For execution tasks 7 need to know typical cases syntax violations. The material for expanding speech experience is systematized by topic.
Error-prone constructions
1. Management
1) Verbs with different controls as homogeneous members of the sentence:
Words with different controls can be used as homogeneous members if each of them has its dependent words used in the right case. For example:
She was waiting for him and called him all evening.
She was waiting for (who?) his(V.p.) and called (to whom?) to him(D.p.) all evening.
Pronouns often help to build such sentences correctly:
Children rarely listen to the advice of adults and follow them.
Children rarely listen (to what?) to advice (D.p. with the pretext to) adults and follow (what?) them(D.p.).
People were exhausted, but they believed in victory and hoped for it.
People were exhausted, but they believed (in what?) in victory (V.p. with the pretext in) and hoped (for what?) on her(D.p. with the preposition on the).
2) Different control of verbs and nouns:
be interested in art(Etc.) — interest in art(D.p.)
love literature(VP) — love for literature(D.p.)
hate the mess(VP) — hatred for disorder(D.p.)
respect colleagues(VP) — respect for colleagues(D.p.)
trust a friend(D.p.) - trust in friends(D.p.)
sympathize with the weak(D.p.) - compassion for the weak(D.p. with a preposition)
3) Different controls for words with similar meanings:
worry about something(P.p.) — worry about something(V.p.)
pay for something(VP) - h pay for something(V.p. with the preposition per)
pay the fare(V.p. with the preposition per) — pay the fare(V.p.)
pay attention to something(D.p.) - pay attention to something(V.p. with the preposition on the)
inform someone(D.p.) - inform someone(V.p.)
blame something(P.p. with the preposition in) — condemn for something(V.p. with the preposition per)
feedback on something(P.p. with the preposition about) — review of something(V.p. with the preposition on the)
faith in something(V.p. with the preposition in (in)) — confidence in something(Vp with the preposition c)
characteristic of something(D.p.) - characteristic of something(R.p. with the preposition for)
4) Different control for verbs with and without negation:
notice the reaction(VP) — ignore the reaction(R.p.)
He noticed(what?) audience reaction to his words. - He did not notice from excitement(what?) audience reaction to his words.
5) The use of the names of works of literature and art.
In "War and Peace" actor V. Tikhonov played the role of Prince Andrei.
In the movie "War and Peace" actor V. Tikhonov played the role of Prince Andrei.
After words - generic designations, for example, fairy tale, novel, story, short story, painting, film and others similar, naming the genre of a work of literature or art, the proper name is put in nominative case. If there are no such words in the sentence, then the names of works of literature and art are used in those cases that are necessary for the context of the sentence.
In the fairy tale "Turnip" or: In "Repka"
In the movie "War and Peace" or: In "War and Peace"
In the ballet "The Nutcracker" or: In "The Nutcracker"
Remember:
Many verbs require a specific case of the noun after them.
The genitive case is required by the verbs:
Achieve, achieve, desire, crave, want, expect, do, be afraid, beware, be afraid, avoid, lose, be afraid, be ashamed, shun, cost, seek, ask, demand etc. (whom? what?)
Negative verbs: not to see, not to notice, not to hear etc. (whom? what?)
The dative case requires verbs:
To give, to believe, to trust, to threaten, to indulge, to learn, to rejoice, to smile, to speak, to answer, to threaten, to threaten, to object, to bow, to nod, to wave, to horn, to call, to write, to speak, to tell, to announce, to answer, to explain, to report, like, seem, interfere, harm, take revenge, change, harm, take revenge, annoy, disgust, give, buy, bring, send, show, help, promise, dream, etc.(to whom; to what?)
All transitive verbs require the accusative case:
Give, donate, sell, buy, send, show, promise, build, sew, clean, wash, erase, take, put, set, hang, see, look, hear, listen, feel, experience, notice, love, hate, despise, respect, appreciate, remember, understand, study, decide, teach, tell, explain, inform, speak, thank, congratulate, remember, meet, scold, wait, etc.(who? what?)
The instrumental case requires verbs:
To rule, to direct, to dispose, to command, to manage, to rule, to manage, to be carried away, to be interested in, to engage in, to admire, to admire, to admire, to enjoy, to be proud, to admire, to admire, to be captivated, to cherish, to own, to use, to possess, to master, to boast, to be proud, brag, swear, trade, donate, take risks, be, become, become, appear, appear, stay, reckon, be known, be called, etc.(by whom? by what?)
Many verbs are characterized by double control:
Give, transfer, hand over, issue, sell, return, donate, hand over, provide, entrust, assign, leave something to someone
to say, to explain, to announce, to inspire, to tell, to declare, to answer, to promise, to recommend something to someone
Promise, guarantee someone something
teach someone something
Consider, imagine, recognize, imagine, name, depict, scold, declare someone to be someone
Norm Options
To want, to desire, to crave, to ask, to deserve a reward - rewards(V.p. and R.p.), but: deserve an award(V.p.)
Ask for advice, permission - advice, permission(R.p. and V.p.)
Wait for a train, a call - a train, a call(R.p. and V.p.), but wait for grandma, sister(V.p.)
Give, take, get, receive, send, buy, put, pour, pour, drink, take a sip, taste water, sugar - water, sugar(V.p. and R.p.)
Attention:
Missing (for what? To whom?) Work, home, mother, husband. But with pronouns: miss (for whom?) For us, for you. This use of pronouns in prepositional for a long time considered the only correct one.
For example, in the reference book by D. E. Rosenthal “Management in Russian”, it is indicated that with nouns and pronouns of the 3rd person it is correct: to miss somebody, for example: miss your son, miss him. But with personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person pl. numbers are correct: miss someone, for example: miss us, miss you.
But in recent times Both options are accepted. It is believed that with I pile(as well as sad, sad etc.) for you- the old norm; by you- new. Today, these options compete, which is reflected in the reference books. So, "Russian Grammar" (M., 1980) forms miss you and miss you considered as variable.
2. Constructions with prepositions
1 ) prepositional management:
thanks to, according to, in spite of, in spite of, like+ D.p. noun, for example: contrary to the instructions, rules, opinion of relatives, according to the order...
by (in the meaning of “after something”) + P.p. noun, for example: upon arrival, upon return, at the end of the experiment...
in measure, in force, during, in continuation, in conclusion, due to, after completion, like, by means of+ R.p. noun
for example: in the course of the conversation, in a week..
.
2)use of prepositions in non-prepositional constructions:
The article was an inspiration.
Wrong: to thoughts
Wrong: to the manufacturer
3) prepositions with homogeneous members of the sentence:
I need to go to the station, to the post office and to the store.
Classes are held at the stadium, in the park and in the hall.
If different prepositions with different nouns are required, they should be used. Omission of prepositions in such cases is unacceptable.
4) prepositions in, on - from, from:
In Kamergersky lane, shop in Kamergersky
on the street, shop on Tverskaya
From Rostov, from the theatre, from the store, from the park, from exile, from the circus, from the club, from the conservatory, from the restaurant, from the school, from the class, from the airport, from the port, from the institute, from the university, from the library, from the hospital
from the south, from the square, from the boulevard, from the post office, from the market, from the lecture, from the performance, from the concert, from the station, from the station
3. Using the full form of adjectives instead of the short one
1) short forms of adjectives act as a predicate:
Sister sick already a week.
Wrong: My sister has been sick for a week.
This photo road us.
Wrong: This photo is dear to us.
2) full and short forms are not used as homogeneous members of the sentence:
Sister was beautiful and sad.
Wrong: My sister was beautiful and sad.
4. Sentences, the subordinate part of which begins with the allied word who
Relative pronoun who in the function of a union word is used only with verbs in singular, for example:
Who has a great chance to enter the most prestigious universities.
Who is not late, will participate in the competition.
The subject and predicate in the main part must be either singular or plural. The predicate cannot be used in the singular if the subject is in the plural, and vice versa. For example:
Those, who write the exam for 85 points and above, will be able to enroll to the most prestigious universities.
All, who write the exam for 85 points and above, will be able to enroll to the most prestigious universities.
5. Violations in sentences with adverbial phrases
Climbing the mountain, the tourists saw the sea.
It means that
1) tourists climbed (several action producers),
2) tourists saw.
Consequently:
1) there are actors: tourists,
2) they did the following: got up, saw
3) the main action is expressed by the verb, the additional - by the gerund.
Similar two-part simple sentences are the most typical examples use of adverbial phrases in speech.
Are there sentences built differently? There are. Let's consider them below.
Preparing for the exam, I do training tasks.
Definitely a personal suggestion. There is a character: this is evidenced by the form of the verb. There is no subject, but it can be restored. Here it can be a personal pronoun of the 1st person singular. I.
