types of dictionaries. Some of them are well-known and often used by us, others are a real rarity. All dictionaries are divided into monolingual and translation.
Monolingual dictionaries
Monolingual dictionaries, in turn, are divided into linguistic And encyclopedic. Linguistic should include: spelling, explanatory, word-formation, etymological, orthoepic, dictionaries of homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, epithets, comparisons, metaphors and others.
Spelling dictionaries
IN spelling dictionary you can see the correct spelling of a word in all its word forms. So, for example, in the dictionary edited by A.N. Tikhonov, the normative spelling of 70 thousand words is given. In the spelling dictionary of V.V. Lopatin - about 160 thousand words. Spelling dictionaries are also divided into: general, industry, school and reference dictionaries intended for press workers.
Dictionary
IN explanatory dictionary the meaning of words is explained by means of the same language. In Russian, speaking of explanatory dictionaries, one cannot fail to mention V. Dahl. The dictionary he published included about 200 thousand words. At a later date, the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov.
Etymological dictionary
To find out the origin of a word, use etymological dictionary . To find out how a word is formed - derivational.
Synonym dictionary
IN synonym dictionary words are collected that are close in meaning, which reflects the richness of a particular language. In Russian, for the first time such a dictionary was created by D.I. Fonvizin. It included 32 groups of synonyms. The most famous synonymic dictionaries of A.I. Galich, N. Abramova, V.N. Klyueva, A.P. Evgenieva. In 1994, a dictionary was published, which describes about 2800 synonyms. A group consisting of V.I. worked on its creation. Zimina, L.P. Alektorova, O.M. Kim and others.
Antonym Dictionary
Antonym dictionaries include words with opposite meanings.
Homonym dictionaries include words that match in sound and differ in meaning. IN Russian Federation the most famous dictionary of homonyms was published under the editorship of N.M. Shansky.
Compatibility dictionaries
Compatibility dictionaries teach us how to choose words correctly to ensure the best sounding speech.
Orthoepic dictionaries
The orthoepic dictionaries reflect the rules of literary pronunciation.
Dictionaries of neologisms
With the development of science and technology, new words appear in the everyday life of every nation. The meaning of new words can be found in the dictionaries of neologisms. In Russia, one of the latest publications, which included new terms and concepts, is a dictionary of neologisms edited by G.N. Sklyarevskaya.
Encyclopedic dictionaries
Encyclopedic dictionaries also subdivided into general And industry. In general encyclopedic dictionaries, one can find information about various natural phenomena, outstanding figures of science, culture, political leaders and parties, about discoveries and significant events. Industry encyclopedic dictionaries contain comprehensive information about a particular industry (shipbuilding, metallurgy, etc.).
Non-standard dictionaries
Among the rarely used backword dictionaries. In them, the words are arranged alphabetically not by initial, but by final letters, and are aligned to the right. Such manuals are intended for specialists, poets, because in fact it is a dictionary of rhymes.
The most extensive mass is made up of linguistic dictionaries. By language, these are Russian, English, German, Spanish, etc. dictionaries. The position between them is occupied by translation dictionaries. An example would be " English-Russian dictionary» edited by V.K. Muller.
Within a particular language, linguistic dictionaries are divided into spelling, orthoepic, explanatory, phraseological, etymological, etc. They carry information about correct pronunciation, spelling, interpretation of words. IN linguistic dictionaries contains almost all the words of a particular language.
A striking example is the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living World compiled by Vladimir Dahl. Great Russian language". This is a real treasure for a linguist. However, this dictionary is most valuable as historical monument, which includes the wisdom of the people, expressed in proverbs and, and a large number of archaisms.
Encyclopedic dictionaries
A distinctive feature of encyclopedic dictionaries is their information content. They carry the necessary information about the phenomena and objects of the world around you. Encyclopedic dictionaries are divided into universal and sectoral. Universal contain information from various areas. An example of such a glossary is the Great Soviet.
Industry encyclopedic dictionaries otherwise called terminological. They are intended for use in professional activity. Almost every industry has its own terminological dictionary. This includes dictionaries of economic, legal, medical, construction terms, etc. These dictionaries are narrowly focused, and their use is limited to specialization. For example, in 1978, edited by N.V. Podolsky released the Dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology.