Therefore, the use of adverbial phrases is possible in definite personal sentences with a predicate, an expressed verb in the forms of the 1st or 2nd person in singular. or pl. It is important that such proposals correspond to a situation in which there is an actor or actors and the actions they perform: basic and additional.
Preparing for the exam, complete the training tasks.
Definitely a personal suggestion. There is an active person: an imperative sentence is addressed to him. The predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed by the verb in the form of the imperative singular. Proposals of this kind correspond to a situation in which there is an actor and actions performed by him: basic and additional.
Preparing for the exam, you need to complete training tasks.
There is no subject, the predicate is expressed by the verb in the indefinite form of the verb (= in the form of the infinitive). In such sentences, the words are required: need, can, should, should (should, should), have to (had to, had to, would have to), succeeded, impossible, impossible, should not, do not have to, failed. In such sentences, personal pronouns in the form D.p. are frequent: me, us, you, you, him, her, them, which will designate the acting person. This is one of the varieties of impersonal proposals.
Violations:
Participle constructions are not possible in impersonal sentences, except for the sentences with the infinitive described above.
In Russian it is impossible to say: As we climbed the mountain, it became quite dark.
Correctly: When he (I, she, we, they, etc.) climbed the mountain, it became completely dark.
Participles are not possible in passive constructions.
In Russian it is impossible to say: Climbing the mountain, he wrote a poem.
Correctly: Climbing the mountain, he wrote a poem.
Participles are not possible in sentences with personal pronouns in D.p., if they do not include an infinitive.
In Russian it is impossible to say: Preparing for the exam, it was difficult for us.
Correctly:When we were preparing for the exam, it was difficult for us.
Participles are not possible in sentences with personal pronouns in V.p., if they do not include an infinitive.
In Russian it is impossible to say: Passing the exam, he was shaking with excitement.
Correctly: When he took the exam, he was shaking with excitement.
6. Violations in sentences with participial phrases
1) agreement of the participle with the word being defined:
Herbs (what?) used to make medicine are assembled in China.
He asked the audience a series of questions, (what?) exciting everyone.
Katerina's protest, (what?) defending their rights, is shown in this setting in a new way.
2) mixing passive and real participles:
Exercise, performed by us, causes no difficulty.
Incorrect: A task that we are running.
3) combination of structures a) with participle turnover and b) c which the:
Rain, pouring in the morning and interfering with our walk ended after lunch.
The rain, which had been pouring since morning and prevented our walk, ended in the afternoon.
Wrong: The rain that had been pouring since morning and which prevented our walk ended in the afternoon.
7. Sentences with an allied word which the
These are complex sentences with an attributive clause.
1) It is a mistake to make a gap between the word being defined and the subordinate clause with the word which the:
Wrong: I want to pass the exam in Russian, mathematics, and history, which I have not taken seriously before.
Correctly:I want to pass the exam in mathematics, history and the Russian language, which I have not seriously studied before.
Wrong: Look at my mom's birthday present that my sister made herself.
Correctly: Look at the gift my sister made herself for my mom's birthday.
2) erroneous word control which:
Wrong: Yesterday it snowed, which made us all happy.
Correctly: Snow fell yesterday, which we all rejoiced at. I: Yesterday it snowed, which we all missed.
8. Erroneous transmission of indirect speech
Wrong: Petka said that I was not yet ready for the exam and was very afraid of not passing it. (Petka said: “I am not yet ready for the exam and I am very afraid of not passing it.”)
Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person are not used in indirect speech.
Correctly:Petka said that he was not yet ready for the exam and was very afraid of not passing it.
Wrong: Petka said that he was waiting for his mother, who should arrive yesterday. (Petka said: "I'm waiting for my mother, who should arrive yesterday.")
Correctly:Petka said that he was waiting for his mother, who was supposed to arrive yesterday.
9. Offers with double alliances
1) incorrect arrangement of unions in the sentence:
Like…and like…
Not only but…
If not...then...
Not so much... but...
Not that… but…
Wrong: Exams were passed not only by the ninth, but also by the eleventh grades. (Violation of logic, the union is used incorrectly)
Correctly:Examinations were passed not only by the ninth, but also by the eleventh grades.
2) erroneous doubling of the union how: than than:
Wrong: He is more talented than his brother. (Union how simple)
Correctly:He is more talented than his brother.
3) violation of the structure of the union not so... than instead of not like:
Wrong: My bag is not as pretty as my friend's. (A distortion of the type of union is allowed because)
Correctly: My bag is not as pretty as my friend's. Or: My bag is less beautiful than my friend's.
Wrong: He did not perform as well as his friends. (A distortion of the type of union is allowed because)
Correctly: He did not perform as well as his friends. Or: He performed less well than his friends.
10. Offers with homogeneous members
1) usage different parts speeches as homogeneous members of the sentence:
Wrong: I ask for silence and listen to me.
(Wrong use of different parts of speech as homogeneous members of a sentence)
Correctly: I ask for silence and attention.
Wrong: He loves football and shooting.
Correctly: He loves to play football and shoot. Or: He loves football and shooting.
2) use of full and short forms of adjectives:
Wrong: The trees are tall and slender.
Correctly: The trees are tall and slender. Or: The trees are tall and slender.
In contact with
Unified State Examination in the Russian language - one of two compulsory exams to get a certificate you need to prepare well before the exam.
Changes in KIM USE 2019 in Russian:
- Increased the number of tasks in examination work from 26 to 27 due to the introduction of a new task (21), which tests the ability to conduct punctuation analysis of the text.
- The format of tasks 2, 9–12 has been changed.
- The range of tested spelling and punctuation skills has been expanded.
- The level of difficulty of individual tasks has been clarified.
- The wording of task 27 with a detailed answer has been clarified. The criteria for assessing task 27 have been clarified.
Preparation for the exam in the Russian language
- Training tasks needed for practice. Solve daily tasks with answers online. For this, more than 10 exercises on each topic have been collected. will help in learning what is enough for a solution. The algorithm for completing the task is given - what you need to know. Presented video lesson with detailed analysis.
- Works. Until April, you need to write one essay on each possible topic (love, war, indifference, loyalty, responsiveness, moral and philosophical concepts and so on). At least once a week, pick up arguments and build your own bank of arguments.
Through training, you will be able to:
- Reestablish in memory the material studied in the framework of school curriculum;
- Reveal and address gaps in knowledge;
- Define which task is simple for you, and which is difficult, and give it maximum attention;
- Bring to automatism solving some parts of the task or the whole task;
What you need to pay attention to:
- All tasks are given 3.5 hours (210 minutes).
- Only a pen is allowed for the exam.
- There are more tasks this year: instead of 26, there are 27.
- And the task structure was divided into 2 parts:
Part 1 contains 26 tasks with a short answer in the form of a number or a word (several words), written without spaces, commas and other additional characters.
The main topics of tasks for training:
- Speech. Text
- Vocabulary and phraseology
- Speech. Spelling norms
- Speech. Punctuation norms
- Speech. Language norms
- Speech. The expressiveness of Russian speech
- The development of speech. The writing
Part 2 contains one task - an essay (volume of 200 words) with a detailed answer, which tests the ability to create your own statement based on the text you read.
Points for USE assignments in the Russian language
- 1 point - for 1-7, 9-15, 17-25 tasks
- 2 points - 16.
- 4 points - 26.
- 5 points - 8.
As a result, you can get maximum 58 primary points . To obtain a certificate, you need to score 24 points, and to enter a university - 36.
Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS | SUGGESTIONS | |
A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover B) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members C) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate E) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover | 1) M. Gorky wrote about A.S. Pushkin, that how he "decorated folk song and a fairy tale with the brilliance of your talent! 2) When creating a website, it seems difficult to many. 3) In the estate, which before the revolution belonged first to Ivan Turgenev, and then to the old Botkin family, a meeting took place of the descendants of the former owners of the house. 4) The Egyptian bridge in St. Petersburg is famous not only for the sphinxes installed on it, but also for mystical history that took place in 1905. 5) By giving orders to Western aircraft manufacturing companies, industry leaders cause serious damage to the Russian economy. 6) School administration, first of all the director and head teacher, Special attention paid to increase professional excellence teachers. 7) Mozart, who worked in various fields musical art, with special attention to opera. 8) And now meteorologists in their weather predictions rely on some folk omens giving a fairly accurate prediction. 9) The meaning that people put into various concepts changes with the change of a person and society. |
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | AT | G | D |
Explanation (see also Rule below).
A) a violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover in sentence 8. This error is caused by the fact that the participle does not agree with the word to which it obeys, either in gender, or in number, or case.
Here is the correct spelling: And now, in their weather forecasts, meteorologists rely on some folk signs (which ones), which give a fairly accurate forecast.
Rule 7.1.1 paragraph
7.1. USE OF PARTICIPIAL TERMS
INTRODUCTION
Participle turnover is a participle with dependent words. For example, in the sentence Graduates who successfully pass the exam become applicants
word Graduates- main word
surrendered - communion,
those who passed (how?) successfully and passed (what?) the exam are participle dependent words.
Thus, the participial turnover in this sentence is - successfully passed the exam. If you change the word order and write the same sentence differently by placing a turnover before main word ( Successfully passed the exam Graduates become applicants), only the punctuation will change, and the turnover remains unchanged.
Very important: before starting work with task 7 for finding errors in a sentence with a participle, we advise you to solve and study task 16, which tests the ability to put commas with correctly constructed participial and adverbial phrases.
The purpose of the task is to find one such sentence in which grammatical norms are violated when using participle turnover. Of course, the search must begin with finding the sacrament. Remember that the sacrament you are looking for must certainly be in full form: short form never forms a participial turnover, but is a predicate.
For successful implementation For this assignment, you need to know:
- rules for coordinating the participle and the main (or defined) word;
- the rules for the location of the participial turnover in relation to the main word;
- tense and type of participles (present, past; perfect, imperfect);
- participle pledge (active or passive)
We draw attention to that that in a sentence with a participial turnover, not one, but two or even three errors can be made.
Note for teachers: keep in mind that the authors of various manuals have different points of view on the classification, as well as on the types of errors that can be attributed to a certain type. The classification adopted at RESHU is based on the classification of I.P. Tsybulko.
We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using the participle.
7.1.1 Violation of the agreement of the participle with the word being defined
The rule according to which single participles (as well as those included in the participle) are consistent with the main (= defined) word, requires setting the participle in the same gender, number and case as the main word:
About children (what?) returning from a trip; for the exhibition (what?) being prepared in the museum.
Therefore, we simply find a sentence in which there is a full participle, and its ending does not correspond to (or) gender, (or) case, (or) the number of the main word.
Type 1, the lightest
I got to chat with the guests present at the opening of the exhibition.
What is the reason for the error? The participle is not consistent with the word to which it must obey, that is, the ending must be different. We put the question from the noun and change the ending of the participle, that is, we agree on the words.
I had a chance to chat with guests(what IMI?), those present at the opening of the exhibition.
In these examples, the noun and its participle stand side by side, the error is easily seen. But this is not always the case.
type 2, harder
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
I want to find the words to the song heard recently.
These sentences contain two nouns: author, books; lyrics. Which of them has a participle turnover attached to it? We think about meaning. What was published, the author or his book? What do you want to find, words or a song?
Here's the corrected version:
I want to find the lyrics of the song (which one?), heard recently.
Type 3, even harder
The endings of participles sometimes perform a very large semantic mission. We think about the meaning!
Let's compare two sentences:
The noise of the sea (which one?), which woke me up, was very strong. What woke up? It turns out that the sea. The sea cannot wake up.
The noise (what?) of the sea that woke me up was very strong. What woke up? Turns out it's noise. And the noise can wake up. This is the correct option.
I heard the heavy steps (what?) of a bear, chasing me. Footsteps cannot pursue.
I heard the heavy steps of a bear (what?), haunting me. The bear can chase. This is the correct option.
Children of employees (which ones?), having any diseases receive preferential vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle "having" refers to the word "employees". It turns out that employees will have diseases, and the children of sick employees will receive vouchers. This is not the right option.
Children (what?) of employees, having any disease receive preferential vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle "having" refers to the word "children", and we understand that it is the children who have diseases and they need vouchers.
4 type, variant
Often there are sentences in which there are phrases of two words, the first of which is part of the whole, indicated by the second, for example: each of their participants, one of all, any of those named, some of them, some of the gifts.. Each of the nouns can be attached to a participle, depending on the meaning: in such phrases, the participle (participial) can be agreed with any word. It will be a mistake if the sacrament "hangs" and has no connection with any of the words.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
Each participant who received maximum amount points, the right to perform one more number was granted.
The sacrament can be agreed with both the word "to each" and the word "participants".
To each (what?) of the participants, who received the maximum number of points, was granted the right to perform one more number
Each of the participants (which THEM?), who received the maximum number of points, was granted the right to perform one more number.
We draw attention to the fact that it will be a mistake to disagree with OR with the first word, OR with the second:
Incorrect: Each of the participants who received ... or Each of the participants who received ... This is not possible.
In explanations on DECIDE, the option of agreement with the ending THEM is more often used.
Similarly true: Part of the books (which THEM?), received as a gift will go as a gift.
Or Part (what) of books, received as a gift will go as a gift.
Incorrect: Part of the books received as a gift will go as a gift.
NOTE : this type of error when checking essays is considered a matching error.
7.1.2 Participle construction and place of the main word
In well-formed sentences with participial turnover the main (or defined word) cannot be inside the participial turnover. His place is either before or after him. Remember that this depends on the placement of punctuation marks !!!
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
Submissions must be carefully checked the documents for examination.
We walked through the littered alley fallen leaves.
presenter the outside the city was free.
Created novel young author caused lively controversy.
note: with this construction of the sentence, it is completely incomprehensible whether to put a comma.
Here's the corrected version:
Must be carefully checked the documents, submitted for examination. Or: You need to carefully check submitted for examination the documents.
We walked along alley, strewn with fallen leaves. Or: We walked along strewn with fallen leaves alley.
The outside leading to the city was free. Or: Leading to the city the outside was free.
7.1.3. Participle turnovers, including irregular forms of participles
In accordance with the norms of the formation of participles, in modern Russian literary language participle forms are not used in -sch, formed from perfective verbs with the meaning of the future tense: there are no words pleasing, helping, reading, able. In the opinion of the editors of DECIDE, such erroneous forms should be presented in task 6, but, since I.P. Tsybulko has similar examples, we consider it important to note this type too.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
Until I found human, able to help me.
A valuable prize awaits participant, finding the answer to this question.
These sentences need to be corrected, because future participles are not formed from perfective verbs. Participles do not have a future tense..
Here's the corrected version:
We replace the non-existent participle with a verb in the conditional mood.
Until I found someone who can help me.
A valuable prize awaits the person who finds the answer to this question.
7.1.4. Participle turnovers, including irregular forms of pledge of participles
This type of error was in tasks USE past years (until 2015). In the books of I.P. Tsybulko 2015-2017 there are no such tasks. This type is the most difficult to recognize, and the error is due to the fact that the participle is used in the wrong voice, in other words, the real is used instead of the passive.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
The documents, sent for examination
Competition, hosted by the organizers
Foam, pouring into the bath, has a pleasant aroma.
Here's the corrected version:
The documents, sent for examination must be carefully checked.
Competition, organized by the organizers very much liked by the participants.
The foam that we pour into the bath has a pleasant aroma.
B) the error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members in sentence 4 is that with homogeneous members an attempt was made to use a double union, while AND was erroneously added to the part NOT SO MUCH. Parts of double alliances are permanent: NOT SO MUCH, MUCH.
Here is the correct spelling: The Egyptian bridge in St. Petersburg is known not so much for the sphinxes installed on it, but for the mystical story that took place in 1905.
Rule 7.6.2 paragraph
7.6. MISTAKE IN CONSTRUCTING A SENTENCE WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
INTRODUCTION
Homogeneous are members of a sentence that perform the same syntactic function, are united by the same relationship to the same member of the sentence, and are interconnected by a coordinating link. Homogeneous can be both main and minor members: subjects, predicates, additions, definitions, circumstances. For example, the definitions of "new, super-powerful computer" in relation to the word "computer" will be homogeneous; circumstances "depicted colorfully, but indistinctly" in relation to "depicted".
TYPES OF ERRORS MADE WHEN USING HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
7.6.1 Homogeneous predicates have the same dependent object.
Rule: With a normal, correct sentence structure, ONE is put from each of the two homogeneous predicates (first and second). GENERAL question to the general addition for example:
Guys addicted to (what?) and doing (what?) sports; Heroes of the story remember (about what?) and share their impressions (about what?) about the years of youth.
An error occurs if each of the predicates asks a DIFFERENT question to the GENERAL addition.
Example 1: I love (who? what?) and admire (who? what) my father.
The predicates “I love” and “I admire” have one dependent word “father”, which is in the instrumental case. It turned out that the addition of “father” correctly obeyed only the second predicate, since the verb “love” requires an accusative from the addition (I love whom? What? Father), therefore, this sentence is constructed incorrectly. To correctly express a thought, you need to change the sentence so that each predicate has a separate, case-appropriate addition, for example, like this: I love my father and admire him.