Encyclopedic dictionaries can also be targeted at a certain age. These are "Children's Encyclopedia", "Encyclopedia of a Preschooler", etc.
Thus, linguistic dictionaries are associated with information about words and expressions and their correct use, and encyclopedic dictionaries - with an explanation of objects and phenomena existing in the world around. Many linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries have electronic version and available to Internet users.
Currently, there are just over two dozen dictionaries in which the words and expressions of a particular language (or languages) are divided into certain types. So, let's look at what dictionaries are.
Explanatory dictionaries
In these linguistic dictionaries, the meanings of various words and set idiomatic expressions (phraseological units) of a particular language are explained using the means of the same language. Explanatory dictionaries can be more or less complete and designed for a particular circle of readers. The most complete and accurate dictionaries are called academic.
Grammar dictionaries
Enough large group dictionaries, the purpose of which is to cover a separate or several groups of vocabulary of a particular language, combined according to some grammatical feature. For example, there are dictionaries of verbs, adjectives, indeclinable words.
Word-building and morphemic dictionaries
Dictionaries of morphemes - roots, suffixes, prefixes and other parts of the word that serve for word formation in a particular language.
Compatibility dictionaries
This group of dictionaries is less common, and its purpose is the correct selection of words in order to express one's thoughts stylistically more correctly. Considering modern level oral and especially writing, it would be nice to publish such dictionaries in large numbers.
Thesauri or ideographic dictionaries
In these dictionaries, words are divided into groups that are close in meaning, which makes it easier to compose texts on a specific topic.
Reverse Dictionaries
They greatly simplify linguistic research, since the words in them are arranged alphabetically, but in reverse order, that is, from right to left. Thus, it is very easy to quickly select all verbs or, for example, adjectives. Such a dictionary (authored by A.A. Zaliznyak) greatly facilitated the preparation of the practical part of the thesis for me.
Spelling and orthoepic dictionaries
They are a list of words of a particular language with their correct spelling(spelling) and setting stress (orthoepic) and indicating options, if necessary.
Lexical dictionaries
Dictionaries individual groups vocabulary selected by different principles. Here we include dictionaries of antonyms, synonyms, homonyms and paronyms. In the dictionaries of synonyms you will find words that are different in spelling and sound, but close in meaning ("beautiful" - "beautiful"). Homonym dictionaries, on the contrary, contain words that are identical in spelling and sound, but different in meaning (“onion” as a plant and “onion” as a weapon). But in the dictionaries of paronyms you will get acquainted with words with the same root, similar in spelling and sound, but different in meaning, which are often confused (for example, “put on” and “put on”). Antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning ("good" - "evil").
Dictionaries of neologisms
These dictionaries provide a list of words that have recently entered a particular language.
Bilingual or translation dictionaries
Dictionaries that translate words from one language to another. Such dictionaries are usually bilingual, but there are copies with big amount languages (for example, French-Russian-German).
Anthroponymic dictionaries
A group of dictionaries that contain a list of people's proper names (first name, patronymic, last name), as well as nicknames and pseudonyms in a particular language.
Dictionaries of names of inhabitants
Here we are talking about how to name the inhabitants of a particular city, region or region.
Linguistic and Cultural Dictionaries
Dictionaries of linguistic terms
These dictionaries explain the meaning of terms in various areas of linguistics from phonetics and graphics to syntax and stylistics.
Abbreviations Dictionaries
Here you will find a transcript of all kinds of abbreviations and abbreviations that are widely used in a particular language.
Terminological dictionaries
These publications are more or less complete lists terms (with interpretations) in a particular branch of science or industry.
Of course, this list is far from complete, since there are also more narrowly focused dictionaries (for example, dictionaries of epithets and comparisons or dictionaries language difficulties), however, such dictionaries are quite rare and they have to be used, basically, only by a narrow circle of specialists.
Encyclopedic dictionaries
Unlike linguistic dictionaries, which we discussed before, encyclopedic dictionaries are explanatory dictionaries designed to study the realities of a particular field of knowledge or profession. In addition, encyclopedic dictionaries are both universal (for example, children's encyclopedias or "Big soviet encyclopedia”), as well as industry-specific ones. As examples of the latter, we present philosophical encyclopedia and an astronomical encyclopedia. Well, I think we have quite fully answered the question of what dictionaries exist.