Example 2: The hero of the story believed (in what? what?) and strove (for what?) to his dream. Each of the verbs requires its own form of complement, it is impossible to pick up a common word, so we change the sentence again so that each predicate has a separate complement that matches the case, for example, like this: The hero of the story believed in his dream and strove for it.
Note for teachers: This type of error refers to control errors. In written work, such a mistake is usually made by students due to inattention: the first predicate is simply overlooked, and the mistake (when pointing to it) is easily corrected. Much more serious problem arises where the student does not realize that this or that case question cannot be raised from a given verb in principle.
7.6.2 Homogeneous members are connected by double unions not only ..., but also ...; if not ... then ... and others
.Rule 1 In such proposals, attention should be paid to that parts of a double union must connect homogeneous members of the same series, for example: We were inspired not so much colorful places this quiet town How many the spirit of its inhabitants. Let's make a proposal: not so much O , How many O . The first part of the double union: not so much, is before the first EP, subject to “places” (we do not take into account the word “colorful”), the second part How many stands before the second subject "soulfulness".
Now let's break the sentence. Us not so much inspired by the colorful places of this quiet city, How many the spirit of its inhabitants. The first part of the union now refers to the predicate, and the second to the subject. This is where this type of error lies.
Let's look at some more examples:
Example 1: It can be argued that the mood was the main Not only for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. That's right: each part is in front of the OC, in this example before additions. Compare with an incorrectly constructed sentence: It can be argued that the mood was Not only the main thing for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. The parts of the union are connected not by homogeneous members, but by the predicate and the addition.
Rule 2 It must also be remembered that the parts of a double union are permanent, they cannot be replaced by other words. Yes, the suggestion would be wrong. Merchants Stroganovs Not only boiled salt, as well as , since the union not only.. but also no. The union "not only" has the second part "but" and not "also". Correct option this proposal would be: Merchants Stroganovs Not only boiled salt, but also mined iron and copper in their lands
This is how you can: (variants of the second part are given in brackets).
1) not only ... but also (and and; but even; and yet; and besides); not only not ... but (but rather, rather; on the contrary, on the contrary); not only; 2) not that ... but (a; simply; even, not even); even ... not that; not even ... not that; not even ... especially not;
3) moreover ... also; not only that ... also; little of; Furthermore, Moreover; worse than that; and even.
7.6.3 In sentences with homogeneous members there is a generalizing word.
It must be taken into account that all homogeneous members must be in the same case as the generalizing word.
The grammatically correct sentence would be: I forgot about everything: about anxieties and sorrows, about sleepless nights, about sadness and longing. . The word [about] "everything" is generalizing, it is in the prepositional case. All OCs are in the same case.
Failure to comply with this rule is a gross violation. syntactic norm: gifts:crossbows, sables and ornaments.
In this sentence, the generalizing word “gifts” is in the form of the genitive case, and all homogeneous members (“crossbows, sable and decorations”) are in the form of the nominative case. Therefore, this sentence is incorrect. Correct option: Soon the nobleman began to inspect the brought gifts: crossbows, sables and ornaments.
7.6.5 Using different syntactic elements of a sentence as homogeneous members
.There is a strict grammatical rule that prescribes which elements can and cannot be combined into homogeneous members.
We list the cases in which this rule is violated.
If the proposal is combined into homogeneous
- noun form and indefinite form verb: I love chess and swimming, I like to embroider and needlework, I'm afraid of the dark and being alone and similar;
- different forms of the nominal part of the predicate: sister was upset and worried, she was younger and kinder and similar;
- participial phrase and subordinate clause: The main characters of the story are people who are not afraid of difficulties and who are always true to their word.; I do not like people who change their attitude and who do not hide it. and similar;
Participle and participle turnover: Loving their work and striving to do it well, the builders have achieved excellent results. and similar;
that is - grammar mistake. Note that such violations are very common in written work, therefore, like the entire task 7, this part is of great practical importance.
The following types of errors occurred in assignments prior to 2015.
7.6.4 Different prepositions may be used for homogeneous terms.
In one row of OC, when listing, it is possible to use prepositions, for example: in theatre, and on the exhibition VDNKh, and on theRed Square. As you can see, this sentence uses prepositions in and on the, and that's right. It would be a mistake to use the same preposition for all the words in this series: During my three stays in Moscow, I visited and in theater, and exhibition VDNH, and Red Square. You can't be "in VDNKh" and "in Red Square." So the rule is: you cannot use a common preposition for all members of the series if, in terms of meaning, this preposition does not fit at least one of the SPs.
Example with an error: Crowds of people were everywhere: on the streets, squares, squares. Before the word "squares" it is necessary to add the preposition "in," since this word is not used with the preposition "on". Correct option: Crowds of people were everywhere: in the streets, squares, squares.
7.6.6 Connection in one row of specific and generic concepts
For example, in a sentence: The package contained oranges, juice, bananas, fruits admitted logical fallacy. "Oranges" and "bananas" are species concepts in relation to the word "fruit" (that is, common), therefore, they cannot stand with it in the same row of homogeneous members. Correct option: The package contained juice and fruits: bananas, oranges.
Another error example: Adults, children and schoolchildren came to the meeting with the famous artist. The words "children" and "schoolchildren" cannot be made homogeneous.
7.6.7 The use of logically incompatible concepts in one series of homogeneous terms
For example, in a sentence The mourners walked with bags and sad faces a mistake is felt: “faces” and “bags” cannot be homogeneous.
Such intentional violation can act as a stylistic device: Only Masha, heating and winter did not sleep(K. G. Paustovsky). When the frost and mother allowed him to stick his nose out of the house, Nikita went to wander around the yard alone.(A.N. Tolstoy). Only if for artwork the level of Tolstoy or Chekhov is acceptable (they are not on the exam, they can joke, play with words!), then such humor will not be appreciated either in written work or in task 7.
C) the incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech in sentence 1 is that direct speech is mixed with indirect speech. The direct does not need the unions "like, what" and the pronoun "he"; for indirect - superfluous "how"
Since we do not know if this quote is accurate, we will use only indirect speech as the correct spelling, leaving the statement itself in quotation marks.
Here is the correct spelling: M. Gorky wrote about A.S. Pushkin, that __ he "decorated the folk song and fairy tale with the brilliance of his talent!".
Rule 7.9.1 paragraph
7.9 INCORRECT SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION WITH ANOTHER SPEECH
In this task, students' ability to correctly build sentences with quotations and indirect speech is checked: out of 9 sentences on the right, you need to find one that contains an error.
The rules below will deal with quoting and indirect speech, these are very close, but not the same units.
AT everyday life, especially often in oral speech, we often use the transfer of someone's words on our own behalf, the so-called indirect speech.
Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences consisting of two parts (the words of the author and indirect speech), which are connected by conjunctions what, as if to, or pronouns and adverbs who, what, what, how, where, when, why etc., or a particle whether.
For example: I was told that it was my brother. She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. We talked about how the birds I caught live.
Sentences with indirect speech serve to convey someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, they convey only the content of someone else's speech, but cannot convey all the features of its form and intonation.
Let's try to restore sentences: from indirect speech we will translate into sentences with direct speech:
I was told that it was my brother. - They told me: "It was your brother."
She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. - She said: "Look into my eyes!" And then she demanded: “Do you remember minnows, our meetings, our quarrels, picnics? Do you remember?
A friend asked: “How do the birds you caught live?”
As can be seen from the examples, the sentences coincide only in meaning, but the verbs, pronouns, and conjunctions change. Let us consider in detail the rules for translating direct speech into indirect speech: this is very important both for writing an essay and for completing task 7.
7.9.1 Basic rule:
when replacing sentences with direct speech with sentences with indirect speech, special attention should be paid to correct usage personal and possessive pronouns, as well as related verbs, since in indirect speech we convey other people's words on our own behalf.
| Proposal with direct speech | Well-formed indirect speech | Incorrectly formed indirect speech |
| The father said: I I'll be back late." | Father said that he true et it's late. | Father said that I would return late. |
| We asked: "A you where did you come from?" | We asked where he I arrived. | We asked where you came from. |
| I confessed: Your Michael took the books. | I confessed that them Michael took the books. | I confessed that "Michael took your books." |
| The children screamed: We not guilty!" | The children screamed that they not guilty. | The children screamed that "we are not to blame." |
| We draw attention to that that quotation marks can help to detect an error, but you cannot focus on them alone, since quotation marks are used both in the application and in sentences with quotations without errors, and not in all tasks. | ||
7.9.2 There are a number of additional rules
related to the peculiarity of translating direct speech into indirect speech, their observance is also checked in task 7.a) If direct speech - declarative sentence,
what. Example: The secretary replied: "I complied with the request." – The secretary replied that he complied with the request. Pronoun changed!
b) If direct speech is an interrogative sentence,
then when replacing it with a subordinate role subordinating unions perform interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles who stood in direct question. Question mark after an indirect question is not put. Example: "What did you manage to accomplish?" the teacher asked the students. The teacher asked the students what they managed to do. Pronoun changed!
c) When in direct speech - interrogative sentence there are no interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles,
when replacing it with an indirect one, a particle is used for communication whether. Example: "Are you correcting the text?" the secretary asked impatiently. The secretary asked impatiently if we were correcting the text. Pronoun changed!
d) If direct speech - exclamatory sentence with a call to action
then it is replaced by an explanatory subordinate clause with the conjunction to. Example: The father shouted to his son: “Come back!” The father shouted to his son to come back. Pronoun added!e) Particles and words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence
(addresses, interjections, introductory words, complex sentences) and contained in direct speech, are omitted when replacing it with indirect speech. Example: “Ivan Petrovich, make an estimate for the next quarter,” the director asked the chief accountant. The director asked the chief accountant to draw up an estimate for the next quarter.
7.9.3. Special citation rules.
When writing essays, it often becomes necessary to quote either the desired fragment of the source text, or to quote the statement from memory, organically including the quote in the sentence. There are three ways to introduce a quote into your speech:
1) using direct speech, in compliance with all punctuation marks, for example: Pushkin said: “All ages are submissive to love” or “All ages are submissive to love,” Pushkin said.. This is the easiest way, but it is not always convenient. Such proposals will meet as true!
2) using subordinate clause , that is, using unions, for example: Pushkin said that "all ages are submissive to love". Pay attention to the changed punctuation marks. This way no different from the transmission of indirect speech.
3) a quote can be included in your text using introductory words, for example: As Pushkin said, "all ages are submissive to love".
Note that in Quote can't be changed.: what is enclosed in quotation marks is transmitted absolutely exactly, without any distortion. If it is necessary to include only part of the quote in your text, special characters are used (ellipsis, different kind brackets), but this is not relevant to this task, since there are no punctuation errors in task 7.
Let's consider some features of quoting.
a) How to avoid an error if there is a quote with a pronoun?
On the one hand, quotes cannot be changed, on the other hand, a pronoun cannot be left. If you just insert a quote, there will be errors: Napoleon once remarked that " I I can lose this battle, but I can't lose a minute". Or like this: In his memoirs, Korolenko wrote that he always " I I saw undoubted intelligence in the face of Chekhov.
Both proposals require:
firstly, replace the pronoun I with OH, exclude the pronoun from the quote:
secondly, to change the verbs, connecting them with new pronouns and also to exclude from the quote, so we know that nothing can be changed.
With such changes, quotes will certainly “suffer”, and if we can keep the second sentence in this form: Korolenko wrote that he always "saw in the face of Chekhov undoubted intelligence", then Napoleon's statement cannot be saved. Therefore, we boldly remove the quotes and replace the quote with indirect speech: Napoleon once remarked that he can lose this battle, but not maybe lose a minute.
b) Of particular note are cases of erroneous combination of two ways of introducing a quote into a sentence,
which causes a grammatical error. As we already know, a quotation can be entered either as a subordinate clause or with the help of introductory words. Here's what happens when two methods are combined:
Wrong: According to Maupassant, what"Love is as strong as death, but as fragile as glass".
Right: According to Maupassant, "love is as strong as death, but as fragile as glass."
Wrong: As P. I. Tchaikovsky stated, what"Inspiration is born only from work and during work".
Right: As P. I. Tchaikovsky stated, “inspiration is born only from labor and during labor.”
Thus, we formulate the rule: when using introductory words, the union is not used.
c) In the works of students there are also cases when a quote is introduced using introductory words,
but direct speech is made out as a separate sentence. This is not only a violation of punctuation, it is a violation of the rules for constructing a sentence with a quote.Wrong: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupery: “Only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important thing with your eyes.”
Right: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupery, “only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important thing with your eyes.”
Wrong: According to L. N. Tolstoy: “Art is highest manifestation power in man.
Right: According to Leo Tolstoy, "art is the highest manifestation of power in man."
D) the violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate in sentence 6 is that the predicate "gave" is in plural, although the subject is "administration" in the singular. With the subject, there are clarifying members (in italics), but they do not affect the number of the predicate.
Here is the correct spelling: School administration, first of all the director and head teacher paid special attention to improving the professional skills of teachers.
Rule 7.3.6 paragraph
7.3. Agreement of the predicate with the subject
INTRODUCTION
Subject - main member suggestions, which is consistent with its predicate according to the laws of grammar.
The subject and predicate usually have the same grammatical forms of number, gender, person, for example: Clouds are rushing, clouds are winding; Invisible moon Illuminates the flying snow; The sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy.
In such cases, we can talk about the agreement of the predicate with the subject. However, the correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members of the sentence is not necessary, there may be an incomplete correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members: My whole life has been a guarantee of a faithful date with you.- correspondence of number forms, but different forms of gender; Your destiny is endless chores- inconsistency of number forms.
The grammatical connection of the main members of the sentence is considered as coordination. This grammatical connection wider and freer in comparison with the agreement. It can be entered different words, their morphological properties do not have to match each other.
When coordinating the main members of the sentence, the problem arises of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate, when the gender / number of the subject is difficult to determine. This section of the "Reference" is devoted to consideration of these issues.
7.3.1. In a complex sentence, pronouns act as subjects
If in a sentence (and not necessarily in NGN!) a pronoun is used as a subject, then you need to know a number of rules that prescribe how to correctly coordinate the predicate with it.
A) If the subject is expressed by the pronouns WHO, WHAT, NOBODY, NOTHING, SOMEONE, SOMEONE, WHOEVER, then the predicate is put in the singular form: For example: [Those ( who neglect the opinions of others) risk being left alone].
EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes), [everyone will know].
EXAMPLE 2 [No one knew (that the lesson was postponed).]
EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes, [everyone will know].
EXAMPLE 2 [No one knew (that the lesson was postponed).]
B) If the subject is expressed by the plural pronoun TE, ALL, the predicate is put in the plural form. If the subject is expressed by the singular pronouns TOT, TA, TO, the predicate is put in the singular form. For example: [ THOSE (who graduated with honors) are more likely to enter a university free of charge].
This proposal is built on the following model:
[Those (who + the predicate), ... the predicate ...]. And this is the most common model in which it is proposed to find an error. Let's analyze the structure complex sentence: in the main clause, the pronoun "those" - is the subject, pl. h; "have" -predicate, pl. This is in line with rule B.
Now attention to the subordinate clause: “who” is the subject, “finished” is the predicate in the singular. This is in accordance with rule A.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) must independently check in for the flight].
EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].
EXAMPLE 3. [Those (who are planning a vacation for the summer) buy tickets in the spring].
Here are the corrected versions:
EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) MUST check in for the flight on their own].
EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].
In examples 1 and 2, the error is easy to see: it is enough to throw out the subordinate clause. In the following example, the error often goes unnoticed.
EXAMPLE 3. [Those ( who are planning a vacation for the summer) buy tickets in the spring].
C) If the subject is expressed by the phrase ONE OF .., EACH OF ..., NONE OF .. then the predicate is put in the singular form. If the subject is expressed by the phrase MANY FROM ..., SOME FROM ..., ALL FROM .. then the predicate is put in the plural form. For example: [None of those (who won a prize) wanted to go to the republican competition].
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who have been to Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the old estate trees].
EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].
EXAMPLE 6 [Each of the parties (which presented its project) defended its advantages over other projects].
Here are the corrected versions:
EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who have been to Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the old manor trees].
EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].
EXAMPLE 6 [Each side, (who presented her project), defended its advantages over other projects].
D) If the sentence has a turnover of WHO, AS NOT .., the predicate is put in the singular form male. For example: Who, if not parents, SHOULD teach children the ability to communicate?
This turnover can be considered as clarifying, see other examples in clause 7.3.3, part B.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not we, should worry about the cleanliness of our cities?
EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you a model of endurance and love of life?
Here are the corrected versions:
EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not us, should worry about the cleanliness of their cities?
EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you a model of endurance and love of life?
7.3.2 Predicate coordination with subject, expressed word or combination of words with the meaning of quantity
When coordinating the main members of the sentence, the problem arises of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate, when the subject points to many objects, but appears in the singular.
A) The role of the subject is the collective name of nouns and words close to them in meaning.
Collective nouns designate a set of homogeneous objects or living beings as an indivisible whole: FOLIAGE, DUBNYAK, ASPEN, CHILDREN, STUDENTS, TEACHER, PROFESSORIES, PEASANTS. They have the form of only the singular, are not combined with quantitative numbers and with words denoting units of measure, but can be combined with the words a lot / little or how much: LITTLE RELATIONS, A LITTLE LEAVES, A LOT OF MOSHKORA.
The words PEOPLE, PACK, ARMY, GROUP, CROWD can also be attributed to them in terms of the meaning of collectiveness; THOUSAND, MILLION, HUNDRED; TROIKA, PAIR; DARKNESS, DEEP, LOTS AND OTHERS
The subject, expressed by a collective noun, requires the predicate to be set only in the singular form:
For example: The children frolicked in the courtyard of the house; young people often take the initiative.
The subject expressed by a noun like GROUP, CROWD also requires setting the predicate only in the singular form:
For example: A group of festival participants shared their impressions; a trio of horses rushed under the windows
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 1. During last three For years, the leadership of the Central and regional markets have repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.
EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.
Here are the corrected versions:
EXAMPLE 1. Within three recent years The management of the Central and regional markets has repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.
EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.
B) The subject is a collective noun with a quantitative meaning
The nouns MOST, MINORITY, PLENTY, SERIES, PART, despite the grammatical form of the singular, denote not one object, but many, and therefore the predicate can take not only the form of the singular, but also the plural. For example: On this pond ... an innumerable number of ducks were hatched and kept; Many hands are knocking on all the windows from the street, and someone is breaking on the door. Which form would you prefer?
The subject, which has in its composition the collective nouns MOST, MINORITY, MULTIPLE, ROW, PART, requires the predicate to be set only in the singular form, if:
a) from collective noun no dependent words
Part went on vacation, and part remained; many scatteredAxis, a minority remainedAxis
b) the collective noun has a singular dependent word
With a subject that has in its composition the words MOST, MINORITY, PLENTY, SERIES, PART, you can put the predicate both in the plural form and in the plural, if the noun has a dependent word in the plural:
Most students passed the test; a number of participants demonstrated excellent knowledge.
Some of the books were purchased for the library; a number of objects delivered ahead of schedule
The plural of the predicate in such constructions usually indicates the activity of the actors.
Consider the cases in which the use of the plural of the predicate is allowed and permissible.
| The predicate is put | |
| in the singular, if | plural, if |
| The activity of animated persons is not emphasized: Part of the conference participants did not accept participation in the discussion | Activity is highlighted. The subject is animate. Most writers strongly rejected editor fixes. Most students are good answered on the lesson. |
| Activity is not emphasized, the passive participle indicates that the object itself does not perform the action. Row of workersattracted to responsibility. | Activity is emphasized in the presence of participial or participle turnover. |
| Activity is not emphasized, subject is inanimate Most Items lay in disarray A number of workshops manufactures parts for our workshop. | Activity is also indicated by a number of homogeneous members: Majority editors, proofreaders, authors, reviewers studied these documents. Most editors got order, got acquainted with its content and made necessary conclusions. A number of homogeneous predicates. |
Nevertheless, it must be taken into account that the singular form of the predicate is more in line with the tradition of book-writing styles and the use of the plural form of the predicate must be clearly justified. Mistake in USE assignments there will be an unreasonable setting of the predicate in the plural.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not done correctly enough.
EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel.
EXAMPLE 6 A lot of poems by this author were published in the series "Children's Library"
Here are the corrected versions:
EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not completed correctly. Predicate in the form passive communion indicates passivity. actor.
EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel. Events cannot act on their own, so the predicate must be used in the singular.
EXAMPLE 6 Many poems by this author were published in the Children's Library series.. The predicate in the form of a passive participle indicates the passivity of the actor.
C) The combination of a numeral with a noun acts as a subject
With a subject expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination, the same problem arises: in what number is it better to use the predicate. In Chekhov we find: Some three soldiers stood side by side at the very descent and were silent; He had two sons. L. Tolstoy preferred the following forms: Three peasants and a woman sat in the sleigh; Two feelings fought in his soul - good and evil.
Note: In the USE assignments, such cases do not occur, since there is a high possibility of incorrect classification of the type of error - such cases can be attributed to an error in the use of a numeral. Therefore, we confine ourselves to remarks of a general nature and note the most gross errors made in written works.
With a subject that has in its composition a numeral or a word with the meaning of quantity, you can put the predicate both in the plural form and in the singular:
Five years have passed; ten graduates have chosen our institute
The use of different forms depends on the meaning that the predicate brings to the sentence, activity and generality of action is emphasized by the plural. number.
The predicate is usually put in the singular if
In the subject, a numeral ending in "one":
Twenty-one students of our institute are included in the city's volleyball team, but Twenty-two (three, four, five...) students of our institute are members of the city's volleyball team
If the message fixes this or that fact, the result, or when the message is given an impersonal character:
Twenty-two suits sold; Three or four students will be transferred to another class.
The predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, presence, existence, position in space:
Three kingdoms stood before her. The room had two windows with wide window sills. Three windows of the room faced north
Wrong: Three kingdoms stood. There were two windows with wide window sills in the room. Three windows of the room faced north.
A single number, which creates an idea of a single whole, is used to designate a measure of weight, space, time:
Thirty-four kilograms of drying oil will be required to paint the roof. Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, already, it seems, eleven o'clock struck. Five months have elapsed since
Wrong: Thirty-four kilograms of drying oil will be required to paint the roof; Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, already, it seems, eleven o'clock has struck. Five months have elapsed since then.
With a subject expressed by a complex noun, the first part of which is the numeral sex-, the predicate is usually put in the singular, and in the past tense - in the middle gender, for example: half an hour will pass, half a year has flown by, half the city participated in the demonstration.
Wrong: half the class participated in the competition, half an hour will pass
7.3.3 Coordination between subject and verb separated from each other
Between the subject and the predicate there may be secondary separate members sentences specifying members, subordinate clauses. In these cases, it is necessary to strictly observe the general rule: the predicate and the subject must agree.
Let's consider special cases.
A) Coordination of the subject and the compound nominal predicate in a sentence built according to the “noun. is a noun.”
Note for the teacher: this type of error in the SPP is noted in his manual "How to get 100 USE points" (2015) by I.P. Tsybulko, while in the "Handbook of Spelling and literary editing"D. Rosenthal, such an error is called a construction shift in a complex sentence.
The nominal part of the predicate in a sentence built according to the noun + noun model must be in the nominative case.
For example: [First, (what you should learn) is highlighting the basis of the sentence].
The grammatical basis of the main clause consists of the subject first and predicate selection. Both words are in the nominative case.
And this is what it looks like proposal with an error: [The first (what should be learned) is the selection of the basis of the sentence]. Under the influence of the subordinate clause, the predicate received Genitive, which is an error.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 1 [The main thing (what you need to pay attention to) is the ideological side of the work]
EXAMPLE 2 [The last thing (to stop) is the composition of the book]
EXAMPLE 3 [The most important (what is worth striving for) is the fulfillment of a dream]
Here are the corrected versions:
EXAMPLE 1 The main thing (what you need to pay attention to) is the ideological side of the work]
EXAMPLE 2 [The last (what should be stopped) is the composition of the book]
EXAMPLE 3 [The most important (what is worth striving for) is the fulfillment of a dream]
B). Coordination of the predicate with the subject, in which there are clarifying members.
In order to clarify the subject, sometimes they use clarifying (explaining turns), connecting members of the sentence, standalone additions. Yes, in the proposal Competition Jury, including representatives of a cosmetic company selected from the audience, could not determine the winner the highlighted turnover is a connecting one(in other manuals it is called clarifying).
The presence in the sentence of any member that specifies the meaning of the subject does not affect the number of the predicate. Such turns are attached with the words: EVEN, ESPECIALLY, INCLUDING, FOR EXAMPLE; EXCEPT, INCLUDING, INCLUDING and the like. For example: Editorial Board, including the editors of the Internet portal, is in favor of reorganization.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 4. The entire team, including dancers and jugglers, spoke out in favor of participating in the competition.
EXAMPLE 5. The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather.
EXAMPLE 6. The school administration, including members of the parent committee, supported holding an extended parent meeting.
Here are the corrected versions:
The mistake is easy to see if you throw out the subordinate clause.
EXAMPLE 4 The whole team, including dancers and jugglers, spoke out in favor of participating in the competition.
EXAMPLE 5 The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather.
EXAMPLE 6 The school administration, including members of the parent committee, advocated holding an expanded parent meeting.
7.3.4 Coordination of the predicate with the subject, the gender or number of which is difficult to determine.
For the correct connection of the subject with the predicate, it is very important to know the gender of the noun.
A) Certain categories or groups of nouns have difficulty in determining the gender or number.
gender and number indeclinable nouns, abbreviations, words-conventional names and a number of other words are defined special rules. For the correct coordination of such words with the predicate, you need to know their morphological features.
Ignorance of these rules cause errors: Sochi became the capital of the Olympics; cocoa is cold; shampoo is over; the university announced the enrollment of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported
Need: Sochi has become the capital of the Olympics; cocoa has cooled down; shampoo is over, the university announced a set of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported
Nouns, the gender/number of which is difficult to determine, are discussed in the section. After studying the above material, you will be able to successfully complete not only task 6, but also 7.
Consider sentences with errors
EXAMPLE 1. The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week.
In the sentence, the word "package" is the subject, female. The predicate "was sent" is in the masculine. This is mistake. We fix: The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week
EXAMPLE 2. The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.
In the sentence, the word "tulle" is the subject, masculine. The predicate "approached" is in the feminine. This is mistake. We fix: The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.
EXAMPLE 3. The UN has met for another meeting.
In the sentence, the word "UN" is the subject, feminine (organization). The predicate "gathered" is on average. This is mistake. We fix: The UN met for a regular meeting.
EXAMPLE 4. Foreign Ministry announced participation in the meeting
In the sentence, the word "MIA" is the subject, it does not change. When decrypted, we get "Ministry
Foreign Affairs". At the same time, we recall that given word belongs to the masculine gender. The predicate "reported" is on average. This is mistake. We fix: The Foreign Ministry announced its participation in the meeting.
EXAMPLE 5. Moskovsky Komsomolets published a rating best universities countries.
In the sentence, the phrase "Moskovsky Komsomolets" is the subject, this is conditional Russian name, a masculine word, like the word "Komsomolets". The predicate "printed" is in the feminine. This is mistake. We correct: Moskovsky Komsomolets published a rating of the best universities in the country.
EXAMPLE 6. Tbilisi attracts tourists .
In the sentence, the word "Tbilisi" is the subject, it is an invariable code name. It is a masculine word, like the word "city". The predicate "attract" is plural. This is mistake. We fix: Tbilisi attracts tourists.
B) Coordination of the predicate with the subject with the meaning of the profession
With a masculine noun denoting a profession, position, rank, etc., the predicate is put in the masculine gender, regardless of the gender of the person in question. For example: the teacher made a report, the director called an employee
FROM proposals will be wrong, in which the teacher made a report, the director called an employee .
Note: if there is a person's own name, especially a surname, in which said words act as applications, the predicate is consistent with own name: Teacher Sergeeva gave a lecture. More on this point below, 7.3.5
7.3.5 Subject is appendix
An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case: city (what?) Sochi, bird (what?) hummingbird, website (what?) "ReshuEGE"
By general rule the predicate is consistent with the subject, and the presence of latest application in the form of another gender or number does not affect the agreement
For example: The plant, this grand colossus, seemed to be a ship of unheard-of dimensions too. The suggestion would be wrong. The plant, this grandiose colossus, it seemed, was also a ship of unheard of dimensions. .
If the subject has an application, then, first of all, it is necessary to find out which of the words is the subject and which is the application, and then put the predicate in one form or another.
Table 1. Application and subjects are written separately. When a generic name is combined with a specific or specific and individual subject, the word denoting a broader concept is considered to be the subject, and the predicate is consistent with it. Here are some examples:
Application is a common noun:
the rose flower smelled marvelously; the oak tree has grown; kharcho soup is cooked
Application - proper noun
the Dnieper river has flooded; newspaper "Moscow's comsomolets" came out; Barbos dog barked
Exception: last names of people. In pairs, engineer Svetlova reported, Doctor of Science Zvantseva came out, head teacher Marina Sergeevna noted proper nouns are subject.
Table 2. The subject is compound noun, forms terms, in which one part resembles an application in function. In these cases, the leading (defined) word is the word that expresses a broader concept or specifically designates an object.
The predicate agrees with the first word, both words change
an armchair-bed stood in the corner; the factory-laboratory fulfilled the order; invoice issued in a timely manner; theater-studio brought up a lot of actors; attention was attracted by a table-poster; romance song became very popular
The predicate agrees with the second word, the first word does not change:
cafeteria is open(dining room is a broader concept); vending machine open(in this combination, the part of the diner acts as the bearer of a specific meaning); raincoat tent lay(tent in the form of a raincoat, not a raincoat in the form of a tent); "Roman-newspaper" was published in large circulation(newspaper is a broader name).
EXAMPLE 1 ice cream cake cut into equal pieces .
Compound noun "ice cream cake" in the main, more common word"cake" is masculine, so: Ice cream cake cut into equal parts
EXAMPLE 2 The story "Children of the Underground" was written by V.G. Korolenko. .
The conditional name is an application, so you need to coordinate the predicate with the word "story": The story "Children of the Underground" was written by V.G. Korolenko.
EXAMPLE 3 A tiny dog, quite a puppy, suddenly barked loudly. .
The subject is the word "dog", it is feminine, therefore: A tiny dog, quite a puppy, suddenly barked loudly.
EXAMPLE 4 Yesterday the young teacher Petrov gave his first lecture. .
The subject is the surname "Petrova", it is feminine, therefore: Yesterday, the young teacher Petrova gave her first lecture.
A) The sentence has homogeneous subjects and one predicate
If the predicate refers to several subjects, not connected by unions or connected by means of a connecting union, then apply the following forms coordination:
The predicate after homogeneous subjects is usually plural:
Industry and Agriculture in Russia are steadily developing.
Predicate, preceding homogeneous subject, usually agrees with the nearest one:
In the village there was a clatter and screams
If there are separating or opposing unions between the subjects, then the predicate is put in the singular.
Experienced fear or instant fright in a minute seems both funny, and strange, and incomprehensible. Not you, but fate is to blame.
Consider sentences with errors:
EXAMPLE 1 Passion for sports and a tough daily routine did their job. .
Two subjects, the predicate comes after a series of homogeneous members, so it must be in the plural: Passion for sports and a tough daily routine did their job.
EXAMPLE 2 Not reason, but fear suddenly took possession of me. .
Two subjects, with the union a, the predicate must therefore be in the singular: Not reason, but fear suddenly took possession of me.
EXAMPLE 3 In the distance, the familiar noise and loud voices could be heard. .
Two subjects, the predicate is in front of a number of homogeneous members, therefore it should be in the singular: In the distance there was a familiar noise and loud voices.
B) The combination in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister”
The setting of the predicate in the plural or singular depends on what meaning is given to the phrase: joint action or separate.
When combined in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister”, the predicate is put:
in plural, if both named objects (persons) act as equal action producers(both are subject);
Pasha and Petya had been waiting for their mother's return for a long time and were very worried.
in the singular, if the second object (person) accompanies the main producer of the action ( is an addition):
The mother and child went to the clinic. Nicholas with younger sister came last.
Only in the singular in the presence of the words TOGETHER, TOGETHER:
My father left the city with his mother.
Only in the singular with the subject, expressed by pronoun I, YOU
I will come with a friend; you had a fight with your mom
Consider sentences with errors:
EXAMPLE 1 My brother and his friends went to the beach. .
With the word "together" the predicate cannot be plural: My brother and his friends went to the beach.
EXAMPLE 2 Ruslan and I will come to class today. .
With the subject I (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be plural: Ruslan and I will come to class today. Or: Ruslan and I will come to class today.
EXAMPLE 3 You and your sister will live in this room. .
With the subject you (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be plural: You and your sister will live in this room.Or: You and your sister will live in this room..
E) the error in constructing a sentence with a participial turnover in sentence 2 is that the predicate “seems difficult” is mistakenly assigned the gerund “creating”. It turned out that “this” both “seems complicated”, and it “creates”. And this is meaningless, because a person creates, and not “it”. By grammar rules to the predicate expressed by the reflexive verb with the particle -sya (it seems), the participle cannot be attached.
The proposal can be restructured as follows: The process of creating a website seems complicated to many.
Rule 7.8.1 TYPE 3
7.8. USE OF GENERAL PARTICIPLES. ERRORS IN USE
INTRODUCTION
A participle turnover is a participle with dependent words.
The participle always denotes an additional action that occurs in parallel with the main one, for example: a man walked (the main action), waving your arms(additional, what while doing); the cat fell asleep (main action), tucking its paws (additional action, what did you do?)
The participles answer the question what do you do? (not perfect view) and what did you do? (perfect view). Along with this question, you can also ask questions as? how? for what purpose? and the like. A gerund always denotes a sign of an action, that is, it describes how the main action takes place.
We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using adverbial phrases.
7.8.1 Participle turnover in a sentence with a subject
The general rule for using adverbial phrases is as follows: the gerund and the predicate must denote the actions of the same person, that is, the subject. This person performs two actions: one main, the second additional. The participle should easily be replaced by the second verb: sat down, laid out textbooks - sat down and laid out; looked, smiling - looked and smiled.
TYPE 1. A gerund and a verbal predicate expressed by a verb without the postfix -sya
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
Slipping on ice I was picked up by a guy next to me.
Passing under the house, an icicle almost fell on me.
In each of the sentences, there were two characters: in the first one, someone slipped and someone picked it up; in the second: someone passed and someone almost fell down. But due to an error in construction, it turns out that the guy picked up, slipping; the icicle nearly fell off as it passed.
With this construction, the participle is erroneously assigned to one actor, and the predicate to another, which violates the basic rule. To avoid mistakes, you need to ensure that the participle and the predicate refer to the same person.
When I slipped on the ice, I was picked up by a guy next to me.
When I was walking under the house, an icicle almost fell on me.
TYPE 2. The gerund refers to the predicate in the form of a short passive participle
Writing a poem "Death of a Poet", the fate of Lermontov was determined.
Analyzing the text, I was quite right in determining its size.
As in type 1, the gerund and predicate refer to different persons. Due to a construction error, it turns out that fate was determined by writing ; the size is determined having analyzed. The predicate is a short passive participle.
If the predicate is expressed a brief communion, which means that the subject itself does not perform the action, something is done with it. With this form of the predicate gerund, there can be no.
Here are the revised proposals:
When Lermontov wrote the poem "The Death of a Poet", his fate was determined.
When I analyzed poetic text, I was quite right to determine its size.
TYPE 3. The participial turnover is attached to the predicate- reflexive verb in a passive meaning with a postfix Xia
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
Usually, creating your work, it expresses Xia author's attitude to life and people.
Having received an education, students direct Xia senior master for practice.
As in type 2, the subject in such a sentence does not actually perform the action itself: attitude expresses Xia(by someone); displays Xia(by someone); direct Xia(by someone). But a if there is no action, then there can be no additional, additional, expressed by a gerund. We replace the adverbial turnover with a subordinate clause.
Here are the revised proposals:
Usually, when a work is created, the author's attitude to life and people is expressed in it. Or: Creating a work, the author always expresses his attitude to life and people.
When students receive their education, they are directed by the senior master to practice.
7.8.2. Participle turnover in a sentence without a subject
It often happens that the subject performing both actions may not be formally expressed, that is, there is no subject in the sentence. Speech in this case it's about one-part sentences. It is these types that cause the greatest difficulty in finding an error.
TYPE 4. Participle turnover in an impersonal sentence (except for type 7)
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
Sending pretty important telegram I didn't have enough money.
He was sad.
There is no subject, the acting person is expressed by a pronoun to me(this is the dative case). The use of participles in impersonal sentences is unacceptable. It is possible: either to make a subordinate clause from the adverbial clause, or to make the usual one from the impersonal, with the subject.
The exception is sentences with an infinitive verb, see type 7.
Here are the revised proposals:
When I sent a rather important telegram, I did not have enough money.
Refusing to experiment he experienced sadness.
TYPE 5. Participle turnover in an indefinite personal sentence
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
Having received a good education , Griboyedov was sent as the secretary of the diplomatic mission to Persia.
Didn't finish the report, the head of the department was offered to go on a business trip.
There can be no adverbial turnover with the subject, if it is not defined. This situation occurs in indefinite personal sentences with the verb in the past tense plural.
Who directed? who received? who suggested? who did not finish the report? Unclear. We replace the turnover with a subordinate clause or restructure it so that it is clear who received an education and who completed the report.
Here are the revised proposals:
When Griboedov received a good education, he was sent as secretary of a diplomatic mission in Persia.
Without finishing the report, the head of the department received an offer to go on a business trip.
7.8.3. Participle turnover in a sentence without a subject. Permitted tricks.
Due to the fact that tasks may contain correct sentences with adverbial turnover, we consider it important to place a table with such examples and such rules that are not found in erroneous ones. Everything in this table is allowed.
TYPE 6. The adverbial phrase refers to the verb in imperative mood
When crossing the street, carefully follow the traffic.
Having received the task for the adverbial turnover, check if it contains a request, order or advice.
There is no subject in sentences. But it is allowed to use participial phrases in such sentences where the verb is used in the imperative mood: follow, go, write, search and so on. It turns out that both the turnover and the predicate refer to one person, to whom we advise to do something. Easy to substitute a pronoun you: you follow by passing; you check when you receive it.
TYPE 7. The adverbial turnover refers to the infinitive
Consider sentences without errors.
Walking through the autumn forest, it is pleasant to inhale the intoxicating aroma of fallen leaves.
When handing over the work, it should be carefully checked.
Given that there is no subject (impersonal sentence) it is permissible to use a participial turnover if it refers to the infinitive: walking, inhale; reading, sit; dreaming, dozing; napping, dreaming.
Not all manuals allow this rule: in some of them, the infinitive must be required, it is possible, it is necessary, others follow (the so-called modal words). In any case, sentences like: rewriting, it should be noted; having begun, it is necessary to finish; having received, it is necessary to do, will be ERROR-FREE.
TYPE 8. Participle turnover in a definite-personal or generalized-personal sentence
Consider sentences without errors.
Gathering at the family table in the house of parents, we always remember grandmother's pies and tea with viburnum and mint.
Planning your upcoming vacation carefully calculate the family budget.
There is no subject, but the sentence definitely personal, it is easy to substitute the pronoun we. You can turn! It refers to the implied person: we remember when we gather; we calculate by planning.
Answers in alphabetical order:
| A | B | AT | G | D |
| 8 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 2 |
Answer: 84162
Now I want to propose a kind "cheat sheet". I will explain how easy it is to complete task number 7.
How to easily complete task number 7
As an example for the comment, I will take the task proposed in the demo for 2016.
Comment
Suggestion 1. Pay attention to the verbs - predicates in it. They are standing in different tenses and are verbs of different types(exposes- present. time, nesov. view; uncovered- past. time, owl. view).
Conclusion: the species-temporal correlation of verbs is violated (verbs in one sentence must be of the same type and tense). Answer- D
Suggestion 2. Before us complex sentence. Look at the stem in the main clause: took everything away. As we see , the predicate must be in the plural. number (taken away). The essence of the error here is that the word is taken as the subject who, and this is the subject of the subordinate clause ( who visited). So find the right grammatical basis, then you will immediately see the error. Answer- G(the connection between the subject and the predicate is broken)
Suggestion 3.At the heart of the work "The Tale of a Real Man". There is an error here. When a sentence contains common nouns (a story, a novel, a book, an opera, a ballet, etc.), then the title of the work is written in the nominative case.
Correctly: At the heart of the work Tale about a real person.
looking for an answer about the application(the title of the work is an application, that is, a definition expressed by a noun). Answer: AT
Suggestion 5. In this proposal, we see participial as it answers the question what(sketches, brought th from a trip to the East). What is wrong here? What sketches? Brought s
Conclusion: incorrectly constructed sentence with participial turnover. Answer: BUT
Suggestion 9. Here is a complex sentence. Look, the subordinate part in it is attached to the main part at once by two means subordination - how much. All you need is an allied word how much. Therefore the answer is B, that is, an error in the construction of a complex sentence.
Let's write down the answers in numbers:
Answer:
Keep in mind that in task No. 7 there are 5 answers, and 9 sentences. Therefore not came up to answer sentences No. 4,6,7,8
What other sentences might be wrong? (they are not in the demo)
Wrong sentence structure with indirect speech. Remember, in such a sentence, personal pronouns should only stand at 3 face.
Examples:
A.N. Nekrasov wrote that “ I dedicated the lyre to his people.
Correctly: " he lyre…”
Mistakes in a sentence with adverbial turnover. Remember the rules. They are on this site. Let me remind you that action in participle turnover must do what is due.
Examples:
Climbing up the mountain, it became completely dark. (Here the sentence is impersonal, there is no subject, there is no one to climb the mountain)
Driving up to the station, my hat flew off. (The hat can fly off, but drive up to the station, no)
Correct example:
Preparing for the exam, I do a lot of test tasks. (I prepare and I do)
Errors in sentences with homogeneous members. There may be a lot of various errors. Remember the rules, types of errors. I will give a few examples.
Examples:
She bought fruits, apples, pears. (Fruits - more general concept, so it's not homogeneous term, but a generalizing word. She bought fruits: apples, pears).
I love many things: mathematics, russian, history.
(Homogeneous members should be in the same form as the generalizing word: I love many objects: mathematics, Russian, history).
These are my comments and tips. Train, learn the rules, and then everything will work out.
Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna
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